Twench: Difference between revisions

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| '''J j''' || je || [jeː]
| '''J j''' || je || [jeː]
|-
|-
| '''K k''' || ka || [kaː]
| '''K k''' || ka || [kʰaː]
|-
|-
| '''L l''' || el || [ɛɫ]
| '''L l''' || el || [ɛɫ]
Line 447: Line 447:
| '''O o''' || o || [oː]
| '''O o''' || o || [oː]
|-
|-
| '''P p''' || pe || [peː]
| '''P p''' || pe || [pʰeː]
|-
|-
| '''Q q''' || ku || [kyː]
| '''Q q''' || ku || [kʰyː]
|-
|-
| '''R r''' || er || [ɛɾ]
| '''R r''' || er || [ɛɾ]
Line 461: Line 461:
| '''S s''' || es || [ɛs]
| '''S s''' || es || [ɛs]
|-
|-
| '''T t''' || te || [teː]
| '''T t''' || te || [tʰeː]
|-
|-
| '''U u''' || u || [yː]
| '''U u''' || u || [yː]
Line 471: Line 471:
| '''X x''' || iks || [ɪks]
| '''X x''' || iks || [ɪks]
|-
|-
| '''Y y''' || Griekeise i || [gɾiːˈkɛɪsə iː]
| '''Y y''' || Griekeise i || [gɾiːˈkʰɛɪsə iː]
|-
|-
| ('''IJ ij''') || longe i || [ˈlɔŋə iː]
| ('''IJ ij''') || longe i || [ˈlɔŋə iː]
|-
|-
| '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛt]
| '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛtʰ]
|}
|}
|}
|}
Line 499: Line 499:
Derivational morphology
Derivational morphology
-->
-->
===Nouns===
Nouns are not declined for case.
There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).
Plural is usually formed in ''-(e)s''.
===Articles===
Precede the noun they modify.
*'''Definite article:''' ''le'' (singular), ''les'' (plural)
*'''Indefinite article:''' ''un'' (singular)
===Pronouns===
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! rowspan="2" |Person/ Number !! colspan="2" | Subject !! colspan="2" | Object !! colspan="3" |Possessive
|-
! Full || Reduced || Full || Reduced || Full || Reduced || Pronoun
|-
! 1S
| jou || je || mei || me || mij(n) || me(n) || miene
|-
! 2S
| woes || wes || wous || wes || woester || wes || woestere
|-
! 2S (arch.)
| tu || te || tei || te || tij(n) || te(n) || tiene
|-
! 3SM
| el || el || lui || le || rowspan="3"| zij(n) || rowspan="3" | ze(n) || rowspan="3" | ziene
|-
! 3SF
| elle || el || lei || le
|-
! 3SN
| lou || le || lou || et
|-
! 1P
| noes; noezeuts || nes || noes; noezeuts || nes || noester || nes || noestere
|-
! 2P
| woezeuts || wes || woezeuts || wes || woester || wes || woestere
|-
! 3P
| els; elzeuts || els || els; elzeuts || els || lour || ler || loure
|-
! 2S/P (pol.)
| os || es || os || es || os || es || osse
|-
! 3R
| — || — || zei || ze || — || — || —
|-
|}
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
Line 592: Line 644:
| mil || milliesem || milliesem
| mil || milliesem || milliesem
|-
|-
! 10^6
! 10⁶
| miljoun || miljouniesem || miljouniesem
| miljoun || miljouniesem || miljouniesem
|}
===Verbs===
====Principal parts====
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from four principal parts: the infinitive, 1S present, 1S past, and past participle.
These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.
====Verb classes====
Verbs may be regular or irregular.
In regular verbs, the present stem, past stem, and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive.
There are 3 classes of regular verbs.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Weak verbs
! Class !! Infinitive ending !! 1S present ending !! 1S past ending !! Past participle
|-
! 1
| -aar || - || -aai || -aat
|-
! 2a (infix)
| -ijr || -is || -ij || -ijt
|-
! 2b (no infix)
| -ijr || - || -ij || -ijt
|-
! 3
| -er || - || -ui || -(e)t
|-
|}
*The schwa in ''-(e)t'' is inserted after ''-t-'', ''-d-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.
Irregular verbs form one or more of the stems irregularly.
*'''Present stem:''' When this is irregular, it is most often due to suppletion.
*'''Past stem:''' This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem.
*'''Past participle:''' This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard ''-t'' ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist.
====Personal endings====
Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final ''-i'' if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in ''-i'', the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Personal endings
! Person/number !! Ending
|-
! 1S
| -(i)
|-
! 2S
| -(e)s
|-
! 3S
| -(e)t
|-
! 1P
| -(e)ns
|-
! 2P
| -(e)ts
|-
! 3P
| -(e)n
|-
|}
'''Note:'''
¹ Schwa ''-(e)-'' may be inserted before personal endings in the present tense depending on phonetics but never after vowels.
*In ''-(e)s'': Schwa is kept after ''-s-'', ''-z-'', ''-sj-'', ''-zj-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.
*In ''-(e)t'': Schwa is kept after ''-t-'', ''-d-'', ''-tj-'', and ''-dj-'' and dropped otherwise.
*In ''-(e)n'', ''-(e)ns'', and ''-(e)ts'': Schwa is dropped after vowels and kept otherwise.
<!--It does not appear in the past tense since the past stem always ends in a vowel. -->Conversely, ''-i'' in the first person only appears after vowels<!-- (and therefore always appears in the past tense)-->.
====Examples of verbs====
'''Class 1 regular - ''kantaar'' "to sing"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''kantaar'' "to sing"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| kantaar
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| kantaant
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| kantaat
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| kant || kante || kantaai || kantase ||
|-
! tu
| kants || kantes || kantaas || kantases || kant
|-
! el/elle/lou
| kantet || kantet || kantaat || kantaset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| kantens || kantens || kantaans || kantasens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| kantets || kantets || kantaats || kantasets || kantets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| kanten || kanten || kantaan || kantasen ||
|-
|}
'''Class 2a regular - ''perijr'' "to perish"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''perijr'' "to perish"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| perijr
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| perissent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| perijt
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| peris || perisse || perij || perise ||
|-
! tu
| perisses || perisses || perijs || perises || peris
|-
! el/elle/lou
| perist || perisset || perijt || periset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| perissens || perissens || perijns || perisens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| perissets || perissets || perijts || perisets || perissets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| perissen || perissen || perijn || perisen ||
|-
|}
'''Class 2b regular - ''doermijr'' "to sleep"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''doermijr'' "to sleep"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| doermijr
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| doerment
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| doermijt
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| doerm || doerme || doermij || doermise ||
|-
! tu
| doerms || doermes || doermijs || doermises || doerm
|-
! el/elle/lou
| doermt || doermet || doermijt || doermiset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| doermens || doermens || doermijns || doermisens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| doermets || doermets || doermijts || doermisets || doermets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| doermen || doermen || doermijn || doermisen ||
|-
|}
'''Class 3 regular - ''weinder'' "to sell"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''weinder'' "to sell"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| weinder
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| weindent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| weindet
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| weind || weinde || weindui || weinduse ||
|-
! tu
| weinds || weindes || weinduus || weinduses || weind
|-
! el/elle/lou
| weindt || weindet || weinduust || weinduset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| weindens || weindens || weinduuns || weindusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| weindets || weindets || weinduuts || weindusets || weindets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| weinden || weinden || weinduun || weindusen ||
|-
|}
'''Irregular - ''dijr'' "to say"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''dijr'' "to say"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| dijr
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| disent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| dit
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| dijs || dise || disui || disuse ||
|-
! tu
| dises || dises || disuus || disuses || dij
|-
! el/elle/lou
| dijst || diset || disuust || disuset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| disens || disens || disuuns || disusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| disets || disets || disuuts || disusets || disets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| disen || disen || disuun || disusen ||
|-
|}
'''Irregular - ''ester'' "to be"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''ester'' "to be"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| ester
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| estent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| estet
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| zui || zeie || fui || fuse ||
|-
! tu
| es || zeies || fuus || fuses || zei
|-
! el/elle/lou
| est || zeiet || fuut || fuset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| zons || zeiens || fuuns || fusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| ests || zeiets || fuuts || fusets || zeits
|-
! els/elzeuts
| zon || zeien || fuun || fusen ||
|-
|}
'''Irregular: ''hawer'' "to have"'''
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''hawer'' "to have"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| hawer
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| hawent
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| haawt
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! jou
| haai || hawe || hawui || hawuse ||
|-
! tu
| haas || hawes || hawuus || hawuses || haaw
|-
! el/elle/lou
| haat || hawet || hawuut || hawuset ||
|-
! noes/noezeuts
| hawens || hawens || hawuuns || hawusens ||
|-
! woes/woezeuts/os
| hawets || hawets || hawuuts || hawusets || hawets
|-
! els/elzeuts
| hawen || hawen || hawuun || hawusen ||
|-
|}
|}


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==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
<!--===Days of the week===
<!--===Days of the week===
*luundij
-->
*marsdij
===Time - ''Tiens''===
*mierkedij
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
*joesdij
|+ Seasons - ''Seisouns''
*wienersdij
! English !! Twench
*zamdij
|-
*diemenk-->
| spring || prijntiens
|-
| summer || estaat
|-
| fall || kollecht
|-
| winter || iwiern
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - ''Gregorianeise meises''
! English !! Twench
|-
| January || janweir
|-
| February || fewreir
|-
| March || mars
|-
| April || awrijl
|-
| May || maai
|-
| June || juin
|-
| July || juil
|-
| August || awost
|-
| September || zettember
|-
| October || ochtober
|-
| November || noewember
|-
| December || diesember
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Joorns de le semaan''
! English !! Twench
|-
| Sunday || diemenk
|-
| Monday || luundij
|-
| Tuesday || marsdij
|-
| Wednesday || mierkedij
|-
| Thursday || joesdij
|-
| Friday || wienersij
|-
| Saturday || zamdij
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Paarts de le joorn''
! English !! Twench
|-
| day || joorn
|-
| dawn || alb
|-
| morning || mattijn
|-
| noon || middij
|-
| afternoon || apresmiddij
|-
| evening || seir
|-
| dusk || wesper
|-
| night || nocht
|-
| midnight || midnocht
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Unitaats de tiens''
! English !! Twench
|-
| second || zekond
|-
| minute || minuut
|-
| hour || our
|-
| day || joorn
|-
| week || semmaan
|-
| month || meis
|-
| season || seisoun
|-
| year || an
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Adverbs de tiens''
! English !! Twench
|-
| now || ghoor
|-
| then || loors
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||
|-
| earlier ||
|-
| soon, shortly || alzij
|-
| later ||
|-
| always || zempers
|-
| often || zowent
|-
| sometimes ||
|-
| rarely ||
|-
| never || jameis
|-
| ever ||
|-
| still, yet || ankoor
|-
| already ||
|-
| today || ooi
|-
| tonight ||
|-
| yesterday || ɡheer
|-
| last night ||
|-
| tomorrow || demaan
|-
| before yesterday ||
|-
| two nights ago ||
|-
| after tomorrow ||
|-
| this week ||
|-
| last week ||
|-
| next week ||
|-
|}
 
===Colours - ''Les klours''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Les klours''
! English !! Twench
|-
| white || blank(e)
|-
| grey || grijs, grize
|-
| black || negher(e)
|-
| red || roei(e); ros(se)
|-
| orange || oranje
|-
| brown || bruun, brune
|-
| yellow || galen(e)
|-
| green || weerd(e)
|-
| blue || blaaw, blawe
|-
| pink || roze
|-
| purple || porper(e)
|-
| golden || deuraat, deurate
|-
|}
 
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
Toots humaan esters nassen liwer et ekwaal en deintaat et drechts. Els zon dotaat de reisoun et konsense, et els dewen aghijr les uuns woek les alters en un spirit de fraartaat.
'''IPA:''' /tots ɦyˈman ˈɛstərs ˈnɑsən ˈlivər ət eˈkval ən dɛɪnˈtat ət drɛxts ‖ ɛls zɔn doˈtat də rɛɪˈsun ət kɔnˈsɛnsə | ət ɛls ˈdevən aˈɣiːr ləs yns vuk ləs ˈɑltərs ən ʏn ˈspirɪt də fraːrˈtat/
'''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience, and they should act to one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[[Twench/Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]
==Endnotes==
==Endnotes==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->

Latest revision as of 04:32, 28 February 2023

Twench (Native: Poewleis /puvˈlɛɪs/) is a Gallo-Romance language.

Twench
Poewleise veul
Pronunciation[puvˈlɛɪsə føːl]
Created byShariifka

Introduction

Etymology

The endonym Poewleis is derived from poewel (< Latin populus), meaning "common folk".

The English name Twench is ultimately derived from Tuihanti, a Germanic tribe.

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants
spelling IPA Remarks
normally final
b /b/ /p/
ch /x/
d /d/ /t/
f /f/
g /ɡ/ /k/
gh /ɣ/ /x/ May instead be pronounced /ʝ/ or /x/ depending on dialect.
h /ɦ/ — May be pronounced /h/ depending on dialect.
j /j/ —
k /k/ Written ⟨ck⟩ when doubled.
l /l/ Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) word-finally and before consonants.
m /m/
n /n/ Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
ng /ŋ/
p /p/
q /k/ In loanwords
qu /kv/ — In loanwords
r /r/
s /s/
sj /ʃ/ In loanwords
t /t/
th /t/ — Mostly in loanwords, or dialectal for /θ/.
v /f/ —
w /v/ /f/
x /ks/ In loanwords
z /z/ —
zj /ʒ/ — In loanwords
Vowels and diphthongs
spelling IPA
checked free
a /ɑ/ /a(ː)/
aa /a(ː)/ —
aai /aːi̯/
ai /ɑi̯/
au /ɔu̯/
e /ɛ/, /ə/[1] /e(ː)/, /ə/[1]
ee /e(ː)/
eeu /eːu̯/
ei /ɛi̯/
eu /ø(ː)/
i, y /ɪ/, /ə/[1] /i(ː)/
ie /i(ː)/
ieu /iu̯/
ij /i(ː)/
o /ɔ/ /o(ː)/
oe /u(ː)/
oei /ui̯/
oi /ɔi̯/
oo /o(ː)/ —
ooi /oːi̯/
ou /u(ː)/
u /ʏ/ /y(ː)/
ui /œy̯/
uu /y(ː)/ —
Alphabet
Letter Name IPA
A a a [aː]
B b be [beː]
C c ce [seː]
D d de [deː]
E e e [eː]
F f ef [ɛf]
G g ge [ɡeː]
H h ha [ɦaː]
I i i [iː]
Letter Name IPA
J j je [jeː]
K k ka [kʰaː]
L l el [ɛɫ]
M m em [ɛm]
N n en [ɛn]
O o o [oː]
P p pe [pʰeː]
Q q ku [kʰyː]
R r er [ɛɾ]
Letter Name IPA
S s es [ɛs]
T t te [tʰeː]
U u u [yː]
V v ve [feː]
W w we [veː]
X x iks [ɪks]
Y y Griekeise i [gɾiːˈkʰɛɪsə iː]
(IJ ij) longe i [ˈlɔŋə iː]
Z z zet [zɛtʰ]

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are not declined for case.

There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).

Plural is usually formed in -(e)s.

Articles

Precede the noun they modify.

  • Definite article: le (singular), les (plural)
  • Indefinite article: un (singular)

Pronouns

Person/ Number Subject Object Possessive
Full Reduced Full Reduced Full Reduced Pronoun
1S jou je mei me mij(n) me(n) miene
2S woes wes wous wes woester wes woestere
2S (arch.) tu te tei te tij(n) te(n) tiene
3SM el el lui le zij(n) ze(n) ziene
3SF elle el lei le
3SN lou le lou et
1P noes; noezeuts nes noes; noezeuts nes noester nes noestere
2P woezeuts wes woezeuts wes woester wes woestere
3P els; elzeuts els els; elzeuts els lour ler loure
2S/P (pol.) os es os es os es osse
3R — — zei ze — — —

Numerals

Twench numerals
Cardinal Ordinal Fractional
0 nul nulliesem —
1 uun primeer, prijm —
2 dous zekond demei
3 treis tiers tiers
4 kwatter kwaart kwaart
5 sink kint kint
6 zechs zechsem zechsem
7 zet zettem zettem
8 ocht ochtem ochtem
9 noew noewem noewem
10 dies diesem diesem
11 onze onzem onzem
12 dozze dozzem dozzem
13 trezze trezzem trezzem
14 kwattorze kwattorzem kwattorzem
15 kinze kinzem kinzem
16 zezze zezzem zezzem
17 zetdies zetdiesem zetdiesem
20 wijnt wijntiesem wijntiesem
21 uun-et-wijnt uun-et-wijntiesem uun-et-wijntiesem
30 treint treintiesem treintiesem
40 kwaraant kwaraantiesem kwaraantiesem
50 sinkaant sinkaantiesem sinkaantiesem
60 zechsaant zechsaantiesem zechsaantiesem
70 zettaant zettaantiesem zettaantiesem
80 ochtaant ochtaantiesem ochtaantiesem
90 noewaant noewaaantiesem noewaaantiesem
100 seint seintiesem seintiesem
1000 mil milliesem milliesem
10⁶ miljoun miljouniesem miljouniesem

Verbs

Principal parts

For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from four principal parts: the infinitive, 1S present, 1S past, and past participle.

These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.

Verb classes

Verbs may be regular or irregular.

In regular verbs, the present stem, past stem, and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive.

There are 3 classes of regular verbs.

Weak verbs
Class Infinitive ending 1S present ending 1S past ending Past participle
1 -aar - -aai -aat
2a (infix) -ijr -is -ij -ijt
2b (no infix) -ijr - -ij -ijt
3 -er - -ui -(e)t
  • The schwa in -(e)t is inserted after -t-, -d-, -tj-, and -dj- and dropped otherwise.

Irregular verbs form one or more of the stems irregularly.

  • Present stem: When this is irregular, it is most often due to suppletion.
  • Past stem: This is the most common irregular form, and most often is preserved from Latin. Generally, irregular past forms take the same endings as class 3 regular verbs, but with a modified stem.
  • Past participle: This is most often preserved from Latin. Verbs with irregular past stems often use the same stem in the past participle (with the standard -t ending) but this is not always the case, and some verbs with regular past stems may have irregular past participles. In such cases, regular and irregular past participle forms often coexist.

Personal endings

Personal endings are added to the present and past stems. These stems are obtained from the 1S forms by removing the final -i if present. Note that if the 1S form does not end in -i, the corresponding stem is identical to the 1S form.

Personal endings
Person/number Ending
1S -(i)
2S -(e)s
3S -(e)t
1P -(e)ns
2P -(e)ts
3P -(e)n

Note:

¹ Schwa -(e)- may be inserted before personal endings in the present tense depending on phonetics but never after vowels.

  • In -(e)s: Schwa is kept after -s-, -z-, -sj-, -zj-, -tj-, and -dj- and dropped otherwise.
  • In -(e)t: Schwa is kept after -t-, -d-, -tj-, and -dj- and dropped otherwise.
  • In -(e)n, -(e)ns, and -(e)ts: Schwa is dropped after vowels and kept otherwise.

Conversely, -i in the first person only appears after vowels.

Examples of verbs

Class 1 regular - kantaar "to sing"

Conjugation of kantaar "to sing"
Infinitive kantaar
Present participle kantaant
Past participle kantaat
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou kant kante kantaai kantase
tu kants kantes kantaas kantases kant
el/elle/lou kantet kantet kantaat kantaset
noes/noezeuts kantens kantens kantaans kantasens
woes/woezeuts/os kantets kantets kantaats kantasets kantets
els/elzeuts kanten kanten kantaan kantasen

Class 2a regular - perijr "to perish"

Conjugation of perijr "to perish"
Infinitive perijr
Present participle perissent
Past participle perijt
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou peris perisse perij perise
tu perisses perisses perijs perises peris
el/elle/lou perist perisset perijt periset
noes/noezeuts perissens perissens perijns perisens
woes/woezeuts/os perissets perissets perijts perisets perissets
els/elzeuts perissen perissen perijn perisen

Class 2b regular - doermijr "to sleep"

Conjugation of doermijr "to sleep"
Infinitive doermijr
Present participle doerment
Past participle doermijt
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou doerm doerme doermij doermise
tu doerms doermes doermijs doermises doerm
el/elle/lou doermt doermet doermijt doermiset
noes/noezeuts doermens doermens doermijns doermisens
woes/woezeuts/os doermets doermets doermijts doermisets doermets
els/elzeuts doermen doermen doermijn doermisen

Class 3 regular - weinder "to sell"

Conjugation of weinder "to sell"
Infinitive weinder
Present participle weindent
Past participle weindet
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou weind weinde weindui weinduse
tu weinds weindes weinduus weinduses weind
el/elle/lou weindt weindet weinduust weinduset
noes/noezeuts weindens weindens weinduuns weindusens
woes/woezeuts/os weindets weindets weinduuts weindusets weindets
els/elzeuts weinden weinden weinduun weindusen

Irregular - dijr "to say"

Conjugation of dijr "to say"
Infinitive dijr
Present participle disent
Past participle dit
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou dijs dise disui disuse
tu dises dises disuus disuses dij
el/elle/lou dijst diset disuust disuset
noes/noezeuts disens disens disuuns disusens
woes/woezeuts/os disets disets disuuts disusets disets
els/elzeuts disen disen disuun disusen

Irregular - ester "to be"

Conjugation of ester "to be"
Infinitive ester
Present participle estent
Past participle estet
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou zui zeie fui fuse
tu es zeies fuus fuses zei
el/elle/lou est zeiet fuut fuset
noes/noezeuts zons zeiens fuuns fusens
woes/woezeuts/os ests zeiets fuuts fusets zeits
els/elzeuts zon zeien fuun fusen

Irregular: hawer "to have"

Conjugation of hawer "to have"
Infinitive hawer
Present participle hawent
Past participle haawt
Present Past Imperative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive
jou haai hawe hawui hawuse
tu haas hawes hawuus hawuses haaw
el/elle/lou haat hawet hawuut hawuset
noes/noezeuts hawens hawens hawuuns hawusens
woes/woezeuts/os hawets hawets hawuuts hawusets hawets
els/elzeuts hawen hawen hawuun hawusen

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Vocabulary

Time - Tiens

Seasons - Seisouns
English Twench
spring prijntiens
summer estaat
fall kollecht
winter iwiern
Gregorian months - Gregorianeise meises
English Twench
January janweir
February fewreir
March mars
April awrijl
May maai
June juin
July juil
August awost
September zettember
October ochtober
November noewember
December diesember
Days of the week - Joorns de le semaan
English Twench
Sunday diemenk
Monday luundij
Tuesday marsdij
Wednesday mierkedij
Thursday joesdij
Friday wienersij
Saturday zamdij
Parts of the day - Paarts de le joorn
English Twench
day joorn
dawn alb
morning mattijn
noon middij
afternoon apresmiddij
evening seir
dusk wesper
night nocht
midnight midnocht
Units of time - Unitaats de tiens
English Twench
second zekond
minute minuut
hour our
day joorn
week semmaan
month meis
season seisoun
year an
Time adverbs - Adverbs de tiens
English Twench
now ghoor
then loors
recently, a short time ago
earlier
soon, shortly alzij
later
always zempers
often zowent
sometimes
rarely
never jameis
ever
still, yet ankoor
already
today ooi
tonight
yesterday ɡheer
last night
tomorrow demaan
before yesterday
two nights ago
after tomorrow
this week
last week
next week

Colours - Les klours

Colours - Les klours
English Twench
white blank(e)
grey grijs, grize
black negher(e)
red roei(e); ros(se)
orange oranje
brown bruun, brune
yellow galen(e)
green weerd(e)
blue blaaw, blawe
pink roze
purple porper(e)
golden deuraat, deurate

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)

Toots humaan esters nassen liwer et ekwaal en deintaat et drechts. Els zon dotaat de reisoun et konsense, et els dewen aghijr les uuns woek les alters en un spirit de fraartaat.

IPA: /tots ɦyˈman ˈɛstərs ˈnɑsən ˈlivər ət eˈkval ən dɛɪnˈtat ət drɛxts ‖ ɛls zɔn doˈtat də rɛɪˈsun ət kɔnˈsɛnsə | ət ɛls ˈdevən aˈɣiːr ləs yns vuk ləs ˈɑltərs ən ʏn ˈspirɪt də fraːrˈtat/

Translation: All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience, and they should act to one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Other resources

Swadesh list

Endnotes

  1. ^ a b c ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩, when unstressed, are sometimes pronounced /ə/.
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