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#REDIRECT [[User:IlL/Nurian]]
{{list subpages}}
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''senNūrima''
|setting=[[Verse:Tricin]]
|pronunciation =
|region = Txapoalli
|country = Nūrei
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Quame languages|Quame]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=qnr
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Nurian''' (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: ''senNūrima'', [[Eevo]]: ''Nwrib'' or ''brits Nwrée'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] and a sister of [[Tigol]], aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, Lithuanian and Arabic. Nurian is one of the classical languages of Bjeheond, along with Classical [[Netagin]]. (In Modern Netagin, an Old Nurian-imitating word ''ďaccerabaccera'' is used for 'unintelligible', cf. Japanese ''chinpunkanpun''.)
 
Language of what begins as basically Buddhism? "What if Buddhism evolved differently"
 
Euphonic vowels instead of conservative IE endings
 
==Todo==
q qw > epiglottal stop
 
R Rw > ayin
 
Allow ''ntt'' unlike Pali and like Finnish?
 
Nurian reading traditions in Bjeheond, Txapoalli (and Wiebian in Crackfic Tricin)
*Explain Lithuanian-like vowel system as a result of Idavic substrate?
*should be P-Talmic
*Did Thensarian have intensive noun/adjective suffixes that Nurian preserves?
*-tl-, -dl- > -ċċ-, -ġġ- used mainly in names
*''-tą'' = instrument/patient suffix
*''massah'' = dark
*''Tamī3inai'' = Wen Dămea
*''ħammih'' = wheat (~ sñyrm)
*''dallhatuh'' = strife
*''hienaθini'' = sleep soundly
*''-zzah'' = deverbal noun
**''muoġiazzah'' = food
*''nhuobai'' = jaw
*''natterai'' = chain
 
== Diachronics ==
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqenskās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷodoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-baxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor. --> Hīs pēmah hara ġą3auti δe rhībau nhāmesar δe na rhādamattį. 3aniantih vi najesi, mhā-diaurrhimar biqąkhāh bakū kaddaffeih vi hammhinuo. Θhą luġġeθaih vi baqquor piδδalābih, kah haθθį har valtājessittha, bar Bau3āċą vi qaffīqah. Nai bājah δe nemmuoruh phadattānih! Hivvuor hēs-baθθitar qatibāti miauġūh! Hannhīdar davvai δe naθθheqqātāh qāvitar.
 
i e a o u ī ē ā ō ū ei ai oi ui iu eu au ou → i 'a a a u ī 'ā ā uo ū 'ai ai ai ui 'ū 'au au au; yV → generally, gemination of preceding consonant + 'V
 
final -uo > -u? (more Lithuanian)
 
==Historical phonology==
*''-am -em -im -om -um -ām -ēm -īm -ōm -ūm'' > ''-ą -ę -į -ą -ų -ą -ę -į -ų -ų''
*''-s'' > ''-h''
*Thn. ''cia ce ci cio ciu gia ge gi gio giu'' > ''ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu ġia ġe ġi ġio ġiu''
*''e ē ei ea eā'' > ''e ē ei ia iā''
*''o, ō'' > ''a, uo''; word final ''-uo'' > ''-ū''
*''ae oe ui ao eo iu'' > ''ai ȳ ui au iuo iū''
===Cluster assimilations===
Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially.
*''bl ml fl tl dl θl δl cl gl ngl'' > ''bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi ṡṡi żżi kki ggi ngi''
*''ql, ȝl'' > ''qq, ȝȝ''
*''nl, rl'' > both ''ll''
*''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, kkh, qqh, tth, nnh, llh, rrh''
*''sb, sd, sg'' > ''bb, zz, gg''
*''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, qr'' > ''pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, qqh''
*''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ''
*''mr'' > ''mm''
*''cn, gn'' > ''ngh, ng''
*''mn'' > ''nn''
*''rC'' > ''CC''
*''lC'' > '':C''; ''lv'' > ''vv''
*''ct'' > ''tt''
*''VN + fricative'' > ''V[+nasal] + fricative''
*''tv dv θv δv'' > ''pp bb ff vv''
 
===Co-reflexes with Eevo===
*''aw'' ~ ''uo, ā, a+C''
*''ia'' ~ ''ei''
*''i'' ~ ''ȳ, ī, ē, a/e/i+C''
 
==Numbers==
 
==Phonology==
The Old Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 58 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology is phonemic contrast between velarization and palatalization in consonants. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
===Phonotactics===
Old Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /l/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/, /t/, and vowels are allowed.
 
===Consonants===
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Old Nurian'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar/Retroflex
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
|-
!rowspan="2"| Nasal
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''mh''' m̊ˠ || '''mhi''' m̊ʲ
| '''nh''' n̪̊ˠ ||
| || '''nhi''' n̊ʲ
|
| '''nghi''' ŋ̊ʲ
| '''ngh''' ŋ̊
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''m''' mˠ || '''mi''' mʲ
| '''n''' n̪ˠ ||
| || '''ni''' nʲ
|
| '''ngi''' ŋʲ
| '''ng''' ŋ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' pˠ || '''pi''' pʲ
| '''t''' t̪ˠ || '''ti''' t̪ˢʲ
| '''t{{cdb}}''' tˠ~ʈˠ || '''t{{cdb}}i''' tʲ
| '''ċi''' tʃ
| '''ki''' kʲ
| '''k''' k
| '''q, qi''' ʡ
| '''-r''' ʔ
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''ph''' pˠʰ || '''phi''' pʲʰ
| '''th''' t̪ˠʰ || '''thi''' t̪ˢʲʰ
| '''t{{cdb}}h''' tˠʰ~ʈˠʰ || '''t{{cdb}}hi''' tʲʰ
| '''ċhi''' tʃʰ
| '''khi''' kʲʰ
| '''kh''' kʰ
| '''qh, qhi''' ʡʰ
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' bˠ || '''bi''' bʲ
| '''d''' d̪ˠ || '''di''' d̪ᶻʲ
| '''d{{cdb}}''' dˠ~ɖˠ || '''d{{cdb}}i''' dʲ
| '''ġi''' dʒ
| '''gi''' ɡʲ
| '''g''' ɡ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' fˠ || '''fi''' fʲ
| '''s''' s&#810;ˠ ||
| || '''si''' sʲ
| '''ṡi''' ʃ
|
|
|
| '''h, hi''' h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' vˠ || '''vi''' vʲ
| '''z''' z&#810;ˠ  ||
| || '''zi''' zʲ
| '''żi''' ʒ
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Trill
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| ||
| '''rh''' r̥ˠ || '''rhi''' r̥ʲ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| ||
| '''r''' rˠ || '''ri''' rʲ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Lateral
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| '''lh''' l̥ˠ ||
| || '''lhi''' l̥ʲ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| '''l''' lˠ ||
| || '''li''' lʲ
| 
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
| ||
| ||
| ||
|
| '''j''' j
|
| '''ȝ, ȝi''' ʕ
|
|}
 
;Notes
*Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
*All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, t̪ˠ, d&#810;ˠ/, which are uvularized).
*All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/.
*/rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ].
*/rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated.
*/lˠ/ is a uvularized apical alveolar [l̺ʶ] or uvularized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʶ].
*/lʲ/ is laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ].
*/ɲ/ is postpalatal [ɲ̄].
*/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are laminal palatalized alveolar [tʃʲ, dʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ].
*Before /k, ɡ/, /n/ is realized as velar [ŋ].
*/ħ/ has been variously described as pharyngeal [ħ] and epiglottal [ʜ].
*/ʕ/ is an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞].
*/h/ is voiced [ɦ] after vowels and voiced consonants.
 
====Vowels====
Old Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="3" style="" |Front
! colspan="3" style="" |Central
! colspan="3" style="" |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>nasal</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>nasal</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>nasal</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /iː/
| /ĩː/
|
|
|
| /ʊ/
| /uː/
| /ũː/
|-
! style="" |Open
| [ɛ~æ]
| [æː]
|
| /a/
| /aː/
| /ãː/
| [ɑ]
| [ɑː]
|
|}
 
'''Diphthongs:''' /ɐɪ ɐʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/
 
;Notes
*/a aː/ each have two allophones:
**[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants.
**[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
 
Romanization:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*''a'': hard /a/ [ɐ~ɑ]
*''ā'': hard /aː/ [ɑː]
*''ą'': hard /ãː/
*''ai'': hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ]
*''au'': hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ]
*''u'': hard /ʊ/
*''ui'': hard /ʊɪ/
*''uo'': hard /uɔ/
*''ū'': hard /uː/
*''ų'': hard /ũː/
{{col-break}}
*''ia, e'': soft /a/ [ɛ]
*''iā, ē'': soft /aː/ [æː]
*''ią, ę'': soft /ãː/
*''iai, ei'': soft /aɪ/ [ɛɪ]
*''iau'': soft /aʊ/ [ɛʊ]
*''i'': soft /ɪ/
*''ī'': soft /iː/
*''į'': soft /ĩː/
*''iu'': soft /ʊ/
*''ui'': soft /ʊɪ/
*''iuo'': soft /uɔ/
*''iū'': soft /uː/
*''ių'': soft /ũː/
*''ie'': soft /iə/
{{col-end}}
 
===Stress===
Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic:
*Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable;
*if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed.
 
==Orthography==
Nurian is written in an Ancient Gwnax-based script.
===Consonants===
 
===Vowels===
 
==Morphology==
:''Main article: [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Morphology]]''
 
== Numerals ==
Nurian uses a vigesimal numeral system. 1-20: ''pēm, θiuor, naġġį, δiaubį, salle, thām, ruodih, laddih, habbih, quor, quopphēm, quoθθhiur, quonnaġġį, quonδiaubį, qųsalle, qųthām, quorruodih, quolladdih, quorrhabbih, miekah''
 
* ''pēm, pēmai, pēmah'' '1', ''thām, thāmai, thāmah'' '6' and their teen counterparts decline as o-stem adjectives
* ''θiuor'' '2', ''ħuor'' '10', and ''ħuoθθiur'' '12' decline like a dual adjective
* ''naġġį'' '3', ''δiaubį'' '4' and their teen counterparts are i-stem masculines
* ''salle'' (< saliθe) '5' is indeclinable
* ''ruodih, laddih, habbih'' are i-stem neuters
* ''miekah'' is an o-stem noun
 
==Syntax==
Nurian uses SVO, head-initial syntax. There are no articles.
 
:'''''Guoδati damibeh jāni betthar.'''''
:[ˈguɔðˠɑtʲi ˈdˠɑmʲɪbʲæh ˈjæːnʲi ˈbʲættʰˠɑɾ]
:guoδ-ti tam-ibeh jāni betth-ar
:remain-3PL leaf-PL.CST laurel.SG.ABS.NOM green-PL.F.ABS.NOM
:''Laurel leaves stay green.''
===Particles===
*''kaC-, kat'' = 'and'
**''ħuġġiah kap pālei'' = 'bread and milk'
*''ei'' (/ɛɪ/) = 'not'
*''fī'' /fʲiː/ = 'if'
* ''khą'' = but
* ''rį'' = relativizer
* ''fim'' = complementizer
 
===Relative clauses===
Nurian uses the resumptive pronoun strategy when the head is not the subject. A resumptive pronoun must be fronted, if it is not embedded in another clause within the relative clause.
 
==Sample texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
:''Kakarai 3ausį gatthāną kaθ θeθeivų di khussiū kat iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį nai qabbī kad dȳkaluttī, ṡiūqą danθū hieθariākah 3aibatthah di helą venghimę.''
:[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈtʰˠːɑːnˠɑ̃ː kɐθ θʲɛˈθʲɛɪvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː kɐʔ ˈɪdʒːætˠuː | æmʲːɪmʲiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː nɐɪ ʕæbʲːiː kɐd dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, ʃuːʕãː dˠɐnθˠuː fʲɛɪtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɐh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː]
:human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M INS reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
==Poetry==
Greek and Latin quantitative meters, no rhyming
[[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quame languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Pseudo-Arabic]]
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