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{{Bpnjohnson.info|Hakdor|Iuqilol|ju.ʤi.lol|2022|Planet Aterra|Conlang|||||||||}} | {{Bpnjohnson.info|Hakdor|Iuqilol|ju.ʤi.lol|2022|Planet Aterra|Conlang|||||||||}} | ||
Hakdor (natively known as [[iuqilol#Hakdor|Iuqilol]] /juʤiˈlol/) is any of various language modes employed by the Hakdor (also known as “the Blighted”), a genetically modified race of humanoids on [[Aterran|Aterra]]. | Hakdor (natively known as [[Contionary: iuqilol#Hakdor|Iuqilol]] /juʤiˈlol/) is any of various language modes employed by the Hakdor (also known as “the Blighted”), a genetically modified race of humanoids on [[Aterran|Aterra]]. | ||
* '''[[:Category: Hakdor words|Hakdor words]]''' | * '''[[:Category: Hakdor words|Hakdor words]]''' | ||
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* The standard syllable is CVC with a maximum CC at syllable boundaries. | * The standard syllable is CVC with a maximum CC at syllable boundaries. | ||
* 〈N〉 is a homorganic nasal which is realized as [m] in onsets, [n] when intervocalic, and [ŋ] word-finally. | * 〈N〉 is a homorganic nasal which is realized as [m] in onsets, [n] when intervocalic, and [ŋ] word-finally. | ||
** E.g. '''''[[nanan#Hakdor|nanan]]''''' ‘name’ = [manaŋ] | ** E.g. '''''[[Contionary: nanan#Hakdor|nanan]]''''' ‘name’ = [manaŋ] | ||
* 〈I〉 and 〈U〉 may be recognized as consonants or vowels depending on adjacent phonemes. The Hakdor language is structured in such a way that nearly every word follows a pattern of CVC(VC), so if they appear adjacent to a consonant, they’re vowels; otherwise, they’re consonants. (The sole exception to the CVCVC rule occurs in verbs when the particle ra is written as a suffix to the verb, resulting in a CVCCV structure.) | * 〈I〉 and 〈U〉 may be recognized as consonants or vowels depending on adjacent phonemes. The Hakdor language is structured in such a way that nearly every word follows a pattern of CVC(VC), so if they appear adjacent to a consonant, they’re vowels; otherwise, they’re consonants. (The sole exception to the CVCVC rule occurs in verbs when the particle ra is written as a suffix to the verb, resulting in a CVCCV structure.) | ||
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====Possession==== | ====Possession==== | ||
Possession is indicated with the adposition '''''[[-is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' which is suffixed to the substantive it modified (very similar to English “-’s”). In addition to standard possession of nouns, it is also used with pronouns to form the basis of the possessive pronouns rather than a separate genitive-like construction. (More under '''[[#Adpositions]]''', below.) | Possession is indicated with the adposition '''''[[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' which is suffixed to the substantive it modified (very similar to English “-’s”). In addition to standard possession of nouns, it is also used with pronouns to form the basis of the possessive pronouns rather than a separate genitive-like construction. (More under '''[[#Adpositions]]''', below.) | ||
* '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[takuc#Hakdor|takuc]] [[lauik#Hakdor|lauik]] [[cek#Hakdor|cek]][[-is#Hakdor|is]]'''.'' | * '''''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[Contionary: takuc#Hakdor|takuc]] [[Contionary: lauik#Hakdor|lauik]] [[Contionary: cek#Hakdor|cek]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|is]]'''.'' | ||
*: ‘That is my stone.’ (“Is that-thing stone me-of.”) | *: ‘That is my stone.’ (“Is that-thing stone me-of.”) | ||
====Pronouns==== | ====Pronouns==== | ||
Personal pronouns are fairly simple in scope. The third person does not have gender distinction, but accounts for animacy. The first person plural has clusivity (i.e. there is a difference between “we including you” and “we but not you”). The inclusive pronoun, '''''[[cesan#Hakdor|cesan]]''''', is used for both singular and plural (i.e. “you and me” and “you all and me”); the derivation “**'''''cesasan'''''” is not correct, though is sometimes heard from children. | Personal pronouns are fairly simple in scope. The third person does not have gender distinction, but accounts for animacy. The first person plural has clusivity (i.e. there is a difference between “we including you” and “we but not you”). The inclusive pronoun, '''''[[Contionary: cesan#Hakdor|cesan]]''''', is used for both singular and plural (i.e. “you and me” and “you all and me”); the derivation “**'''''cesasan'''''” is not correct, though is sometimes heard from children. | ||
The personal pronouns are: | The personal pronouns are: | ||
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!colspan=2| Plural | !colspan=2| Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!width=75| ''[[cek#Hakdor|cek]]'' | !width=75| ''[[Contionary: cek#Hakdor|cek]]'' | ||
|width=100| ‘I, me’ | |width=100| ‘I, me’ | ||
!width=75| ''[[cecek#Hakdor|cecek]]'' | !width=75| ''[[Contionary: cecek#Hakdor|cecek]]'' | ||
|width=100| ‘we, us’ | |width=100| ‘we, us’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[cesan#Hakdor|cesan]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: cesan#Hakdor|cesan]]'' | ||
|colspan=3| ‘you and I, we’ | |colspan=3| ‘you and I, we’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!width=75| ''[[san#Hakdor|san]]'' | !width=75| ''[[Contionary: san#Hakdor|san]]'' | ||
|width=100| ‘you’ | |width=100| ‘you’ | ||
!width=75| ''[[sasan#Hakdor|sasan]]'' | !width=75| ''[[Contionary: sasan#Hakdor|sasan]]'' | ||
|width=100| ‘you (all)’ | |width=100| ‘you (all)’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!width=75| ''[[tui#Hakdor|tui]]'' | !width=75| ''[[Contionary: tui#Hakdor|tui]]'' | ||
|width=100| ‘he, she’ | |width=100| ‘he, she’ | ||
!width=75| ''[[tutui#Hakdor|tutui]]'' | !width=75| ''[[Contionary: tutui#Hakdor|tutui]]'' | ||
|width=100| ‘they’ | |width=100| ‘they’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!width=75| ''[[tak#Hakdor|tak]]'' | !width=75| ''[[Contionary: tak#Hakdor|tak]]'' | ||
|width=100| ‘it’ | |width=100| ‘it’ | ||
!width=75| ''[[tatak#Hakdor|tatak]]'' | !width=75| ''[[Contionary: tatak#Hakdor|tatak]]'' | ||
|width=100| ‘they, those’ | |width=100| ‘they, those’ | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Adpositions=== | ===Adpositions=== | ||
Hakdor has a small, closed set of adpositions which follow the noun phrase (i.e. post-positions). Many common “locational” prepositions are formed with a combination of directional phrases and pertingent, allative, apudessive, genitive, or translative adpositions. For example, ‘behind you’ might be translated as '''''[[kecak#Hakdor|kecak]]-[[-et#Hakdor|et]] [[san#Hakdor|san]]-[[-is#Hakdor|is]]''''' – literally, “next to the back of you.” | Hakdor has a small, closed set of adpositions which follow the noun phrase (i.e. post-positions). Many common “locational” prepositions are formed with a combination of directional phrases and pertingent, allative, apudessive, genitive, or translative adpositions. For example, ‘behind you’ might be translated as '''''[[Contionary: kecak#Hakdor|kecak]]-[[Contionary: -et#Hakdor|et]] [[Contionary: san#Hakdor|san]]-[[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|is]]''''' – literally, “next to the back of you.” | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! Example | ! Example | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[-as#Hakdor|as]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: -as#Hakdor|as]]'' | ||
| to, towards | | to, towards | ||
| ''Allative'' | | ''Allative'' | ||
| '''''[[qetra#Hakdor|Qetra]] [[cecek#Hakdor|cecek]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[riqanol#Hakdor|riqanol]][[-as#Hakdor|–as]].''''' ‘We are going to town.’ | | '''''[[Contionary: qetra#Hakdor|Qetra]] [[Contionary: cecek#Hakdor|cecek]] [[Contionary: tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[Contionary: riqanol#Hakdor|riqanol]][[Contionary: -as#Hakdor|–as]].''''' ‘We are going to town.’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[-is#Hakdor|is]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|is]]'' | ||
| of, belonging to, ’s, related to, from, away from | | of, belonging to, ’s, related to, from, away from | ||
| ''Genitive'' | | ''Genitive'' | ||
| '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[tuiek#Hakdor|tuiek]] [[iatup#Hakdor|iatup]] [[cek#Hakdor|cek]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]].''''' ‘This is my parent.’ | | '''''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[Contionary: tuiek#Hakdor|tuiek]] [[Contionary: iatup#Hakdor|iatup]] [[Contionary: cek#Hakdor|cek]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|–is]].''''' ‘This is my parent.’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[-un#Hakdor|un]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: -un#Hakdor|un]]'' | ||
| with, by means of, using | | with, by means of, using | ||
| ''Instrumental'' | | ''Instrumental'' | ||
| '''''[[tikra#Hakdor|tikra]] [[tui#Hakdor|tui]] [[tak#Hakdor|tak]] [[tikun#Hakdor|tikun]][[-un#Hakdor|–un]].''''' ‘He hits it with a hammer.’ | | '''''[[Contionary: tikra#Hakdor|tikra]] [[Contionary: tui#Hakdor|tui]] [[Contionary: tak#Hakdor|tak]] [[Contionary: tikun#Hakdor|tikun]][[Contionary: -un#Hakdor|–un]].''''' ‘He hits it with a hammer.’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[-of#Hakdor|of]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: -of#Hakdor|of]]'' | ||
| for, for the purpose of, for the benefit of | | for, for the purpose of, for the benefit of | ||
| ''Benefactive'' | | ''Benefactive'' | ||
| '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[qeiot#Hakdor|qeiot]] [[-ek#Hakdor|–ek]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[san#Hakdor|san]][[-of#Hakdor|–of]].''''' ‘This flower is for you.’ | | '''''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[Contionary: qeiot#Hakdor|qeiot]] [[Contionary: -ek#Hakdor|–ek]] [[Contionary: tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[Contionary: san#Hakdor|san]][[Contionary: -of#Hakdor|–of]].''''' ‘This flower is for you.’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[-uq#Hakdor|uq]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: -uq#Hakdor|uq]]'' | ||
| on, touching, adjacent to, affixed to | | on, touching, adjacent to, affixed to | ||
| ''Pertingent'' | | ''Pertingent'' | ||
| '''''[[uekra#Hakdor|Uekra]] [[qotec#Hakdor|qotec]] ([[kireu#Hakdor|kireu]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]) [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[nukip#Hakdor|nukip]][[-uq#Hakdor|–uq]] [[tui#Hakdor|tui]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘There is a (tree’s) leaf on his arm.’ | | '''''[[Contionary: uekra#Hakdor|Uekra]] [[Contionary: qotec#Hakdor|qotec]] ([[Contionary: kireu#Hakdor|kireu]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|–is]]) [[Contionary: tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[Contionary: nukip#Hakdor|nukip]][[Contionary: -uq#Hakdor|–uq]] [[Contionary: tui#Hakdor|tui]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘There is a (tree’s) leaf on his arm.’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[-ai#Hakdor|ai]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: -ai#Hakdor|ai]]'' | ||
| with, in the company of | | with, in the company of | ||
| ''Commitative'' | | ''Commitative'' | ||
| '''''[[uekra#Hakdor|Uekra]] [[pepan#Hakdor|pepan]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[iatup#Hakdor|iatup]][[-ai#Hakdor|–ai]] [[tui#Hakdor|tui]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘The child is with her father.’ | | '''''[[Contionary: uekra#Hakdor|Uekra]] [[Contionary: pepan#Hakdor|pepan]] [[Contionary: tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[Contionary: iatup#Hakdor|iatup]][[Contionary: -ai#Hakdor|–ai]] [[Contionary: tui#Hakdor|tui]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘The child is with her father.’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[-et#Hakdor|et]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: -et#Hakdor|et]]'' | ||
| by, next to, near, at, in | | by, next to, near, at, in | ||
| ''Apudessive'' | | ''Apudessive'' | ||
| '''''[[uekra#Hakdor|Uekra]] [[tui#Hakdor|tui]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[riqan#Hakdor|riqan]][[-et#Hakdor|–et]] [[tui#Hakdor|tui]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘He is at his house.’ | | '''''[[Contionary: uekra#Hakdor|Uekra]] [[Contionary: tui#Hakdor|tui]] [[Contionary: tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[Contionary: riqan#Hakdor|riqan]][[Contionary: -et#Hakdor|–et]] [[Contionary: tui#Hakdor|tui]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘He is at his house.’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[-ik#Hakdor|ik]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: -ik#Hakdor|ik]]'' | ||
| through, past, beyond, along | | through, past, beyond, along | ||
| ''Translative'' | | ''Translative'' | ||
| '''''[[ia-#Hakdor|Ia]][[qetra#Hakdor|qetra]] [[tui#Hakdor|tui]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[qitul#Hakdor|qitul]][[-ik#Hakdor|ik]] [[kireuol#Hakdor|kireuol]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘She walked through the forest.’ | | '''''[[Contionary: ia-#Hakdor|Ia]][[Contionary: qetra#Hakdor|qetra]] [[Contionary: tui#Hakdor|tui]] [[Contionary: tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[Contionary: qitul#Hakdor|qitul]][[Contionary: -ik#Hakdor|ik]] [[Contionary: kireuol#Hakdor|kireuol]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘She walked through the forest.’ | ||
|} | |} | ||
Some nuance can be added using different relational adpositions, e.g. using the pertingent instead of the apudessive: '''''[[kecak#Hakdor|kecak]][[-uq#Hakdor|–uq]] [[san#Hakdor|san]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘behind you’ ~ “on (touching) the back of you.” Allative changes the meaning yet again: '''''[[kecak#Hakdor|kecak]][[-as#Hakdor|–as]] [[san#Hakdor|san]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘behind you’ ~ “to(ward) the back of you.” Genitive imparts the opposite meaning from allative: '''''[[kecak#Hakdor|kecak]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]] [[san#Hakdor|san]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘from behind you’ ~ “out from the back of you.” Translative indicates motion that does not have an origin or destination: '''''[[kecak#Hakdor|kecak]][[-ik#Hakdor|–ik]] [[san#Hakdor|san]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘behind you’ ~ “past the back of you.” Directional deixes are shared with the parts of the body normally associated with said directions. | Some nuance can be added using different relational adpositions, e.g. using the pertingent instead of the apudessive: '''''[[Contionary: kecak#Hakdor|kecak]][[Contionary: -uq#Hakdor|–uq]] [[Contionary: san#Hakdor|san]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘behind you’ ~ “on (touching) the back of you.” Allative changes the meaning yet again: '''''[[Contionary: kecak#Hakdor|kecak]][[Contionary: -as#Hakdor|–as]] [[Contionary: san#Hakdor|san]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘behind you’ ~ “to(ward) the back of you.” Genitive imparts the opposite meaning from allative: '''''[[Contionary: kecak#Hakdor|kecak]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|–is]] [[Contionary: san#Hakdor|san]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘from behind you’ ~ “out from the back of you.” Translative indicates motion that does not have an origin or destination: '''''[[Contionary: kecak#Hakdor|kecak]][[Contionary: -ik#Hakdor|–ik]] [[Contionary: san#Hakdor|san]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘behind you’ ~ “past the back of you.” Directional deixes are shared with the parts of the body normally associated with said directions. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
! | ! | ||
!width=175| ''[[-uq#Hakdor|uq]]''<br />Pertingent''<br />(Touching) | !width=175| ''[[Contionary: -uq#Hakdor|uq]]''<br />Pertingent''<br />(Touching) | ||
!width=175| ''[[-et#Hakdor|et]]''<br />Apudessive''<br />(Beside) | !width=175| ''[[Contionary: -et#Hakdor|et]]''<br />Apudessive''<br />(Beside) | ||
!width=175| ''[[-as#Hakdor|as]]''<br />Allative''<br />(Towards) | !width=175| ''[[Contionary: -as#Hakdor|as]]''<br />Allative''<br />(Towards) | ||
!width=175| ''[[-is#Hakdor|is]]''<br />Genitive''<br />(Away from) | !width=175| ''[[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|is]]''<br />Genitive''<br />(Away from) | ||
!width=175| ''[[-ik#Hakdor|ik]]''<br />Translative''<br />(Past) | !width=175| ''[[Contionary: -ik#Hakdor|ik]]''<br />Translative''<br />(Past) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[luceh#Hakdor|luceh]]''<br />‘top ~ head’ | ! ''[[Contionary: luceh#Hakdor|luceh]]''<br />‘top ~ head’ | ||
| ''on, on top of''<br />“touching the head of” | | ''on, on top of''<br />“touching the head of” | ||
| ''over, above''<br />“near the head of” | | ''over, above''<br />“near the head of” | ||
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| ''over the top of, overhead''<br />“past the head of” | | ''over the top of, overhead''<br />“past the head of” | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[cafin#Hakdor|cafin]]''<br />‘front ~ chest’ | ! ''[[Contionary: cafin#Hakdor|cafin]]''<br />‘front ~ chest’ | ||
| ''on the front of''<br />“touching the chest of” | | ''on the front of''<br />“touching the chest of” | ||
| ''in front of, before''<br />“near the chest of” | | ''in front of, before''<br />“near the chest of” | ||
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| ''past the front of''<br />“past the chest of” | | ''past the front of''<br />“past the chest of” | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[nukip#Hakdor|nukip]]''<br />‘side ~ arm’ | ! ''[[Contionary: nukip#Hakdor|nukip]]''<br />‘side ~ arm’ | ||
| ''on, on the side of''<br />“touching the arm of” | | ''on, on the side of''<br />“touching the arm of” | ||
| ''beside, next to, by, near''<br />“near the arm of” | | ''beside, next to, by, near''<br />“near the arm of” | ||
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| ''past the side of''<br />“past the arm of” | | ''past the side of''<br />“past the arm of” | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[qitul#Hakdor|qitul]]''<br />‘middle ~ belly’ | ! ''[[Contionary: qitul#Hakdor|qitul]]''<br />‘middle ~ belly’ | ||
| ''in, inside, on the inside of''<br />“touching the belly of” | | ''in, inside, on the inside of''<br />“touching the belly of” | ||
| ''inside''<br />“near the belly of” | | ''inside''<br />“near the belly of” | ||
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| ''through''<br />“past the belly of” | | ''through''<br />“past the belly of” | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[kecak#Hakdor|kecak]]''<br />‘back’ | ! ''[[Contionary: kecak#Hakdor|kecak]]''<br />‘back’ | ||
| ''on the back of''<br />“touching the back of” | | ''on the back of''<br />“touching the back of” | ||
| ''behind''<br />“near the back of” | | ''behind''<br />“near the back of” | ||
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| ''behind, past''<br />“past the back of” | | ''behind, past''<br />“past the back of” | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[putei#Hakdor|putei]]''<br />‘bottom ~ foot’ | ! ''[[Contionary: putei#Hakdor|putei]]''<br />‘bottom ~ foot’ | ||
| ''on the bottom of''<br />“touching the foot of” | | ''on the bottom of''<br />“touching the foot of” | ||
| ''under, beneath''<br />“near the foot of” | | ''under, beneath''<br />“near the foot of” | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives exclusively follow the nouns they modify. E.g. | Adjectives exclusively follow the nouns they modify. E.g. | ||
* '''''[[nuqiu#Hakdor|nuqiu]] [[seu#Hakdor|seu]]''''' ‘green grass’. | * '''''[[Contionary: nuqiu#Hakdor|nuqiu]] [[Contionary: seu#Hakdor|seu]]''''' ‘green grass’. | ||
* '''''[[henut#Hakdor|henut]] [[heq#Hakdor|heq]]''''' ‘dirty fingernails’. | * '''''[[Contionary: henut#Hakdor|henut]] [[Contionary: heq#Hakdor|heq]]''''' ‘dirty fingernails’. | ||
* '''''[[lehil#Hakdor|lehil]] [[kit#Hakdor|kit]]''''' ‘few’. | * '''''[[Contionary: lehil#Hakdor|lehil]] [[Contionary: kit#Hakdor|kit]]''''' ‘few’. | ||
When used as a predicate, the adjective is considered the direct object and fulfills the object role without the need of the expletive pronoun. E.g. | When used as a predicate, the adjective is considered the direct object and fulfills the object role without the need of the expletive pronoun. E.g. | ||
* '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[nuqiu#Hakdor|nuqiu]] [[seu#Hakdor|seu]].''''' ‘The grass is green.’ | * '''''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[Contionary: nuqiu#Hakdor|nuqiu]] [[Contionary: seu#Hakdor|seu]].''''' ‘The grass is green.’ | ||
* '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[henut#Hakdor|henut]] [[heq#Hakdor|heq]].''''' ‘The fingernails are dirty.’ | * '''''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[Contionary: henut#Hakdor|henut]] [[Contionary: heq#Hakdor|heq]].''''' ‘The fingernails are dirty.’ | ||
But… | But… | ||
* '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[lehil#Hakdor|lehil]] [[kit#Hakdor|kit]].''''' ‘There are few birds.’ | * '''''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[Contionary: tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[Contionary: lehil#Hakdor|lehil]] [[Contionary: kit#Hakdor|kit]].''''' ‘There are few birds.’ | ||
In the last sentence, “few birds” is the predicate, not just “few,” so the expletive subject '''''[[tis#Hakdor|tis]]''''' is still required. | In the last sentence, “few birds” is the predicate, not just “few,” so the expletive subject '''''[[Contionary: tis#Hakdor|tis]]''''' is still required. | ||
====Colours==== | ====Colours==== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|width=90 height=90 style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"| '''''[[pai#Hakdor|pai]]''<br />white'''<br />#FFFFFF | |width=90 height=90 style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"| '''''[[Contionary: pai#Hakdor|pai]]''<br />white'''<br />#FFFFFF | ||
|width=90 height=90 style="background-color: #FFFF00;"| '''''[[tan#Hakdor|tan]]''<br />yellow'''<br />#FFFF00 | |width=90 height=90 style="background-color: #FFFF00;"| '''''[[Contionary: tan#Hakdor|tan]]''<br />yellow'''<br />#FFFF00 | ||
|width=90 height=90 style="background-color: #FF00FF;"| '''''[[qoi#Hakdor|qoi]]''<br />magenta'''<br />#FF00FF | |width=90 height=90 style="background-color: #FF00FF;"| '''''[[Contionary: qoi#Hakdor|qoi]]''<br />magenta'''<br />#FF00FF | ||
|width=90 height=90 style="background-color: #00FFFF;"| '''''[[ken#Hakdor|ken]]''<br />cyan'''<br />#00FFFF | |width=90 height=90 style="background-color: #00FFFF;"| '''''[[Contionary: ken#Hakdor|ken]]''<br />cyan'''<br />#00FFFF | ||
|- | |- | ||
| height=90 style="background-color: #FF0000;"| '''''[[foc#Hakdor|foc]]''<br />red'''<br />#FF0000 | | height=90 style="background-color: #FF0000;"| '''''[[Contionary: foc#Hakdor|foc]]''<br />red'''<br />#FF0000 | ||
| height=90 style="background-color: #00FF00;"| '''''[[seu#Hakdor|seu]]''<br />green'''<br />#00FF00 | | height=90 style="background-color: #00FF00;"| '''''[[Contionary: seu#Hakdor|seu]]''<br />green'''<br />#00FF00 | ||
| height=90 style="background-color: #0000FF;"| '''''[[cur#Hakdor|cur]]''<br />blue'''<br />#0000FF | | height=90 style="background-color: #0000FF;"| '''''[[Contionary: cur#Hakdor|cur]]''<br />blue'''<br />#0000FF | ||
| height=90 style="background-color: #000000;"| '''''[[hul#Hakdor|hul]]''<br />black'''<br />#000000 | | height=90 style="background-color: #000000;"| '''''[[Contionary: hul#Hakdor|hul]]''<br />black'''<br />#000000 | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 405: | Line 405: | ||
The Hakdor numerals are hexadecimal; that is, base-16. For hexadecimal transcription, 〈A〉 is used to represent ‘ten’, 〈B〉 for ‘eleven’, 〈C〉 for ‘twelve’ , 〈D〉 for ‘thirteen’ , 〈E〉 for ‘fourteen’ , and 〈F〉 for ‘fifteen’. Decimal equivalents are given in parentheses after the hexadecimal. | The Hakdor numerals are hexadecimal; that is, base-16. For hexadecimal transcription, 〈A〉 is used to represent ‘ten’, 〈B〉 for ‘eleven’, 〈C〉 for ‘twelve’ , 〈D〉 for ‘thirteen’ , 〈E〉 for ‘fourteen’ , and 〈F〉 for ‘fifteen’. Decimal equivalents are given in parentheses after the hexadecimal. | ||
While there are words for exponents – like hundred, thousand, million, and so on – most numbers are simply read as strings of digits from left to right. So 4EB6 (20,150 in decimal) is spoken: '''''[[ual#Hakdor|ual]]-[[ruk#Hakdor|ruk]]-[[tin#Hakdor|tin]]-[[kut#Hakdor|kut]]'''''. As a result, two additional number terms are common in Hakdor: '''''[[lalah#Hakdor|lalah]]''''', which we might translate as “double-zero,” and '''''[[lalalah#Hakdor|lalalah]]''''', which I’ll leave to you to figure out. So “100” is as likely to be pronounced '''''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]]-[[lalah#Hakdor|lalah]]''''' as '''''[[ren#Hakdor|ren]]'''''. | While there are words for exponents – like hundred, thousand, million, and so on – most numbers are simply read as strings of digits from left to right. So 4EB6 (20,150 in decimal) is spoken: '''''[[Contionary: ual#Hakdor|ual]]-[[Contionary: ruk#Hakdor|ruk]]-[[Contionary: tin#Hakdor|tin]]-[[Contionary: kut#Hakdor|kut]]'''''. As a result, two additional number terms are common in Hakdor: '''''[[Contionary: lalah#Hakdor|lalah]]''''', which we might translate as “double-zero,” and '''''[[Contionary: lalalah#Hakdor|lalalah]]''''', which I’ll leave to you to figure out. So “100” is as likely to be pronounced '''''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]]-[[Contionary: lalah#Hakdor|lalah]]''''' as '''''[[Contionary: ren#Hakdor|ren]]'''''. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! ''[[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|colspan=2| 0 | |colspan=2| 0 | ||
! ''[[iel#Hakdor|iel]]'' (''[[kir]] [[lah]]'') | ! ''[[Contionary: iel#Hakdor|iel]]'' (''[[Contionary: kir]] [[Contionary: lah]]'') | ||
|10 ||(16) | |10 ||(16) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|20 ||(32) | |20 ||(32) | ||
! ''[[iel#Hakdor|iel]]'' (''[[kir]] [[lah]]'') | ! ''[[Contionary: iel#Hakdor|iel]]'' (''[[Contionary: kir]] [[Contionary: lah]]'') | ||
|10 ||(16) | |10 ||(16) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]]'' | ||
|colspan=2| 1 | |colspan=2| 1 | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[kir#Hakdor|kir]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]]'' | ||
|11 ||(17) | |11 ||(17) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[kir#Hakdor|kir]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]]'' | ||
|21 ||(33) | |21 ||(33) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|20 ||(32) | |20 ||(32) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]]'' | ||
|colspan=2| 2 | |colspan=2| 2 | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[tat#Hakdor|tat]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]]'' | ||
|12 ||(18) | |12 ||(18) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[tat#Hakdor|tat]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]]'' | ||
|22 ||(34) | |22 ||(34) | ||
! ''[[ser#Hakdor|ser]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: ser#Hakdor|ser]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|30 ||(48) | |30 ||(48) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[ser#Hakdor|ser]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: ser#Hakdor|ser]]'' | ||
|colspan=2| 3 | |colspan=2| 3 | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[ser#Hakdor|ser]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: ser#Hakdor|ser]]'' | ||
|13 ||(19) | |13 ||(19) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[ser#Hakdor|ser]] | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: ser#Hakdor|ser]] | ||
|23 ||(35) | |23 ||(35) | ||
! ''[[ual#Hakdor|ual]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: ual#Hakdor|ual]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|40 ||(64) | |40 ||(64) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[ual#Hakdor|ual]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: ual#Hakdor|ual]]'' | ||
|colspan=2| 4 | |colspan=2| 4 | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[ual#Hakdor|ual]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: ual#Hakdor|ual]]'' | ||
|14 ||(20) | |14 ||(20) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[ual#Hakdor|ual]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: ual#Hakdor|ual]]'' | ||
|24 ||(36) | |24 ||(36) | ||
! ''[[net#Hakdor|net]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: net#Hakdor|net]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|50 ||(80) | |50 ||(80) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[net#Hakdor|net]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: net#Hakdor|net]]'' | ||
|colspan=2| 5 | |colspan=2| 5 | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[net#Hakdor|net]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: net#Hakdor|net]]'' | ||
|15 ||(21) | |15 ||(21) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[net#Hakdor|net]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: net#Hakdor|net]]'' | ||
|25 ||(37) | |25 ||(37) | ||
! ''[[kut#Hakdor|kut]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kut#Hakdor|kut]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|60 ||(96) | |60 ||(96) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[kut#Hakdor|kut]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kut#Hakdor|kut]]'' | ||
|colspan=2| 6 | |colspan=2| 6 | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[kut#Hakdor|kut]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: kut#Hakdor|kut]]'' | ||
|16 ||(22) | |16 ||(22) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[kut#Hakdor|kut]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: kut#Hakdor|kut]]'' | ||
|26 ||(38) | |26 ||(38) | ||
! ''[[pel#Hakdor|pel]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: pel#Hakdor|pel]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|70 ||(112) | |70 ||(112) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[pel#Hakdor|pel]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: pel#Hakdor|pel]]'' | ||
|colspan=2| 7 | |colspan=2| 7 | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[pel#Hakdor|pel]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: pel#Hakdor|pel]]'' | ||
|17 ||(23) | |17 ||(23) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[pel#Hakdor|pel]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: pel#Hakdor|pel]]'' | ||
|27 ||(39) | |27 ||(39) | ||
! ''[[hak#Hakdor|hak]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: hak#Hakdor|hak]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|80 ||(128) | |80 ||(128) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[hak#Hakdor|hak]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: hak#Hakdor|hak]]'' | ||
|colspan=2| 8 | |colspan=2| 8 | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[hak#Hakdor|hak]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: hak#Hakdor|hak]]'' | ||
|18 ||(24) | |18 ||(24) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[hak#Hakdor|hak]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: hak#Hakdor|hak]]'' | ||
|28 ||(40) | |28 ||(40) | ||
! ''[[iir#Hakdor|iir]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: iir#Hakdor|iir]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|90 ||(144) | |90 ||(144) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[iir#Hakdor|iir]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: iir#Hakdor|iir]]'' | ||
|colspan=2| 9 | |colspan=2| 9 | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[iir#Hakdor|iir]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: iir#Hakdor|iir]]'' | ||
|19 ||(25) | |19 ||(25) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[iir#Hakdor|iir]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: iir#Hakdor|iir]]'' | ||
|29 ||(41) | |29 ||(41) | ||
! ''[[heu#Hakdor|heu]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: heu#Hakdor|heu]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|A0 ||(160) | |A0 ||(160) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[heu#Hakdor|heu]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: heu#Hakdor|heu]]'' | ||
|A ||(10) | |A ||(10) | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[heu#Hakdor|heu]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: heu#Hakdor|heu]]'' | ||
|1A ||(26) | |1A ||(26) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[heu#Hakdor|heu]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: heu#Hakdor|heu]]'' | ||
|2A ||(42) | |2A ||(42) | ||
! ''[[tin#Hakdor|tin]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tin#Hakdor|tin]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|B0 ||(176) | |B0 ||(176) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[tin#Hakdor|tin]] | ! ''[[Contionary: tin#Hakdor|tin]] | ||
|B ||(11) | |B ||(11) | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[tin#Hakdor|tin]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: tin#Hakdor|tin]]'' | ||
|1B ||(27) | |1B ||(27) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[tin#Hakdor|tin]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: tin#Hakdor|tin]]'' | ||
|2B ||(43) | |2B ||(43) | ||
! ''[[kal#Hakdor|kal]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kal#Hakdor|kal]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|C0 ||(192) | |C0 ||(192) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[kal#Hakdor|kal]] | ! ''[[Contionary: kal#Hakdor|kal]] | ||
|C ||(12) | |C ||(12) | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[kal#Hakdor|kal]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: kal#Hakdor|kal]]'' | ||
|1C ||(28) | |1C ||(28) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[kal#Hakdor|kal]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: kal#Hakdor|kal]]'' | ||
|2C ||(44) | |2C ||(44) | ||
! ''[[ion#Hakdor|ion]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: ion#Hakdor|ion]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|D0 ||(208) | |D0 ||(208) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[ion#Hakdor|ion]] | ! ''[[Contionary: ion#Hakdor|ion]] | ||
|D ||(13) | |D ||(13) | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[ion#Hakdor|ion]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: ion#Hakdor|ion]]'' | ||
|1D ||(29) | |1D ||(29) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[ion#Hakdor|ion]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: ion#Hakdor|ion]]'' | ||
|2D ||(45) | |2D ||(45) | ||
! ''[[ruk#Hakdor|ruk]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: ruk#Hakdor|ruk]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|E0 ||(224) | |E0 ||(224) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[ruk#Hakdor|ruk]] | ! ''[[Contionary: ruk#Hakdor|ruk]] | ||
|E ||(14) | |E ||(14) | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[ruk#Hakdor|ruk]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: ruk#Hakdor|ruk]]'' | ||
|1E ||(30) | |1E ||(30) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[ruk#Hakdor|ruk]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: ruk#Hakdor|ruk]]'' | ||
|2E ||(46) | |2E ||(46) | ||
! ''[[uot#Hakdor|uot]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: uot#Hakdor|uot]] [[Contionary: lah#Hakdor|lah]]'' | ||
|F0 ||(240) | |F0 ||(240) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[uot#Hakdor|uot]] | ! ''[[Contionary: uot#Hakdor|uot]] | ||
|F ||(15) | |F ||(15) | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[uot#Hakdor|uot]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: uot#Hakdor|uot]]'' | ||
|1F ||(31) | |1F ||(31) | ||
! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[uot#Hakdor|uot]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[Contionary: uot#Hakdor|uot]]'' | ||
|2F ||(47) | |2F ||(47) | ||
! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[lalah#Hakdor|lalah]]'' (''[[ren#Hakdor|ren]]'') | ! ''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[Contionary: lalah#Hakdor|lalah]]'' (''[[Contionary: ren#Hakdor|ren]]'') | ||
|100 ||(256) | |100 ||(256) | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 561: | Line 561: | ||
! (Some) Extended Meanings | ! (Some) Extended Meanings | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[ketra#Hakdor|ketra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: ketra#Hakdor|ketra]]'' | ||
| ‘to give’ | | ‘to give’ | ||
| to transfer, to remove (from oneself), to shed, to excrete | | to transfer, to remove (from oneself), to shed, to excrete | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[tokra#Hakdor|tokra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tokra#Hakdor|tokra]]'' | ||
| ‘to take’ | | ‘to take’ | ||
| to eat, to consume, to steal | | to eat, to consume, to steal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[iitra#Hakdor|iitra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: iitra#Hakdor|iitra]]'' | ||
| ‘to throw’ | | ‘to throw’ | ||
| to observe with the senses ('''''[[iitra luuat]]''''' = ‘look at’) | | to observe with the senses ('''''[[Contionary: iitra luuat]]''''' = ‘look at’) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[kepra#Hakdor|kepra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kepra#Hakdor|kepra]]'' | ||
| ‘to catch’ | | ‘to catch’ | ||
| to capture, to seize | | to capture, to seize | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[pasra#Hakdor|pasra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: pasra#Hakdor|pasra]]'' | ||
| ‘to fall’ | | ‘to fall’ | ||
| to do something accidentally, to sleep | | to do something accidentally, to sleep | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[sopra#Hakdor|sopra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: sopra#Hakdor|sopra]]'' | ||
| ‘to rise’ | | ‘to rise’ | ||
| to ascend, to awaken, to succeed | | to ascend, to awaken, to succeed | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[uekra#Hakdor|uekra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: uekra#Hakdor|uekra]]'' | ||
| ‘to sit’ | | ‘to sit’ | ||
| to be located, | | to be located, | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[kupra#Hakdor|kupra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: kupra#Hakdor|kupra]]'' | ||
| ‘to stand’ | | ‘to stand’ | ||
| to be upright, to be in a state of | | to be upright, to be in a state of | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[hapra#Hakdor|hapra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: hapra#Hakdor|hapra]]'' | ||
| ‘to have’ | | ‘to have’ | ||
| to control, to hold, to be imbued with (e.g. ability) | | to control, to hold, to be imbued with (e.g. ability) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[rekra#Hakdor|rekra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: rekra#Hakdor|rekra]]'' | ||
| ‘to do’ | | ‘to do’ | ||
| to make, to compel, to cause, to force | | to make, to compel, to cause, to force | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[pikra#Hakdor|pikra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: pikra#Hakdor|pikra]]'' | ||
| ‘to pick up’ | | ‘to pick up’ | ||
| to grasp, ~take | | to grasp, ~take | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[topra#Hakdor|topra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: topra#Hakdor|topra]]'' | ||
| ‘to put down’ | | ‘to put down’ | ||
| to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense ('''''[[topra luuat]]''''' = ‘to see’) | | to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense ('''''[[Contionary: topra luuat]]''''' = ‘to see’) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[katra#Hakdor|katra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: katra#Hakdor|katra]]'' | ||
| ‘to keep’ | | ‘to keep’ | ||
| to protect, to hide | | to protect, to hide | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[sitra#Hakdor|sitra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|sitra]]'' | ||
| ‘to be’ | | ‘to be’ | ||
| to exist, copula | | to exist, copula | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[qetra#Hakdor|qetra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: qetra#Hakdor|qetra]]'' | ||
| ‘to go’ | | ‘to go’ | ||
| to move, to travel, to start | | to move, to travel, to start | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[tikra#Hakdor|tikra]]'' | ! ''[[Contionary: tikra#Hakdor|tikra]]'' | ||
| ‘to hit’ | | ‘to hit’ | ||
| to make contact with, to touch | | to make contact with, to touch | ||
Line 636: | Line 636: | ||
! Notes | ! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[la#Hakdor|la]] | ! ''[[Contionary: la#Hakdor|la]] | ||
| relative | | relative | ||
| that, which | | that, which | ||
| A conjunction – goes at the beginning of a phrase. | | A conjunction – goes at the beginning of a phrase. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[na#Hakdor|na]] | ! ''[[Contionary: na#Hakdor|na]] | ||
| interrogative | | interrogative | ||
| is it, does it, ĉu, か , 嗎 | | is it, does it, ĉu, か , 嗎 | ||
| A conjunction – goes at the beginning of a phrase. | | A conjunction – goes at the beginning of a phrase. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[ia-#Hakdor|ia]] | ! ''[[Contionary: ia-#Hakdor|ia]] | ||
| preterit | | preterit | ||
| did, have done | | did, have done | ||
| Precedes negative; otherwise closest to verb root. | | Precedes negative; otherwise closest to verb root. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[sa-#Hakdor|sa]] | ! ''[[Contionary: sa-#Hakdor|sa]] | ||
| topic | | topic | ||
| important | | important | ||
| Precedes all particles except the conjunctions. | | Precedes all particles except the conjunctions. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[ca-#Hakdor|ca]] | ! ''[[Contionary: ca-#Hakdor|ca]] | ||
| negative | | negative | ||
| not | | not | ||
| Must be closest to the verb root. | | Must be closest to the verb root. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[ra-#Hakdor|ra]] | ! ''[[Contionary: ra-#Hakdor|ra]] | ||
| future | | future | ||
| will | | will | ||
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! Notes | ! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[la#Hakdor|la]] | ! ''[[Contionary: la#Hakdor|la]] | ||
| relative | | relative | ||
| that, which | | that, which | ||
| (see above) | | (see above) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[na#Hakdor|na]] | ! ''[[Contionary: na#Hakdor|na]] | ||
| interrogative | | interrogative | ||
| is it, whether | | is it, whether | ||
| (see above) | | (see above) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[cah#Hakdor|cah]] | ! ''[[Contionary: cah#Hakdor|cah]] | ||
| negative | | negative | ||
| not | | not | ||
| Logical inverter: NOT; argument is false. | | Logical inverter: NOT; argument is false. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[ti#Hakdor|ti]] | ! ''[[Contionary: ti#Hakdor|ti]] | ||
| conjunctive | | conjunctive | ||
| and, and then | | and, and then | ||
| Logic gate: AND; both arguments are true | | Logic gate: AND; both arguments are true | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[kas#Hakdor|kas]] | ! ''[[Contionary: kas#Hakdor|kas]] | ||
| disjunctive | | disjunctive | ||
| or | | or | ||
| Logic gate: OR; one or both arguments are true | | Logic gate: OR; one or both arguments are true | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[ueq#Hakdor|ueq]] | ! ''[[Contionary: ueq#Hakdor|ueq]] | ||
| alternative denial | | alternative denial | ||
| nand, and not | | nand, and not | ||
| Logic gate: NAND; both arguments are false | | Logic gate: NAND; both arguments are false | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[nor#Hakdor|nor]] | ! ''[[Contionary: nor#Hakdor|nor]] | ||
| joint denial | | joint denial | ||
| nor, or not | | nor, or not | ||
| Logic gate: NOR; neither argument is true | | Logic gate: NOR; neither argument is true | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[ruh#Hakdor|ruh]] | ! ''[[Contionary: ruh#Hakdor|ruh]] | ||
| exclusive | | exclusive | ||
| xor | | xor | ||
| Logic gate: XOR; only one argument is true | | Logic gate: XOR; only one argument is true | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[noh#Hakdor|noh]] | ! ''[[Contionary: noh#Hakdor|noh]] | ||
| biconditional | | biconditional | ||
| xnor, not xor | | xnor, not xor | ||
| Logic gate: XNOR; both arguments are true or both are false | | Logic gate: XNOR; both arguments are true or both are false | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''[[qek#Hakdor|qek]] | ! ''[[Contionary: qek#Hakdor|qek]] | ||
| adversative | | adversative | ||
| but, however | | but, however | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The particles '''''[[la#Hakdor|la]]''''' and '''''[[na#Hakdor|na]]''''' may operate as independent words, or as prefixes where they occur directly before a verb. | The particles '''''[[Contionary: la#Hakdor|la]]''''' and '''''[[Contionary: na#Hakdor|na]]''''' may operate as independent words, or as prefixes where they occur directly before a verb. | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Basic Word Order & Alignments=== | ===Basic Word Order & Alignments=== | ||
The basic order of Hakdor is strict VSO; that is: Verb, Subject, Object. It is also topic-prominent, so a topic area may be indicated with the particle '''''[[sa-#Hakdor|sa-]]''''' (in many cases roughly equivalent to Japanese は [wa]). | The basic order of Hakdor is strict VSO; that is: Verb, Subject, Object. It is also topic-prominent, so a topic area may be indicated with the particle '''''[[Contionary: sa-#Hakdor|sa-]]''''' (in many cases roughly equivalent to Japanese は [wa]). | ||
====Typology==== | ====Typology==== | ||
Strict VSO. Sentences without an object (e.g. “I sit,” '''''[[uekra#Hakdor|uekra]] [[cek#Hakdor|cek]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]]''''',) must take a dummy object (tis) after the subject. Conversely, subjectless sentences (e.g. “It seems,” '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|sitra]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[ric#Hakdor|ric]]''''',) use '''''[[tis#Hakdor|tis]]''''' as a subject. (In English we use the expletive pronoun ''it'' in these types of sentences.) Furthermore, indirect objects always occupy the fourth position in a clause (e.g. “It seems to me,” '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|sitra]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[ric#Hakdor|ric]] [[cek#Hakdor|cek]]'''''.) | Strict VSO. Sentences without an object (e.g. “I sit,” '''''[[Contionary: uekra#Hakdor|uekra]] [[Contionary: cek#Hakdor|cek]] [[Contionary: tis#Hakdor|tis]]''''',) must take a dummy object (tis) after the subject. Conversely, subjectless sentences (e.g. “It seems,” '''''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|sitra]] [[Contionary: tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[Contionary: ric#Hakdor|ric]]''''',) use '''''[[Contionary: tis#Hakdor|tis]]''''' as a subject. (In English we use the expletive pronoun ''it'' in these types of sentences.) Furthermore, indirect objects always occupy the fourth position in a clause (e.g. “It seems to me,” '''''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|sitra]] [[Contionary: tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[Contionary: ric#Hakdor|ric]] [[Contionary: cek#Hakdor|cek]]'''''.) | ||
====Noun Phrases==== | ====Noun Phrases==== | ||
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!colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"| ''…tuiuc til serai riqanolis laiatokra tuiuc nurak nucutis cekis.'' | !colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"| ''…tuiuc til serai riqanolis laiatokra tuiuc nurak nucutis cekis.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''[[tui#Hakdor|tui]][[-uc#Hakdor|-uc]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: tui#Hakdor|tui]][[Contionary: -uc#Hakdor|-uc]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[til#Hakdor|til]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: til#Hakdor|til]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[ser#Hakdor|ser]][[-ai#Hakdor|-ai]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: ser#Hakdor|ser]][[Contionary: -ai#Hakdor|-ai]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[riqanol#Hakdor|riqanol]][[-is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: riqanol#Hakdor|riqanol]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[la#Hakdor|la-]][[ia-#Hakdor|ia-]][[tokra#Hakdor|tok]][[ra#Hakdor|-ra]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: la#Hakdor|la-]][[Contionary: ia-#Hakdor|ia-]][[Contionary: tokra#Hakdor|tok]][[Contionary: ra#Hakdor|-ra]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[tuiuc#Hakdor|tui-uc]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: tuiuc#Hakdor|tui-uc]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[nurak#Hakdor|nurak]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: nurak#Hakdor|nurak]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[nucut#Hakdor|nucut]][[-is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: nucut#Hakdor|nucut]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[cek#Hakdor|cek]][[-is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: cek#Hakdor|cek]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| person-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dst</span> | | person-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dst</span> | ||
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!colspan=5 style="text-align: left;"| ''Iasitra tuiuc nurak tar pen.'' | !colspan=5 style="text-align: left;"| ''Iasitra tuiuc nurak tar pen.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''[[ia-#Hakdor|ia-]][[sitra#Hakdor|sit]][[ra#Hakdor|-ra]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: ia-#Hakdor|ia-]][[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|sit]][[Contionary: ra#Hakdor|-ra]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[tuiuc#Hakdor|tui-uc]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: tuiuc#Hakdor|tui-uc]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[nurak#Hakdor|nurak]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: nurak#Hakdor|nurak]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[tar#Hakdor|tar]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: tar#Hakdor|tar]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[pen#Hakdor|pen]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: pen#Hakdor|pen]]''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">pst-cop-vrb</span> | | <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">pst-cop-vrb</span> | ||
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!colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"| ''Sidra tuiuc nurak laiatokra tuiuc iului ciqisis cekis.'' | !colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"| ''Sidra tuiuc nurak laiatokra tuiuc iului ciqisis cekis.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|sit]][[ra#Hakdor|-ra]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|sit]][[Contionary: ra#Hakdor|-ra]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[tuiuc#Hakdor|tui-uc]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: tuiuc#Hakdor|tui-uc]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[nurak#Hakdor|nurak]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: nurak#Hakdor|nurak]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[la#Hakdor|la-]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: la#Hakdor|la-]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[ia-#Hakdor|ia-]][[tokra#Hakdor|tok]][[ra#Hakdor|-ra]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: ia-#Hakdor|ia-]][[Contionary: tokra#Hakdor|tok]][[Contionary: ra#Hakdor|-ra]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[tuiuc#Hakdor|tui-uc]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: tuiuc#Hakdor|tui-uc]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[iului#Hakdor|iului]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: iului#Hakdor|iului]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[ciqis#Hakdor|ciqis]][[-is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: ciqis#Hakdor|ciqis]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[cek#Hakdor|cek]][[-is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: cek#Hakdor|cek]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">cop-vrb</span> | | <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">cop-vrb</span> | ||
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!colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"| ''Sitra nuqiu nec la kanuc pasra tis ioruier iuueqis.'' | !colspan=9 style="text-align: left;"| ''Sitra nuqiu nec la kanuc pasra tis ioruier iuueqis.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|sit]][[ra#Hakdor|-ra]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|sit]][[Contionary: ra#Hakdor|-ra]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[nuqiu#Hakdor|nuqiu]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: nuqiu#Hakdor|nuqiu]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[nec#Hakdor|nec]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: nec#Hakdor|nec]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[la#Hakdor|la]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: la#Hakdor|la]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[kanuc#Hakdor|kan-uc]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: kanuc#Hakdor|kan-uc]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[pasra#Hakdor|pas]][[ra#Hakdor|-ra]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: pasra#Hakdor|pas]][[Contionary: ra#Hakdor|-ra]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[tis#Hakdor|tis]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: tis#Hakdor|tis]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[ioruier#Hakdor|iorui-er]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: ioruier#Hakdor|iorui-er]]''''' | ||
| '''''[[iuueq#Hakdor|iuueq]][[-is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' | | '''''[[Contionary: iuueq#Hakdor|iuueq]][[Contionary: -is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">cop-vrb</span> | | <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">cop-vrb</span> |