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[[Nurian/Lexicon]]<br/>
{{list subpages}}
[[Nurian/Swadesh list]]
 
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =  
|image =  
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|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''nūrimā''
|nativename = ''senNūrima''
|setting=[[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting=[[Verse:Tricin]]
|pronunciation =
|pronunciation =
|region = Southwestern Talma
|region = Txapoalli
|country = Nuria
|country = Nūrei
|familycolor=PfK
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Quihum languages|Quihum]]
|fam1= [[Quame languages|Quame]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Thensaric
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=qnr
|iso3=qnr
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}}
}}


'''Nurian''' (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: ''gaffā nūrimā'', [[Eevo]]: ''Nwrim'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] descending from [[Thensarian]], aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, and Lithuanian. Close relatives include [[Eevo]] and [[Bênôcian]]. Nurian is the official language of Nuria (''Nūrē'') in southwestern Talma. Nurian is extremely conservative, and contains relatively few loanwords.
'''Nurian''' (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: ''senNūrima'', [[Eevo]]: ''Nwrib'' or ''brits Nwrée'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] and a sister of [[Tigol]], aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, Lithuanian and Arabic. Nurian is one of the classical languages of Bjeheond, along with Classical [[Netagin]]. (In Modern Netagin, an Old Nurian-imitating word ''ďaccerabaccera'' is used for 'unintelligible', cf. Japanese ''chinpunkanpun''.)
 
Language of what begins as basically Buddhism? "What if Buddhism evolved differently"
 
Euphonic vowels instead of conservative IE endings


==Todo==
==Todo==
Did Thensarian have intensive noun/adjective suffixes that Nurian preserves?
q qw > epiglottal stop
 
R Rw > ayin
 
Allow ''ntt'' unlike Pali and like Finnish?
 
Nurian reading traditions in Bjeheond, Txapoalli (and Wiebian in Crackfic Tricin)
*Explain Lithuanian-like vowel system as a result of Idavic substrate?
*should be P-Talmic
*Did Thensarian have intensive noun/adjective suffixes that Nurian preserves?
*-tl-, -dl- > -ċċ-, -ġġ- used mainly in names
*''-tą'' = instrument/patient suffix
*''massah'' = dark
*''Tamī3inai'' = Wen Dămea
*''ħammih'' = wheat (~ sñyrm)
*''dallhatuh'' = strife
*''hienaθini'' = sleep soundly
*''-zzah'' = deverbal noun
**''muoġiazzah'' = food
*''nhuobai'' = jaw
*''natterai'' = chain
 
== Diachronics ==
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqenskās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷodoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-baxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor. --> Hīs pēmah hara g&#775;ą3auti δe rhībau nhāmesar δe na rhādamattį. 3aniantih vi najesi, mhā-diaurrhimar biqąkhāh bakū kaddaffeih vi hammhinuo. Θhą lug&#775;g&#775;eθaih vi baqquor piδδalābih, kah haθθį har valtājessittha, bar Bau3āc&#775;ą vi qaffīqah. Nai bājah δe nemmuoruh phadattānih! Hivvuor hēs-baθθitar qatibāti miaug&#775;ūh! Hannhīdar davvai δe naθθheqqātāh qāvitar.
 
i e a o u ī ē ā ō ū ei ai oi ui iu eu au ou → i 'a a a u ī 'ā ā uo ū 'ai ai ai ui 'ū 'au au au; yV → generally, gemination of preceding consonant + 'V
 
final -uo > -u? (more Lithuanian)


==Historical phonology==
==Historical phonology==
*''-am -em -im -om -um -ym -ām -ēm -īm -ōm -ūm -ȳm'' > ''-ą -ę -į -ą -ų -y̨ -ą -ę -į -ų -ų -y̨''
*''-am -em -im -om -um -ām -ēm -īm -ōm -ūm'' > ''-ą -ę -į -ą -ų -ą -ę -į -ų -ų''
*''-s'' > ''-h''
*''-s'' > ''-h''
*Thn. ''cia ce ci cio ciu gia ge gi gio giu'' > ''ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu ġia ġe ġi ġio ġiu''
*Thn. ''cia ce ci cio ciu gia ge gi gio giu'' > ''ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu ġia ġe ġi ġio ġiu''
*''e ē ei ea eā'' > ''e ē ei ia iā''
*''e ē ei ea eā'' > ''e ē ei ia iā''
*''o, ō'' > ''a, uo''
*''o, ō'' > ''a, uo''; word final ''-uo'' > ''-ū''
*''ae oe ui ao eo iu'' > ''ai ȳ ui au iuo iū''
*''ae oe ui ao eo iu'' > ''ai ȳ ui au iuo iū''
===Cluster assimilations===
===Cluster assimilations===
Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially.
Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially.
*''pl bl ml fl tl dl cl gl ngl'' > ''ppi bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi kki ggi ngi''
*''bl ml fl tl dl θl δl cl gl ngl'' > ''bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi ṡṡi żżi kki ggi ngi''
*''ħl, ȝl'' > ''ħħ, ȝȝ''  
*''ql, ȝl'' > ''qq, ȝȝ''  
*''nl, rl'' > both ''ll''
*''nl, rl'' > both ''ll''
*''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, kkh, ħħ, tth, nnh, llh, rrh''
*''sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr'' > ''pph, tth, kkh, qqh, tth, nnh, llh, rrh''
*''sb, sd, sg'' > ''bb, dd, gg''
*''sb, sd, sg'' > ''bb, zz, gg''
*''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, ħr'' > ''pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, ħħ''
*''pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, qr'' > ''pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, qqh''
*''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ''
*''br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr'' > ''bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ''
*''mr'' > ''nn''
*''mr'' > ''mm''
*''cn, gn'' > ''ngh, ng''
*''cn, gn'' > ''ngh, ng''
*''mn'' > ''nn''
*''mn'' > ''nn''
*''rC'' > ''CC''
*''rC'' > ''CC''
*''lC'' > '':C''
*''lC'' > '':C''; ''lv'' > ''vv''
*''ct'' > ''tt''
*''ct'' > ''tt''
*''VN + fricative'' > ''V[+nasal] + fricative''
*''VN + fricative'' > ''V[+nasal] + fricative''
*''tv dv θv δv'' > ''pp bb ff vv''
*''tv dv θv δv'' > ''pp bb ff vv''
===Co-reflexes with Eevo===
*''aw'' ~ ''uo, ā, a+C''
*''ia'' ~ ''ei''
*''i'' ~ ''ȳ, ī, ē, a/e/i+C''


==Numbers==
==Numbers==


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 56 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic velarization vs. palatalization in hard-soft pairs. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
The Old Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 58 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology is phonemic contrast between velarization and palatalization in consonants. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
 
There are two major accents of Standard Nurian.
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant or consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/ and vowels are allowed.
Old Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /l/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/, /t/, and vowels are allowed.


===Dagȳne accent===
===Consonants===


====Consonants====
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian (Dagȳne)'''
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Old Nurian'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|  
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!colspan="2" | Alveolar/Retroflex
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!colspan="2" | Velar
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!<small>tenuis</small>
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' pˠ || '''pi''' pʲ
| '''p''' pˠ || '''pi''' pʲ
| '''t''' t̪ˠ ||  
| '''t''' t̪ˠ || '''ti''' t̪ˢʲ
| || '''ti''' tʲ
| '''t{{cdb}}''' tˠ~ʈˠ || '''t{{cdb}}i''' tʲ
| '''ċi''' tʃ
| '''ċi''' tʃ
| '''ki''' kʲ
| '''ki''' kʲ
| '''k''' k
| '''k''' k
|  
| '''q, qi''' ʡ
| '''-r, -t''' ʔ
| '''-r''' ʔ
|-
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''ph''' pˠʰ || '''phi''' pʲʰ
| '''ph''' pˠʰ || '''phi''' pʲʰ
| '''th''' t̪ˠʰ ||  
| '''th''' t̪ˠʰ || '''thi''' t̪ˢʲʰ
| || '''thi''' tʲʰ
| '''t{{cdb}}h''' tˠʰ~ʈˠʰ || '''t{{cdb}}hi''' tʲʰ
| '''ċhi''' tʃʰ
| '''ċhi''' tʃʰ
| '''khi''' kʲʰ
| '''khi''' kʲʰ
| '''kh''' kʰ
| '''kh''' kʰ
|  
| '''qh, qhi''' ʡʰ
|  
|  
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' bˠ || '''bi''' bʲ
| '''b''' bˠ || '''bi''' bʲ
| '''d''' d̪ˠ ||  
| '''d''' d̪ˠ || '''di''' d̪ᶻʲ
| || '''di''' dʲ
| '''d{{cdb}}''' dˠ~ɖˠ || '''d{{cdb}}i''' dʲ
| '''ġi''' dʒ
| '''ġi''' dʒ
| '''gi''' ɡʲ
| '''gi''' ɡʲ
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!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' fˠ || '''fi''' fʲ
| '''f''' fˠ || '''fi''' fʲ
| '''θ''' θˠ || '''θi''' θʲ
| '''s''' s&#810;ˠ ||
| '''s''' sˠ || '''si''' sʲ
| || '''si''' sʲ
| '''ṡi''' ʃ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''ħ, ħi''' ħ
| '''h, hi''' h
| '''h, hi''' h
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' vˠ || '''vi''' vʲ
| '''v''' vˠ || '''vi''' vʲ
| '''δ''' ðˠ || '''δi''' ðʲ
| '''z''' z&#810;ˠ  ||
| '''z''' zˠ || '''zi''' zʲ
| || '''zi''' zʲ
|
| '''żi''' ʒ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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;Notes
;Notes
*Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
*Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
*All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, θˠ, ðˠ/, which are uvularized).  
*All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, t̪ˠ, d&#810;ˠ/, which are uvularized).  
*All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/.
*All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/.
*/tˠ, dˠ, nˠ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ, n̪ˠ].
*/tʲ, dʲ, nʲ/ are laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ, d̻ʲ, n̻ʲ].
*/θˠ, θ, ðˠ, ð/ are dental spirants [θʶ, θ, ðʶ, ð].
*/sˠ, sʲ, zˠ, zʲ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [s̪ˠ, s̪ʲ, z̪ˠ, z̪ʲ].
*/rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ].
*/rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ].
*/rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated.
*/rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated.
Line 231: Line 256:


====Vowels====
====Vowels====
Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels.
Old Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes'''
|+ '''Vowel phonemes'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! rowspan="2" style=""|
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|}
|}


'''Diphthongs:''' /aɪ aʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/
'''Diphthongs:''' /ɐɪ ɐʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/


;Notes
;Notes
*Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants.
*/a aː/ each have two allophones:
*/a aː/ each have three allophones:
**[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants.
**[ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants
**[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
**[ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
*Allophony of /a aː/ is, however, reduced in the speech of many younger speakers, who pronounce both as [ɐ aː]
===Fiuġġēra accent===
The Fiuggēra [fudˈdʒæːrˁɑ] accent turns hard consonants into uvularized consonants, and soft consonants into plain.
*θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
====Consonants====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes (Fiuġġēra)'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
|-
!rowspan="2"| Nasal
!<small>voiceless</small>
| m̊ʶ || m̊
| n̥ʶ ||
| || n̥
|
| ɲ̊
| ŋ̊
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| mʶ || m
| n̪ʶ ||
| || n
|
| ɲ
| ŋʶ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| pʶ || p
| tʶ ||
| || t
| tʃ
| k
| kʶ
|
| ʔ
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| pʶʰ || pʰ
| tʶʰ ||
| || tʰ
| tʃʰ
| kʰ
| kʶʰ
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| bʶ || b
| dʶ ||
| || d
| dʒ
| g
| ɡʶ
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| fʶ || f
|  || θ
| sʶ || s
|
|
|
| ħ
| h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| vʶ ||
| || ð
| zʶ || z
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Trill
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| ||
| r̥ʶ || r̥
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| ||
| rʶ || r
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Lateral
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| ɬʶ ||
| || ɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| ||
| || l
| 
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
| wʶ || w
| ||
| ||
|
| j
|
| ʕ
|
|}
;Notes
*Hard consonants are uvularized, like Arabic emphatic consonants.
===Stress===
Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic:
*Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable;
*if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed.
==Orthography==
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Consonants'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''θ''!!''δ''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''ng''!!''k''!!''g''!!''ħ''!!''ȝ''!!''h''!!''j''
|-
!Hard
|/mˠ/||/pˠ/||/bˠ/||/fˠ/||/vˠ/||/nˠ/||/tˠ/||/dˠ/||/θˠ/||/ðˠ/||/sˠ/||/zˠ/||/rˠ/||/ɫ/||/ŋ/||/k/||/ɡ/
|rowspan="2"|/ħ/
|rowspan="2"|/ʕ/
|rowspan="2"|/h/
|rowspan="2"|/j/
|-
!Soft
|/mʲ/||/pʲ/||/bʲ/||/fʲ/||/vʲ/||/nʲ/||/tʲ/||/dʲ/||/θ/||/ð/||/sʲ/||/zʲ/||/rʲ/||/lʲ/||/ɲ/||/t͡ʃ/||/d͡ʒ/
|}
The pairs of aspirated plosives and voiceless resonants /pʰˠ pʰʲ/, /tʰˠ tʰʲ/, /tʃʰ/, /kʲʰ kʰ/, /m̊ˠ m̊ʲ/, /n̪̊ˠ n̊ʲ/, /ɲ̊ ŋ̊/, /l̥ˠ l̥ʲ/, /r̥ˠ r̥ʲ/ are written {{angbr|''ph, th, ċh, kh, mh, nh, ngh, lh, rh''}}.
Final ''-r'' is pronounced /ʔ/.
===Vowels===


Romanization:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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*''ai'': hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ]
*''ai'': hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ]
*''au'': hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ]
*''au'': hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ]
*''y'': hard /ɪ/ [ë]
*''y'': hard /iː/
*''y&#808;'': hard /ĩː/
*''u'': hard /ʊ/
*''u'': hard /ʊ/
*''ui'': hard /ʊɪ/
*''ui'': hard /ʊɪ/
Line 500: Line 335:
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


==Grammar==
===Stress===
Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modified-modifier order.
Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic:
===Nouns===
*Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable;
Sgv-clv-plv system.
*if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed.


===Nouns and adjectives===
==Orthography==
====Masculine nouns====
Nurian is written in an Ancient Gwnax-based script.
===Consonants===


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
===Vowels===
! colspan="4" | ''θȳrą'' 'bird'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''θȳrą'' || ''θyθȳrą'' || ''θȳrīh''
|-
! Definite
| ''θȳrai'' || ''θyθȳrai'' || ''θȳrinny''
|}


====Feminine nouns====
==Morphology==
Feminine nouns typically end in -ā, -ē, -ī, or -ū.
:''Main article: [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Morphology]]''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''gandā'' 'body'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''gandā'' || ''gagandā'' || ''gandār''
|-
! Definite
| ''gandą'' || ''gagandą'' || ''gandāh''
|}


====Neuter nouns====
== Numerals ==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
Nurian uses a vigesimal numeral system. 1-20: ''pēm, θiuor, naġġį, δiaubį, salle, thām, ruodih, laddih, habbih, quor, quopphēm, quoθθhiur, quonnaġġį, quonδiaubį, qųsalle, qųthām, quorruodih, quolladdih, quorrhabbih, miekah''
! colspan="4" | ''tettyh'' 'child'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''tettyh'' || ''tetettyh'' || ''tettȳn''
|-
! Definite
| ''tettȳh'' || ''tetettȳh'' || ''tettȳr''
|}


====Mass nouns====
* ''pēm, pēmai, pēmah'' '1', ''thām, thāmai, thāmah'' '6' and their teen counterparts decline as o-stem adjectives
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
* ''θiuor'' '2', ''ħuor'' '10', and ''ħuoθθiur'' '12' decline like a dual adjective
! colspan="4" | ''jenāh'' 'water' (n.)
* ''naġġį'' '3', ''δiaubį'' '4' and their teen counterparts are i-stem masculines
|-
* ''salle'' (< saliθe) '5' is indeclinable
! style="width: 90px;" |
* ''ruodih, laddih, habbih'' are i-stem neuters
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
* ''miekah'' is an o-stem noun
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Indefinite
| ''jenāh'' || ''jenenāh''
|-
! Definite
| ''jenaȝeh'' || ''jenenaȝeh''
|}


===Verbs===
==Syntax==
====TAM====
Nurian uses SVO, head-initial syntax. There are no articles.
=====Present=====
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussani'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''tareni'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aillini'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''kassyni'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussani || tareni || aillini || kassyni
|-
| 2SG || tussar || tarer || aillir || kassyr
|-
| 3SG.M || tussą || tarę || aillį || kassy̨
|-
| 3SG.F || tussah || tareh || aillih || kassyh
|-
| 3SG.N || tussa || tare || ailli || kassy
|-
| 1EX || tussamē || taremē || aillimē || kassymē
|-
| 1IN || tussanti || tarenti || aillinti || kassynti
|-
| 2PL || tussaċċhi || tareċċhi || ailliċċhi || kassyċċhi
|-
| 3PL || tussati || tareti || ailliti || kassyti
|}


=====Imperfect=====
:'''''Guoδati damibeh jāni betthar.'''''
Reduplication rules:
:[ˈguɔðˠɑtʲi ˈdˠɑmʲɪbʲæh ˈjæːnʲi ˈbʲættʰˠɑɾ]
*If word begins with C, redup first CV (V is shortened)
:guoδ-ti tam-ibeh jāni betth-ar
=====Preterite=====
:remain-3PL leaf-PL.CST laurel.SG.ABS.NOM green-PL.F.ABS.NOM
{| class="bluetable"
:''Laurel leaves stay green.''
|-
! Person  !! ''tussani'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''tareni'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aillini'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''kassyni'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussanne || tarenne || aillinne || ċēnne
|-
| 2SG || tussȳ || tarī || aillī || ċēvȳ
|-
| 3SG.M || tussamhi || taremhi || aillimhi || ċēmhi
|-
| 3SG.F || tussatthi || taretthi || aillitthi || ċētthi
|-
| 3SG.N || tussasa || taresa || aillisa || ċēsa
|-
| 1EX || tussamer || taremer || aillimer || ċēmer
|-
| 1IN || tussanter || tarenter || aillinter || ċēnter
|-
| 2PL || tussaċċher || tareċċher || ailliċċher || ċēċċher
|-
| 3PL || tussati || tareti || ailliti || ċēter
|}
 
==Syntax==
===Particles===
===Particles===
*''ank'' = 'and'
*''kaC-, kat'' = 'and'
**''ħuġġiah ank pādī'' [ˈħʊdʒːæh æŋk paːdʲiː] = 'bread and milk'
**''ħuġġiah kap pālei'' = 'bread and milk'
*''nīh'' (/nʲiːh/) = 'not'
*''ei'' (/ɛɪ/) = 'not'
*''fī'' /fʲiː/ = 'if'
* ''khą'' = but
* ''rį'' = relativizer
* ''fim'' = complementizer


===Relative clauses===
===Relative clauses===
Nurian uses the resumptive pronoun strategy when the head is not the subject. A resumptive pronoun must be fronted, if it is not embedded in another clause within the relative clause.
Nurian uses the resumptive pronoun strategy when the head is not the subject. A resumptive pronoun must be fronted, if it is not embedded in another clause within the relative clause.
==Phrasebook==
*''Adduorī!'' = 'Hello!'
*''Malisā!'' = 'Thank you!'


==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
===UDHR, Article 1===
:''Kakarai ħausį gagāry̨ ank θeθēvų di khussiū ank iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį gą ȝiabbī ank dȳkaluttī, siūȝą danθū fētariākah ħaibatthyh di helą venghimę.''
:''Kakarai 3ausį gatthāną kaθ θeθeivų di khussiū kat iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį nai qabbī kad dȳkaluttī, ṡiūqą danθū hieθariākah 3aibatthah di helą venghimę.''
:[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈgaːrˠɘ̃ː k θʲɛˈθʲæːvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː k ˈɪdʒːɛtˠuː | æmʲːiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː gɑ̃ː ʕæbʲːiː k dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, sʲuːʕæ̃ː dˠɐnθˠuː fæːtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɪh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː]
:[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈtʰˠːɑːnˠɑ̃ː kɐθ θʲɛˈθʲɛɪvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː kɐʔ ˈɪdʒːætˠuː | æmʲːɪmʲiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː nɐɪ ʕæbʲːiː kɐd dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, ʃuːʕãː dˠɐnθˠuː fʲɛɪtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɐh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː]
:human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M with reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F
:human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M INS reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''


[[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]]
==Poetry==
Greek and Latin quantitative meters, no rhyming
[[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quame languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Pseudo-Arabic]]

Latest revision as of 00:06, 1 September 2022

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Talk:
Nurian/Old
senNūrima
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Tricin
Quame
Language codes
ISO 639-3qnr
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Nurian (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: senNūrima, Eevo: Nwrib or brits Nwrée) is a Talmic language and a sister of Tigol, aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, Lithuanian and Arabic. Nurian is one of the classical languages of Bjeheond, along with Classical Netagin. (In Modern Netagin, an Old Nurian-imitating word ďaccerabaccera is used for 'unintelligible', cf. Japanese chinpunkanpun.)

Language of what begins as basically Buddhism? "What if Buddhism evolved differently"

Euphonic vowels instead of conservative IE endings

Todo

q qw > epiglottal stop

R Rw > ayin

Allow ntt unlike Pali and like Finnish?

Nurian reading traditions in Bjeheond, Txapoalli (and Wiebian in Crackfic Tricin)

  • Explain Lithuanian-like vowel system as a result of Idavic substrate?
  • should be P-Talmic
  • Did Thensarian have intensive noun/adjective suffixes that Nurian preserves?
  • -tl-, -dl- > -ċċ-, -ġġ- used mainly in names
  • -tą = instrument/patient suffix
  • massah = dark
  • Tamī3inai = Wen Dămea
  • ħammih = wheat (~ sñyrm)
  • dallhatuh = strife
  • hienaθini = sleep soundly
  • -zzah = deverbal noun
    • muoġiazzah = food
  • nhuobai = jaw
  • natterai = chain

Diachronics

φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqenskās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷodoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-baxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor. --> Hīs pēmah hara ġą3auti δe rhībau nhāmesar δe na rhādamattį. 3aniantih vi najesi, mhā-diaurrhimar biqąkhāh bakū kaddaffeih vi hammhinuo. Θhą luġġeθaih vi baqquor piδδalābih, kah haθθį har valtājessittha, bar Bau3āċą vi qaffīqah. Nai bājah δe nemmuoruh phadattānih! Hivvuor hēs-baθθitar qatibāti miauġūh! Hannhīdar davvai δe naθθheqqātāh qāvitar.

i e a o u ī ē ā ō ū ei ai oi ui iu eu au ou → i 'a a a u ī 'ā ā uo ū 'ai ai ai ui 'ū 'au au au; yV → generally, gemination of preceding consonant + 'V

final -uo > -u? (more Lithuanian)

Historical phonology

  • -am -em -im -om -um -ām -ēm -īm -ōm -ūm > -ą -ę -į -ą -ų -ą -ę -į -ų -ų
  • -s > -h
  • Thn. cia ce ci cio ciu gia ge gi gio giu > ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu ġia ġe ġi ġio ġiu
  • e ē ei ea eā > e ē ei ia iā
  • o, ō > a, uo; word final -uo > -ū
  • ae oe ui ao eo iu > ai ȳ ui au iuo iū

Cluster assimilations

Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially.

  • bl ml fl tl dl θl δl cl gl ngl > bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi ṡṡi żżi kki ggi ngi
  • ql, ȝl > qq, ȝȝ
  • nl, rl > both ll
  • sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr > pph, tth, kkh, qqh, tth, nnh, llh, rrh
  • sb, sd, sg > bb, zz, gg
  • pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, qr > pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, qqh
  • br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr > bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ
  • mr > mm
  • cn, gn > ngh, ng
  • mn > nn
  • rC > CC
  • lC > :C; lv > vv
  • ct > tt
  • VN + fricative > V[+nasal] + fricative
  • tv dv θv δv > pp bb ff vv

Co-reflexes with Eevo

  • aw ~ uo, ā, a+C
  • ia ~ ei
  • i ~ ȳ, ī, ē, a/e/i+C

Numbers

Phonology

The Old Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 58 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology is phonemic contrast between velarization and palatalization in consonants. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.

Phonotactics

Old Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /l/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/, /t/, and vowels are allowed.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes in Old Nurian
Labial Dental Alveolar/Retroflex Postalveolar Velar Radical Glottal
hard soft hard soft hard soft soft hard
Nasal voiceless mh m̊ˠ mhi m̊ʲ nh n̪̊ˠ nhi n̊ʲ nghi ŋ̊ʲ ngh ŋ̊
voiced m mˠ mi mʲ n n̪ˠ ni nʲ ngi ŋʲ ng ŋ
Stop tenuis p pˠ pi pʲ t t̪ˠ ti t̪ˢʲ ṭ tˠ~ʈˠ ṭi tʲ ċi tʃ ki kʲ k k q, qi ʡ -r ʔ
aspirated ph pˠʰ phi pʲʰ th t̪ˠʰ thi t̪ˢʲʰ ṭh tˠʰ~ʈˠʰ ṭhi tʲʰ ċhi tʃʰ khi kʲʰ kh kʰ qh, qhi ʡʰ
voiced b bˠ bi bʲ d d̪ˠ di d̪ᶻʲ ḍ dˠ~ɖˠ ḍi dʲ ġi dʒ gi ɡʲ g ɡ
Fricative voiceless f fˠ fi fʲ s s̪ˠ si sʲ ṡi ʃ h, hi h
voiced v vˠ vi vʲ z z̪ˠ zi zʲ żi ʒ
Trill voiceless rh r̥ˠ rhi r̥ʲ
voiced r rˠ ri rʲ
Lateral voiceless lh l̥ˠ lhi l̥ʲ
voiced l lˠ li lʲ
Approximant j j ȝ, ȝi ʕ
Notes
  • Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
  • All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ/, which are uvularized).
  • All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/.
  • /rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ].
  • /rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated.
  • /lˠ/ is a uvularized apical alveolar [l̺ʶ] or uvularized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʶ].
  • /lʲ/ is laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ].
  • /ɲ/ is postpalatal [ɲ̄].
  • /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are laminal palatalized alveolar [tʃʲ, dʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ].
  • Before /k, ɡ/, /n/ is realized as velar [ŋ].
  • /ħ/ has been variously described as pharyngeal [ħ] and epiglottal [ʜ].
  • /ʕ/ is an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞].
  • /h/ is voiced [ɦ] after vowels and voiced consonants.

Vowels

Old Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels.

Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
short long nasal short long nasal short long nasal
Close /ɪ~ɪ̞/ /iː/ /ĩː/ /ʊ/ /uː/ /ũː/
Open [ɛ~æ] [æː] /a/ /aː/ /ãː/ [ɑ] [ɑː]

Diphthongs: /ɐɪ ɐʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/

Notes
  • /a aː/ each have two allophones:
    • [ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants.
    • [ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/

Romanization:

  • a: hard /a/ [ɐ~ɑ]
  • ā: hard /aː/ [ɑː]
  • ą: hard /ãː/
  • ai: hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ]
  • au: hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ]
  • u: hard /ʊ/
  • ui: hard /ʊɪ/
  • uo: hard /uɔ/
  • ū: hard /uː/
  • ų: hard /ũː/
  • ia, e: soft /a/ [ɛ]
  • iā, ē: soft /aː/ [æː]
  • ią, ę: soft /ãː/
  • iai, ei: soft /aɪ/ [ɛɪ]
  • iau: soft /aʊ/ [ɛʊ]
  • i: soft /ɪ/
  • ī: soft /iː/
  • į: soft /ĩː/
  • iu: soft /ʊ/
  • ui: soft /ʊɪ/
  • iuo: soft /uɔ/
  • iū: soft /uː/
  • ių: soft /ũː/
  • ie: soft /iə/


Stress

Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic:

  • Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable;
  • if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed.

Orthography

Nurian is written in an Ancient Gwnax-based script.

Consonants

Vowels

Morphology

Main article: Nurian/Old/Morphology

Numerals

Nurian uses a vigesimal numeral system. 1-20: pēm, θiuor, naġġį, δiaubį, salle, thām, ruodih, laddih, habbih, quor, quopphēm, quoθθhiur, quonnaġġį, quonδiaubį, qųsalle, qųthām, quorruodih, quolladdih, quorrhabbih, miekah

  • pēm, pēmai, pēmah '1', thām, thāmai, thāmah '6' and their teen counterparts decline as o-stem adjectives
  • θiuor '2', ħuor '10', and ħuoθθiur '12' decline like a dual adjective
  • naġġį '3', δiaubį '4' and their teen counterparts are i-stem masculines
  • salle (< saliθe) '5' is indeclinable
  • ruodih, laddih, habbih are i-stem neuters
  • miekah is an o-stem noun

Syntax

Nurian uses SVO, head-initial syntax. There are no articles.

Guoδati damibeh jāni betthar.
[ˈguɔðˠɑtʲi ˈdˠɑmʲɪbʲæh ˈjæːnʲi ˈbʲættʰˠɑɾ]
guoδ-ti tam-ibeh jāni betth-ar
remain-3PL leaf-PL.CST laurel.SG.ABS.NOM green-PL.F.ABS.NOM
Laurel leaves stay green.

Particles

  • kaC-, kat = 'and'
    • ħuġġiah kap pālei = 'bread and milk'
  • ei (/ɛɪ/) = 'not'
  • fī /fʲiː/ = 'if'
  • khą = but
  • rį = relativizer
  • fim = complementizer

Relative clauses

Nurian uses the resumptive pronoun strategy when the head is not the subject. A resumptive pronoun must be fronted, if it is not embedded in another clause within the relative clause.

Sample texts

UDHR, Article 1

Kakarai 3ausį gatthāną kaθ θeθeivų di khussiū kat iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį nai qabbī kad dȳkaluttī, ṡiūqą danθū hieθariākah 3aibatthah di helą venghimę.
[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈtʰˠːɑːnˠɑ̃ː kɐθ θʲɛˈθʲɛɪvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː kɐʔ ˈɪdʒːætˠuː | æmʲːɪmʲiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː nɐɪ ʕæbʲːiː kɐd dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, ʃuːʕãː dˠɐnθˠuː fʲɛɪtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɐh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː]
human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M INS reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F
All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Poetry

Greek and Latin quantitative meters, no rhyming

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