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→‎Late Proto-Kamut Spacial Cases: added some more cases coz #yolo. Also explained equative vs essive.
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(→‎Late Proto-Kamut Spacial Cases: added some more cases coz #yolo. Also explained equative vs essive.)
 
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==== Late Proto-Kamut Spacial Cases ====
==== Late Proto-Kamut Spacial Cases ====
This case system arose through the agglutination of case markers; this specific set survives in the core Kamut branch. There existed more beyond these, like those in the Ayut branch (-əməiənəu and -əməiənət; -minu and -minta). These are just examples.
This case system arose through the agglutination of case markers; this specific set survives in the core Kamut branch. There existed more beyond these, like those in the Ayut branch (-minu and -minət; -minu and -minta). These are just examples.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage
! Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Usage
|-
|-
| Locative || -əməi || -ikəməi || -itəməi || at
| Locative || -mi || -ikmi || -itmi || at
|-
|-
| Ablative || -əmət || -ikəmət || -itəmət || from
| Ablative || -mət || -ikmt || -itmt || from
|-
|-
| Inessive || -əməiən || -ikəməiən || -itəməiən || in
| Inessive || -min || -ikmin || -itmin || in
|-
|-
| Illative || -əməiənən || -ikəməiənən || -itəməiənən || into
| Illative₁ || -minu || -ikminu || -itminu || into
|-
|-
| Instrumental || -əməiək || -ikəməiək || -itəməiək || by means of
| Elative₁ || -minət || -ikminət || -itminət || outwards
|-
|-
| Dative || -əməu || -ikəməu || -itəməu || to, for, at
| Illative₂ || -minən || -ikminən || -itminən || into
|-
|-
| Allative || -əməuət || -ikəməuət || -itəməuət || to, towards
| Instrumental || -mik || -ikmik || -itmik || by means of
|-
|-
| Exessive || -əməuən || -ikəməuən || -itəməuən || out, outside of
| Dative || -mu || -ikmu || -itmu || to, for, at
|-
|-
| Elative || -əməuənən || -ikəməuənən || -itəməuənən || outwards
| Allative || -mut || -ikmut || -itmut || to, towards
|-
|-
| Prosecutive || -əməuək || -ikəməuək || -itəməuək || by way of
| Exessive || -mun || -ikmun || -itmun || out, outside of
|-
| Elative₂ || -munən || -ikmunən || -itmunən || outwards
|-
| Prosecutive || -muk || -ikmuk || -itmuk || by way of
|-
| Equative || -tut || -iktut || -ittut || like, as
|-
| Essive || -tun || -iktun || -ittun || to be
|-
| Abessive || -tək || -iktək || -ittət || without, -less
|}
|}
Some etymological notes on -tut vs -tun: it is believed that -tut was used basically to say "to the party, [I am] from (related to) it", while -tun was used to say "to the party, [I am] of (part of it) it", where "party" means "a selection made using the partitive case". Thus, the mechanics are essentially to make a selection, use -u (dative) to point to it, and then state one's affiliation to it (-t-u-(t/n)).
With time, however, the meanings drifted, with -tut becoming an equative and giving an impression of similarity or being a member of a larger group, and with -tun becoming an essive and giving an impression of essence.


==== Additional Cases ====
==== Additional Cases ====
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|-
|-
| Third Person Distal || -ənə || -ənəik || -ənəit ||  
| Third Person Distal || -ənə || -ənəik || -ənəit ||  
|}
== Vocabulary ==
=== Numerals ===
Apart from the singular, dual and plural numbers, the proto-language also possessed multiple sets of numerals for counting. These were suffixed variously, with -ti and -ma being popular. Furthermore, these suffixes could be combined with the partitive, both for simply counting individuals, and for making note of how many individuals formed a collective. This thus yielded -tit and -mat.
The two main attested sets of numerals are called the "Herder" and "Traveller" numerals respectively. The defining characteristics of the two are that Herder numerals can be quite long and rhythmic, while Traveller numerals are often two to three morae long, and having more patterns; however, both sets of numbers appear to share a tendency to internally derive new numbers and avoid unique roots.
It became common in later stages of the proto-language to mix number sets with each other and with loaned number sets too.
==== Herder Numerals ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Numeral !! Proto-Form !! Later forms !! Etymology !! Explanation
|-
| 1 || (s)in- || sinni, simma || si-(i)n- || "one"
|-
| 2 || n(i)ik- || niksi, ninga || (i)n-ik- || "two ones"
|-
| 3 || til- || tilli, tilma || (i)t-il-* || "with plural"
|-
| 4 || tuk- || tuksi, tunga || tu-k- || "with two"
|-
| 5 || intukak- || innukaksi, innukanga || (s)in-tuk-ək- || "one with four"
|-
| 6₁ || tilik- || tiliksi, tilinga || til-ik- "two threes"
|-
| 6₂ || n(i)ikitil- || niitilli, niitilma || n(i)ik-i-til- || "three by two"
|-
| 7 || tiltuk- || tilluksi, tillunga || til-tuk- || "three-four"
|-
| 8 || tukik- || tukiksi, tukinga || tuk-ik- || "two fours"
|-
| 9₁ || inəkänlä || ingälläsi, ingälläma || (s)in-ək-än-lä (nikikək)- || "(ten) not with one"
|-
| 9₂ || inətək- || innaksi, innanga || (s)in-ət-ək- (nikikək)- || "(ten) without one"
|-
| 10 || nikikək- || niikaksi, niikanga || n(i)ik-i-((s)in-tu)k-ək- || "five by two"
|}
Numerals beyond 5 are less regularly attested.
==== Traveller Numerals ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Numeral !! Proto-Form !! Explanation
|-
| 1 || ipti || ipsi || "one"
|-
| 2 || (i)pikti || (i)piksi || "two-ones"
|-
| 3 || mitti || mitsi || "three"
|-
| 4 || jotti || jotsi || "four"
|-
| 5 || tipti || tipsi || "five"
|-
| 6 || maikti || maiksi || "two-threes"
|-
| 7 || nopti || nopsi || "seven"
|-
| 8 || jaukti || jauksi || "two-fours"
|-
| 9 || qapti || qapsi || "nine"
|-
| 10₁ || tipikti || tipiksi || "ten"
|-
| 10₂ || tupukti || tuuksi || "ten"
|}
|}


== References and Notes ==
== References and Notes ==
<references/>
<references/>
Ceige
870

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