Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions

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{{ClassMeter
|Name      = {{PAGENAME}}
|NativeName = gávthȁ themsármā
|Type      = Fusional
|Alignment  = Nominative-accusative


|adjective = first
|adposition = first
|adverb= mixed
|article= first
|relativeclause = first
|nounclause = first
|order = VSO
|Tonal      = Yes
|Genders    = 2
|Declined  = Yes
|Conjugated = Yes
|Case  = no
|Number = Yes
|Definiteness = Yes
|Gender = Yes
|Voice  = Yes
|Mood  = Yes
|Person = Yes
|Number = Yes
|Tense  = Yes
|Aspect = Yes
|}}
==Background==
The Themsaran language constitutes a separate branch of the Zachydic language family, along with other para-Themsaran languages. Themsaran is a typological and lexical outlier in its family due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence. The language possesses strongly head-initial syntax, head-marking in both clauses and possessive NPs, mixed fusional and agglutinative inflection, and nominative-accusative morphosyntax. This article describes Classical Themsaran.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Dorsal
! style="width: 68px; " |Radical
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
! style="" |Nasal
| m
|
| n
|
|
|
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! style="" |Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
| (ʡ)
| (ʔ)
|-
! style="" |Fricative
|
| f v
| θ ⟨th⟩
| s z
| ʃ ⟨š⟩ ʒ ⟨ž⟩
|
| x~χ ⟨ch⟩
| ħ~ʜ~ʢ ⟨ħ⟩
| h~ɦ ⟨h⟩
|-
! style="" |Affricate
|
|
|
|
| tʃ ⟨ť⟩
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Approximant
|
| (ʋ)
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Trill
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
| ʎ ⟨ļ⟩
|
|
|
|}
[ʔ] may occur only in morpheme boundaries.
====Conditioned allophony====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 570px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 120px; "|Phoneme
! style="width: 120px; " |Allophone
! style="width: 120px; " |Condition(s)
|-
| rowspan="2"| /ħ/
| [ħ~ʜ]
| #_, C[+voiceless]_
|-
| [ʡ~ʢ]
| V_V, C[+voiced]_
|-
| /h/
| [ɦ]
| V_V, C[+voiced]_
|-
| C[+obstruent, ±voiced]
| C[+obstruent, ∓voiced]
| _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]
|}
===Vowels===
Themaran has six vowels, short and long. Short vowels have one mora, and long vowels have two morae.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| i ⟨i⟩ iː ⟨ī⟩
| ʉ ⟨y⟩ ʉː ⟨ȳ⟩
| u ⟨u⟩ uː ⟨ū⟩
|-
! style="" |Mid
| e ⟨e⟩ eː ⟨ē⟩
|
| o ⟨o⟩ oː ⟨ō⟩
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| a ⟨a⟩ aː ⟨ā⟩
|
|}
The following are the diphthongs, all falling: /ai au ei ie~ia uo~ua/ ⟨ai au ei ie ua⟩. All diphthongs are bimoraic.
===Pitch accent===
Pitch accent, or tone, is phonemic in Themsaran. The following is the notation for tones:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Short
! style="width: 90px; " |Long
! style="width: 90px; " |Diphthong
|-
! style="" |Unmarked
| '''a'''
| '''ā'''
| '''ai'''
|-
! style="" |High
| '''á'''
| '''a̋'''
| '''ái'''
|-
! style="" |Low
| '''à'''
| '''ȁ'''
| '''ài'''
|-
! style="" |Falling
| -
| '''â'''
| '''âi'''
|-
! style="" |Rising
| -
| '''ǎ'''
| '''ǎi'''
|}
The pitch accent of a word (of more than one mora) consists of two components: the lexical tone, and the position of the downstep (the latter is confined to appear after the 3rd-to-last mora). A high-tone word is consistently high until the downstep, whereafter the pitch drops sharply. A low-tone word starts low and has the highest pitch at the tonic mora, which is immediately before the downstep.
The following are the rules governing the marking Themsaran pitch accent:
#High lexical tone is marked in the initial syllable; low tone is not marked, unless necessitated by rule 2.
#The tonic syllable is always marked:
##If the downstep occurs after a long syllable (syllable with a long vowel or diphthong), the syllable is rising in a low-tone word, and high in a high-tone word. 
##If the downstep occurs between the two morae of a long syllable, the syllable has falling tone.
#If the first syllable has high tone and precedes a downstep, the second syllable is marked as low.
If the downstep occurred word-finally, the first syllable of a following high tone word would have slightly lower pitch. In [[w:Pausa|pausa]], a word final high short syllable is realized as a falling, short vowel.
===Phonotactics===
===Orthography===
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
Nouns inflect for number, definiteness and possessedness, but not for case. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. In third-person possessed forms, Themsaran makes a distinction between the ''absolute'' possessed form, which indicates a noun possessed by a pronoun, and the ''conjunct'' possessed form, used to indicate a possessive relationship between two nouns and agreeing with the gender of the possessor.
====First declension====
The first declension consists primarily of masculine nouns.
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''First declension'''
|-
! rowspan="3"|
! colspan="8"|
|-
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Indefinite
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Definite
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Indefinite
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Definite
|-
!scope="row"|Unpossessed
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1sg
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2sg.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2sg.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3sg.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3sg.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|4sg.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|4sg.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1ex
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1in
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2pl.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2pl.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3pl.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3pl.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|4pl.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|4pl.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}
====Second declension====
The second declension, consisting of vowel-final nouns, consists primarily of feminine nouns.
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Second declension'''
|-
! rowspan="3"|
! colspan="8"|
|-
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Indefinite
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Definite
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Indefinite
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Definite
|-
!scope="row"|Unpossessed
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1sg
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2sg.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2sg.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3sg.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3sg.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|4sg.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|4sg.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1ex
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1in
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2pl.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2pl.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3pl.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3pl.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|4pl.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|4pl.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}
====Third declension====
The third declension consists mainly of mass, collective and abstract nouns of both genders.
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 660px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Third declension'''
|-
! rowspan="3"|
! colspan="8"|
|-
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Singular
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural
|-
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Indefinite
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Definite
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Indefinite
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Definite
|-
!scope="row"|Unpossessed
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1sg
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2sg.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2sg.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3sg.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3sg.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|4sg.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|4sg.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1ex
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|1in
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2pl.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|2pl.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3pl.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|3pl.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|4pl.m
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
!scope="row"|4pl.f
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}
====Tonal patterns of nominals====
Every noun falls under one of three tonal paradigms.
====Irregular nouns====
===Adjectives===
Adjectives agree in not only number, definiteness and gender with their heads, but also in possessedness. Adjectives also take degree inflection (positive, "less/least", "more/most", elative, "X enough", "too X"). Adjectives exhibit tonal ablaut like those of nouns.
====Declension====
====Degree====
====Irregular adjectives====
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
===Verbs===
Finite verbs are marked for TAM, degree (positive, "more/most"), voice (active and mediopassive), the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, is obligatorily marked with the (usually direct) object's person, number, and gender in most TAMs, except in the imperative. The verb may agree with an indirect object (which is typically animate) instead of with the direct object. There are also several non-finite forms, used with various subordinating conjunctions.
The conjugations are demonstrated below respectively with the verbs ''mól'' - 'thank', ''chrīgá'' - 'walk backwards', ''ga̋le'' - 'sing'.
====Active====
=====Monopersonal affixes=====
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Imperative'''
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|Singular
!style="width: 120px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|
<!--sg-->
-
|
<!--pl-->
''mól'''èns'''!''<br/>
''chrǐg'''ans'''!''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êns'''!''
|-
!|2.m
|
<!--sg-->
''mól!''<br/>
''chrǐg'''a'''!''<br/>
''ga̋l'''e'''!''
|
<!--pl-->
''mól'''èls'''!''<br/>
''chrǐg'''als'''!''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êls'''!''
|-
!|2.f
|
<!--sg-->
''mól'''t'''!''<br/>
''chrǐg'''at'''!''<br/>
''ga̋l'''ét'''!''
|
<!--pl-->
''mól'''èrs'''!''<br/>
''chrǐg'''ars'''!''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êrs'''!''
|}
{| class="graytable lightgraybg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Present tense'''
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|Singular
!style="width: 120px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.ex
|rowspan="2"|
<!--sg-->
''mól'''ȉ'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''ai'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''ei'''''
|
<!--pl-->
''mól'''mà'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''ama'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êma'''''
|-
!|1.in
|
<!--pl-->
''mól'''ènse'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''anse'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''ênse'''''
|-
!|2.m
|
<!--sg-->
''mól'''èr'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''ar'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êr'''''
|
<!--pl-->
''mól'''èlse'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''alse'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êlse'''''
|-
!|2.f
|
<!--sg-->
''mól'''ȅ'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''ā'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''îe'''''
|
<!--pl-->
''mól'''èrse'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''arse'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''êrse'''''
|-
!|3.m
|
<!--sg-->
''mól'''è'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''à'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''ȅ'''''
|
<!--pl-->
''mól'''vì'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''avi'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''´évi'''''
|-
!|3.f
|
<!--sg-->
''mól'''ìs'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''àis'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''ìes'''''
|
<!--pl-->
''mól'''tì'''''<br/>
''chrǐg'''ati'''''<br/>
''ga̋l'''éti'''''
|}
=====Bipersonal affixes=====
=====Non-finite forms=====
====Mediopassive====
The mediopassive marks the subject as a patient of the verb. Apart from passivity, mediopassives may have a derivational function; they may indicate reflexive action or change of state. As such there are quite a few deponent verbs, verbs that are inherently mediopassive, and also mediopassive counterparts of active intransitive verbs.
=====Monopersonal affixes=====
=====Bipersonal affixes=====
=====Non-finite forms=====
====Periphrastic TAMs====
====Tonal patterns====
====Applicative====
===Prepositions===
===Numerals===
==Syntax==
The default constituent order is verb-subject-pronominal oblique object-direct object. The subject or the direct object can be topicalized or focalized by being placed in front of the verb.
===Noun phrases===
===Equational sentences===
===Relative clauses===
===Coreferentiality===
====Relative clauses====
====Indirect speech====
==Derivational morphology==
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]

Latest revision as of 16:14, 12 April 2022

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