Verse:Lõis/Thurish: Difference between revisions

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'''Warhinysko''' (/warχinɨsko/) is a Balto-Slavic language spoken in western Russia and Scandinavia. It's the most spoken Balto-Slavic language in the [[Verse:Unbegotten|Unbegotten]] timeline; it is neither Baltic nor Slavic, and belongs to its own fictional branch of Balto-Slavic. It has a bit of Slavic like palatalization early on but turns them into geminates or Greekifies them (ly > ll > ɬ etc.).
'''Thurish''' /ˈθɚrɪʃ/ ''THER-ish'' (natively ''þawrysko'', ''þawrysk górăd'' /θəwˈrɨsk gorəd/ or more formally ''þawrysk gordrad''; ''þawrysk'' is cognate to Russian север 'north') is an IE language isolate spoken in our Norway and Sweden (its speakers are called "the Thurs" in English). It evolved in a sprachbund with Brythonic languages and [[Hivantish]]. It has some non-SAE features, such as split-ergativity (conditioned by tense as in Hindi). Stress is weakly final (penultimate in "segolates").


Warhinysko has lost the Balto-Slavic pitch accent system. Some vowel reflexes differ by accent; the PBS acute makes vowels RTR and thus has RTR-like effects on vowels (i > e, u > o, a > o in some cases). Stress is weakly final.
Thurish sound changes turned the palatalized consonants into geminates or "Greekified" them (lj > ľľ > ɬ; nj > ňň > jn; śj, tj > śś, ćć > θ, etc.). Proto-Thurish had something similar to the PBS acute, which made vowels RTR/lax and thus had RTR-like effects on vowels (i > e, u > o, a > o in some cases; lack of acute conditions aR > eR).


It is inspired by Welsh and Paleosiberian langauges.
It is inspired by Welsh, Greek, and Hebrew.


PBS *dōra, *źemē, *waljā, *źwēris > *dōrə, *źemmē₁, *wallā, *ẑē₁rɨ > duar, jehmy, wəllo, ghierə /duər, ðehmɨ, wəɬo, ʀiərə/ "gift, earth, pleasure, animal"
TODO: change name
 
PBS *dōra, *źemē, *waljā, *źwēris > *dōrə, *źemmē₁, *wallā, *ẑē₁rɨ > duar, jemne, gwəllo, ghieră /duər, jɛmnɛ, gwəɬɔ, ʀiərɨ/ "gift, earth, pleasure, animal"


dear? dêr? = tree (derwan > *dē₂r)
dear? dêr? = tree (derwan > *dē₂r)


*dʰer-mos > darmas 'is suitable' > darm "good" (~ firmus, dharma)
*dʰer-mos > dermas 'is suitable' > derm "good" (~ firmus, dharma)


Altaic/Hindi grammar
Ăh gorðon þawryske derm /əx gɐr'ðɔn θəwrɨs'kɛ 'dɛrɛm/ = I speak Thurish well


giwiþ = to live
TODO: Russian/Hebrew-esque vowel reduction; should have some Tocharian style weirdness
==Phonology==
Voiceless stops are aspirated; historical voiced stops may be devoiced
==Declension==
==Declension==
Warhinysko has 5 cases: nominative, accusative, oblique-ergative, genitive, and vocative. The oblique-ergative was formed from a merger of the PBS dative, instrumental and locative cases.
Warhinysko has 5 cases: nominative, accusative, oblique-ergative, genitive, and vocative. The oblique-ergative was formed from a merger of the PBS dative, instrumental and locative cases.


Like Baltic and unlike Slavic, Warhinysko has merged masculine and neuter genders. However, like in Slavic languages, there is an animacy distinction in the masculine gender: the accusative case is the same as the genitive for masculine animate nouns and the same as the nominative for other nouns.
Thurish has lost IE grammatical gender. However, like in Slavic languages, there is an animacy distinction: the accusative case is the same as the genitive for animate nouns and the same as the nominative for inanimate nouns.
 
*''Llawbdon min'''a''' jeno'''s''''' = I love my wife (animate)
*''Llawbdon min wordrad'' = I love my language (inanimate)
===o-stem declension===
===o-stem declension===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''wylk'' = wolf (m.)
! colspan=2| ''gwylek'' = wolf
! colspan=2| ''guolo'' = head (f.)
! colspan=2| ''guolo'' = head  
! colspan=2| ''morr'' = sea (m.)
! colspan=2| ''morr'' /mor̥/ = sea
|-
|-
!
!
Line 34: Line 45:
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''wylk'' ||''wylke''
|''gwylek'' ||''gwylke''
|''guolo'' ||''guolos''
|''guolo'' ||''guolos''
|''morr''  ||''morre''
|''morr''  ||''morre''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''wylka''  ||''wylku''
|''gwylka''  ||''gwylku''
|''guolos'' ||''guolu''
|''guolos'' ||''guolu''
|''morra'' ||''morru''
|''morra'' ||''morru''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Accusative'''
|align="right" |'''Accusative'''
|''wylka''  ||''wylku''
|''gwylka''  ||''gwylku''
|''guolo'' ||''guolos''
|''guolo'' ||''guolos''
|''morr'' ||''morre''
|''morr'' ||''morre''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative'''
|align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative'''
|''wylki''  ||''wylkăn''
|''gwylki''  ||''gwylkăn''
|''guole'' ||''guolon''
|''guole'' ||''guolon''
|''morri'' ||''morrăn''
|''morri'' ||''morrăn''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|''wylky!'' ||''wylke!''
|''gwylky!'' ||''gwylke!''
|''guolă!'' ||''guolos!''
|''guolă!'' ||''guolos!''
|''morry!''  ||''morre!''
|''morry!''  ||''morre!''
|}
==== Segolates ====
"Segolates" come from PBS CVCC- stem nouns. Some segolates (the ones that have fixed accent in PBS) do not change their stems in the plural.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| ''gwéren'' = raven
! colspan=2| ''gwarnó'' = crow
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''gwéren'' ||''gwrané''
|''gwarnó'' || ''gwarnós''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''gwerná''  ||''gwranú''
|''gwarnós'' ||''gwarnú''
|-
|align="right" |'''Accusative'''
|''gwerná''  ||''gwranú''
|''gwarnós''  ||''gwarnú''
|-
|align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative'''
|''gwerní''  ||''gwranán''
|''gwarné''  ||''gwarnón''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|''gwerný!'' ||''gwrané!''
|''gwarná!'' ||''gwarnós!''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''werrma'' = time (m.)
! colspan=2| ''gwerrma'' = time (m.)
! colspan=2| ''karma'' = karma (m.)*
! colspan=2| ''karma'' = punishment (m.)
|-
|-
!
!
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''werrma''  ||''werrmyno''
|''gwerrma''  ||''gwerrmyno''
|''karma''  ||''karmyno''
|''karma''  ||''karmyno''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''werrmyn''  ||''werrmynu''
|''gwerrmyn''  ||''gwerrmynu''
|''karmyn''  ||''karmynu''
|''karmyn''  ||''karmynu''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Accusative'''
|align="right" |'''Accusative'''
|''werrma''  ||''werrmyno''
|''gwerrma''  ||''gwerrmyno''
|''karma''  ||''karmyno''
|''karma''  ||''karmyno''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative'''
|align="right" |'''Oblique-Ergative'''
|''werrmyni''  ||''werrmynăn''
|''gwerrmyni''  ||''gwerrmynăn''
|''karmyni''  ||''karmynăn''
|''karmyni''  ||''karmynăn''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|''werrma!''  ||''werrmyno!''
|''gwerrma!''  ||''gwerrmyno!''
|''karma!''  ||''karmyno!''
|''karma!''  ||''karmyno!''
|}
|}
(*In-universe source of the English word ''karma'')
(''karma'' is the in-universe source of English ''karma''; it began as a slang term borrowed from Thurish immigrants.)
 
===Pronouns===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. (familiar) || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl., polite || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | refl.
|-
! he || she || it
|-
! nom.
| ''ăh'' || ''tu'' || ''săn'' || ''so'' || ''tăt'' || ''mus'' || ''wus'' || ''se'' || ''-''
|-
! acc.
| ''myna'' || ''twa'' || ''ja'' || ''jo'' || ''tăt'' || ''năs'' || ''wăs'' || ''jus'' || ''swa''
|-
! gen.
| ''myn'', possessive ''min'' || ''tyw'', possessive ''tin'' || ''ja'' || ''jos''  || ''ta'' || ''nah'' || ''wah'' || ''juh'' || ''syw'', possessive ''sin''
|-
! obl.
| ''myni'' || ''twi'' || ''jam'' || ''je'' || ''tam'' || ''nan'' || ''wan'' || ''jun'' || ''swi''
|}


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
Warhynisko has three different regular verb paradigms:  
Thurish has three different regular verb paradigms:  
*''-oþ'' verbs (merger of Lithuanian -oti, PS -ati and Lithuanian -ėti, PS -ěti; verbs that come from -ēʔtei become Greekified); e.g. ''jynoþ'' 'to know' (~ Pol. znać, Lith. žinoti); ''uðoþ'' 'to move' (~ Lith. judėti); ''yhtêtoþ'' 'to result (from)' (~ Lith. tekėti)
*''-oþ'' verbs (merger of Lithuanian -oti, PS -ati and Lithuanian -ėti, PS -ěti; verbs that come from -ēʔtei become Greekified); e.g. ''jynoþ'' 'to know' (~ Pol. znać, Lith. žinoti); ''uðoþ'' 'to move' (~ Lith. judėti); ''ustêtoþ'' 'to result (from)' (~ Lith. tekėti)
*''-iþ'' verbs (~ Lithuanian -yti, PS -iti); e.g. ''ărbiþ'' 'to work'
*''-iþ'' verbs (~ Lithuanian -yti, PS -iti); e.g. ''ărbiþ'' 'to work'; ''gwardiþ'' 'to speak'
*''-þ'' or ''-t'' verbs (~ Lithuanian -ti, PS -ti); e.g. ''nest, neþ-'' 'to carry'
*''-þ'' or ''-t'' verbs (~ Lithuanian -ti, PS -ti); e.g. ''nest, neþ-'' 'to carry'
agreement of the participle is with the direct object, unless the object is 1st or 2nd person in which case it's just "hymt es"


''jynoþ'' 'to know':
''jynoþ'' 'to know':
*Present participle: jynos (m sg), jynosy (f sg), jynosi (m pl), jynosys (f pl)
*Present tense: jynon, jynoh, jyno, jynom, jynoty, jynosaws
**Present tense: jynos êm, jynos êh, jynos es, jynosi êmy, jynosi êsy, jynosi sos
*Present participle: jynos (sg), jynosi (pl)
*Past participle: jynot (m sg), jynoto (f sg), jynote (m pl), jynotos (f pl)
*Past participle: jynot (sg), jynote (pl)
**Past tense: jynot es, jynote sos
**Past tense: jynot es, jynote sos
*Future tense: jynos bûsu, jynos bûs, jynos bus, jynosi bûsmy, jynosi bûsy, jynosi bus
*Future tense: jynos bûsu, jynos bûs, jynos bus, jynosi bûsăm, jynosi bûsty, jynosi bus
*Imperative: jynonu! (sg), jynoþnu! (pl)
 
''llawbiþ'' 'to love':
*Present tense: llaw'''bd'''on, llawbih, llawbi, llawbim, llawbity, llaw'''bd'''osaws
*Present participle: llaw'''bd'''os (sg), llaw'''bd'''osi (pl)
*Past participle: llawbit (sg), llawbite (pl)
**Past tense: llawbit es, llawbite saws
*Future tense: llawbdos bûsu, llawbdos bûs, llawbdos bus, llawbdosi bûsăm, llawbdosi bûsty, llawbdosi bus
*Imperative: llawbnu! (sg), llawbiþnu! (pl)
(Some ''-iþ'' verbs undergo stem changes in some forms: ''b p d t h g k l r m n w'' > ''bd pt ð þ þ d t ll rr mn nn j''
 


Conjugation of ''beroþ'' 'to give birth' (irregular):  
Conjugation of ''beroþ'' 'to give birth' (irregular):  
*Present tense: berăns(y) êm, berăns(y) êh, berăns(y) es, berănsi/ys êmy, berănsi/ys êsy, berănsi/ys es
*Present tense: berăn, berăh, ber, berăm, berăty, beras
*Past tense (suppletive, from *eḱs + imti, also split ergative): hymt(o) es, hymte/os es
*Past tense (suppletive, from *eḱs + imti, also split ergative): hymt es, hymte es
**agreement of the participle is with the direct object, unless the object is 1st or 2nd person in which case it's just "hymt es"
 
==Sample text==
===UDHR===
make vocab less slavic
 
'''''Wyse llawðe sy răðis sobyne i arwyne yn sne gădynaþi i 'n snăn tiestwăn. Saws se yndărote su arrumi i săwesti i saws winyne yþajoþ nopăr inin yn dawsi broþărtwa.''
 
/wɨˈsɛ ɬəwˈðɛ sɨ rəˈðis sobɨˈnɛ i arʊɨˈnɛ ɨn snɛ gədɨnaˈθi i‿n snən tiəstˈwən. səws sɛ ɨndərɔˈtɛ su ar̥ʊˈmi i səwɛsˈti i səws winɨˈnɛ θajɔθ ˈnɔpər inˈin ɨn dəwˈsi broθərˈtwa./


[[Category:Balto-Slavic languages]][[Category:Stem-Slavic]][[Category:Unbegotten]]
[[Category:Balto-Slavic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Indo-European languages]]

Latest revision as of 16:48, 9 May 2022

Thurish /ˈθɚrɪʃ/ THER-ish (natively þawrysko, þawrysk górăd /θəwˈrɨsk gorəd/ or more formally þawrysk gordrad; þawrysk is cognate to Russian север 'north') is an IE language isolate spoken in our Norway and Sweden (its speakers are called "the Thurs" in English). It evolved in a sprachbund with Brythonic languages and Hivantish. It has some non-SAE features, such as split-ergativity (conditioned by tense as in Hindi). Stress is weakly final (penultimate in "segolates").

Thurish sound changes turned the palatalized consonants into geminates or "Greekified" them (lj > ľľ > ɬ; nj > ňň > jn; śj, tj > śś, ćć > θ, etc.). Proto-Thurish had something similar to the PBS acute, which made vowels RTR/lax and thus had RTR-like effects on vowels (i > e, u > o, a > o in some cases; lack of acute conditions aR > eR).

It is inspired by Welsh, Greek, and Hebrew.

TODO: change name

PBS *dōra, *źemē, *waljā, *źwēris > *dōrə, *źemmē₁, *wallā, *ẑē₁rɨ > duar, jemne, gwəllo, ghieră /duər, jɛmnɛ, gwəɬɔ, ʀiərɨ/ "gift, earth, pleasure, animal"

dear? dêr? = tree (derwan > *dē₂r)

  • dʰer-mos > dermas 'is suitable' > derm "good" (~ firmus, dharma)

Ăh gorðon þawryske derm /əx gɐr'ðɔn θəwrɨs'kɛ 'dɛrɛm/ = I speak Thurish well

giwiþ = to live

TODO: Russian/Hebrew-esque vowel reduction; should have some Tocharian style weirdness

Phonology

Voiceless stops are aspirated; historical voiced stops may be devoiced

Declension

Warhinysko has 5 cases: nominative, accusative, oblique-ergative, genitive, and vocative. The oblique-ergative was formed from a merger of the PBS dative, instrumental and locative cases.

Thurish has lost IE grammatical gender. However, like in Slavic languages, there is an animacy distinction: the accusative case is the same as the genitive for animate nouns and the same as the nominative for inanimate nouns.

  • Llawbdon mina jenos = I love my wife (animate)
  • Llawbdon min wordrad = I love my language (inanimate)

o-stem declension

gwylek = wolf guolo = head morr /mor̥/ = sea
singular plural singular plural singular plural
Nominative gwylek gwylke guolo guolos morr morre
Genitive gwylka gwylku guolos guolu morra morru
Accusative gwylka gwylku guolo guolos morr morre
Oblique-Ergative gwylki gwylkăn guole guolon morri morrăn
Vocative gwylky! gwylke! guolă! guolos! morry! morre!

Segolates

"Segolates" come from PBS CVCC- stem nouns. Some segolates (the ones that have fixed accent in PBS) do not change their stems in the plural.

gwéren = raven gwarnó = crow
singular plural singular plural
Nominative gwéren gwrané gwarnó gwarnós
Genitive gwerná gwranú gwarnós gwarnú
Accusative gwerná gwranú gwarnós gwarnú
Oblique-Ergative gwerní gwranán gwarné gwarnón
Vocative gwerný! gwrané! gwarná! gwarnós!

i-stem declension

u-stem declension

ma-declension

gwerrma = time (m.) karma = punishment (m.)
singular plural singular plural
Nominative gwerrma gwerrmyno karma karmyno
Genitive gwerrmyn gwerrmynu karmyn karmynu
Accusative gwerrma gwerrmyno karma karmyno
Oblique-Ergative gwerrmyni gwerrmynăn karmyni karmynăn
Vocative gwerrma! gwerrmyno! karma! karmyno!

(karma is the in-universe source of English karma; it began as a slang term borrowed from Thurish immigrants.)

Pronouns

case 1sg. 2sg. (familiar) 3sg. 1pl. 2pl., polite 3pl. refl.
he she it
nom. ăh tu săn so tăt mus wus se -
acc. myna twa ja jo tăt năs wăs jus swa
gen. myn, possessive min tyw, possessive tin ja jos ta nah wah juh syw, possessive sin
obl. myni twi jam je tam nan wan jun swi

Verbs

Thurish has three different regular verb paradigms:

  • -oþ verbs (merger of Lithuanian -oti, PS -ati and Lithuanian -ėti, PS -ěti; verbs that come from -ēʔtei become Greekified); e.g. jynoþ 'to know' (~ Pol. znać, Lith. žinoti); uðoþ 'to move' (~ Lith. judėti); ustêtoþ 'to result (from)' (~ Lith. tekėti)
  • -iþ verbs (~ Lithuanian -yti, PS -iti); e.g. ărbiþ 'to work'; gwardiþ 'to speak'
  • -þ or -t verbs (~ Lithuanian -ti, PS -ti); e.g. nest, neþ- 'to carry'

agreement of the participle is with the direct object, unless the object is 1st or 2nd person in which case it's just "hymt es"

jynoþ 'to know':

  • Present tense: jynon, jynoh, jyno, jynom, jynoty, jynosaws
  • Present participle: jynos (sg), jynosi (pl)
  • Past participle: jynot (sg), jynote (pl)
    • Past tense: jynot es, jynote sos
  • Future tense: jynos bûsu, jynos bûs, jynos bus, jynosi bûsăm, jynosi bûsty, jynosi bus
  • Imperative: jynonu! (sg), jynoþnu! (pl)

llawbiþ 'to love':

  • Present tense: llawbdon, llawbih, llawbi, llawbim, llawbity, llawbdosaws
  • Present participle: llawbdos (sg), llawbdosi (pl)
  • Past participle: llawbit (sg), llawbite (pl)
    • Past tense: llawbit es, llawbite saws
  • Future tense: llawbdos bûsu, llawbdos bûs, llawbdos bus, llawbdosi bûsăm, llawbdosi bûsty, llawbdosi bus
  • Imperative: llawbnu! (sg), llawbiþnu! (pl)

(Some -iþ verbs undergo stem changes in some forms: b p d t h g k l r m n w > bd pt ð þ þ d t ll rr mn nn j


Conjugation of beroþ 'to give birth' (irregular):

  • Present tense: berăn, berăh, ber, berăm, berăty, beras
  • Past tense (suppletive, from *eḱs + imti, also split ergative): hymt es, hymte es

Sample text

UDHR

make vocab less slavic

Wyse llawðe sy răðis sobyne i arwyne yn sne gădynaþi i 'n snăn tiestwăn. Saws se yndărote su arrumi i săwesti i saws winyne yþajoþ nopăr inin yn dawsi broþărtwa.

/wɨˈsɛ ɬəwˈðɛ sɨ rəˈðis sobɨˈnɛ i arʊɨˈnɛ ɨn snɛ gədɨnaˈθi i‿n snən tiəstˈwən. səws sɛ ɨndərɔˈtɛ su ar̥ʊˈmi i səwɛsˈti i səws winɨˈnɛ θajɔθ ˈnɔpər inˈin ɨn dəwˈsi broθərˈtwa./

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