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'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''An dobhâdhaigh Cuatham'' /an33 dʷaj21 kuəm22/) is a Wiebic language. It is inspired by Irish, Mandarin and Khoisan languages. Cuatham has a large number of click consonants, and is a monosyllabic tonal language with fusional morphology using mutations and tone changes.
: {{distinguish|text= the Earth language [[w:Fungor language|Fungor]], also known as Ko}}
==Lexicon==
 
AW ''Droch'' > ''drobhòdh'' (f.) /gǃ˞ʷó/ 'bud'
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]
 
{{Infobox language
|creator = User:IlL
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = lees ndoigh Komh
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|state = Bjeheond
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|scripts=* Latin (Uncial)
|notice=IPA
}}
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (English: /koʊ/, natively ''lees ndoigh Komh'' /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in [[Bjeheond]]; as a [[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum language]], it's related to [[Hlou]]. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations.
 
==Todo==
Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker"
*Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko
**Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away
*''dor'' = to be born ~ Hlou ''Ndol'' 'person'
*TODO: kl gl sk > q
*bach = small, meer = big
*hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong)
*kein = archaic negative word
*ein = emphasis/'rather'
*koobh = good
*cu = copper


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has fewer initials than [[Hlou]], due to initial mutations.
===Phonotactics===
C + V + tone
===Initials===
===Initials===
An unusual feature of {{PAGENAME}} phonology is that historically palatalized stops are reflected as clicks. (Retroflex stops are an exception.)
''m n ņ l nl r y w'' = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/
{|class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center"
 
|-
''hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw'' = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} initials'''
 
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
''p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g'' = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/
!colspan="2" | Labial
 
!colspan="2" | Coronal
''pl bl tl dl'' = /hl bl tl dl/
!colspan="2" | Lateral
 
!colspan="2" | Retroflex
''ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh'' = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/
!colspan="2" | Coarticulated
 
!colspan="2" | Velar
''phl bhl thl dhl'' /fl vl ɬ ɮ/
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
 
|-
''np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng'' = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/
! <small>"broad"</small>
! <small>"slender"</small>
! <small>"broad"</small>
! <small>"slender"</small>
! <small>"broad"</small>
! <small>"slender"</small>
! <small>"broad"</small>
! <small>"slender"</small>
! <small>"broad"</small>
! <small>"slender"</small>
! <small>"broad"</small>
! <small>"slender"</small>
|-
!rowspan="2"| Nasal
! <small>voiceless</small>
| /m̊/ || /ŋ̊ʘ/
| /n̊/ || /ŋ̊ǀ/
| /n̊ˡ/ || /ŋ̊ǁ/
| /ŋ̊ǃ˞/ || /ɳ̊/
| /ŋ̊!/ || /ŋ̊ǂ/
| /ŋ̊/ || /ɲ̊/
|
|-
! <small>voiceless</small>
| /m/ || /ŋʘ/
| /n/ || /ŋǀ/
| /nˡ/ || /ŋǁ/
| /ŋǃ˞/ || /ɳ/
| /ŋ!/ || /ŋǂ/
| /ŋ/ || /ɲ/
|
|-
!rowspan="4" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| /p/ || /ʘ/
| /t/ || /ǀ/
| /tɬ/ || /ǁ/
| /ǃ˞/ || /ʈ/
| /!/ || /ǂ/
| /k/ || /c/
| /ʔ/
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| /pʰ/ || /ʘʰ/
| /tʰ/ || /ǀʰ/
| /tɬʰ/ || /ǁʰ/
| /ǃ˞ʰ/ || /ʈʰ/
| /!ʰ/ || /ǂʰ/
| /kʰ/ || /cʰ/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| /b/ || /gʘ/
| /d/ || /gǀ/
| /dɮ/ || /gǁ/
| /gǃ˞/ || /ɖ/
| /g!/ || /gǂ/  
| /g/ || /ɟ/
|
|-
!<small>breathy voiced</small>
| /bʱ/ || /gʘʱ/
| /dʱ/ || /gǀʱ/
| /dɮʱ/ || /gǁʱ/
| /gǃ˞ʱ/ || /ɖʱ/
| /g!ʱ/ || /gǂʱ/
| /gʱ/ || /ɟʱ/
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| /f/ || /fʲ/
| /s/ || /ɕ/
| /ɬ/ || /ɬʲ/
| /ʂˁ/ || /ʂ/
| /ɧ/ || /çˁ/
| /x/ || /ç/
| /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| /z/ || /ʑ/
| /ɮ/ || /ɮʲ/
| /ʐˁ/ || /ʐ/
| /ɧ̬/ || /ʝˁ/
| /ɣ/ || /ʝ/
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| ||
| /r/ || /r̝/
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|
|-
!colspan=2| Approximant
| /w/ || /ɥ/
| ||
| /l/ || /ʎ/
| /ɭˁ/ || /ɭ/
| ||
| || /j/
|
|}


===Medials===
''npl nbl ntl ndl'' /bl ml dl nl/
The medial is optional. There is one possible medial, /w~ɥ/.
 
===Nucleus===
''f ç s x'' = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/
There are three possible nuclei: /a/, /ə/ and zero. The nuclei display a range of different realizations depending on the phonetic environment:
 
*/a/ is realized as:
''nf nç ns nx'', also ''fh çh sh xh'' = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/
**/ɑ/ after a broad labialized consonant
 
**/æ/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/
===Rimes===
**/a/ otherwise
''a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua'' = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/
*/ə/ is realized as:
**/ɔ/ after a broad labialized consonant
**/e/ after a palatal consonant, palatal click or /ɥ/, or with /-j/ coda
**/ə/ otherwise
*Zero nucleus is realized as:
**/u/ if the medial is /w/
**/y/ if the medial is /ɥ/
**/ɨ/ if the medial is zero and initial is a dental click, a retroflex or a broad velar
**/i/ if the medial is zero, for other initials


===Coda===
The coda is optional. There are seven possible finals in {{PAGENAME}}: /m n ŋ l r w j/.
===Tones===
===Tones===
9 tones:


===Mutations===
*-Ø: mid level
<poem>
*-ch: glottal stop final
seimhiu
*-s: low falling
/p, ʘ/ > /f(ʲ)/
*-r: low rising
/pʰ, ʘʰ/ > /f(ʲ)/
*-gh: low breathy
/b, gʘ, m, ŋʘ/ > /w, ɥ/
*-mh: creaky
/t, |/ > /h/
*-bh: mid rising
/d, g|/ > /ɣ, j/
*-dh: high falling
/tʰ, |ʰ/ > /h/
*-n: high level
/!, ǂ, !ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ɧ, ɧʲ/
/g|, gǂ/ > voiced sj
/k, c, kʰ, cʰ/ > /x, ç/
/g, gʲ/ > /ɣ, j/
/s, sʲ/ > /x, ç/
 
uru:
/p, ʘ/ > /b gʘ/ > /m, ŋʘ/
/pʰ ʘʰ/ > /m̊ ŋ̊ʘ/
/t, |/ > /d, g|/ > /n, ŋ|/
/tʰ, |ʰ/ > /nʰ, ŋʰ|/
/!, ǂ/ >  /g!, gǂ/ > /ŋ!, ŋǂ/
/!ʰ, ǂʰ/ > /ŋʰ!, ŋʰǂ/
/k, c/ >/g, gʲ/ > /ŋ, ŋʲ/
/s, sʲ/ > /z, zʲ/ (spelled ns)
</poem>


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns inflect for two cases, nominative and genitive. The genitive derives from the Ancient Wiebian dative.
plural word: ''yoo-L'' (placed after classifier but before noun)
====Definite article ''an''====
===Pronouns===
*xan = I
*çeedh = you
 
===Classifiers===
Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun.
 
''lu'', ''tzagh'', ''hņoobh'', ''lees'', ''çua'', ''yaus'', ...
 
*lu = humans, gods
**''faon'' = a man; ''lu nfaon'' = the man (classifier ''lu'')
*tçagh = animals, demons
**''plaidh'' = a dog; ''tçagh nplaidh'' = the dog (classifier ''tçagh'')
**''tçagh Nja Ber Woch'' = a demon in Ko mythology
*hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings
**''qo'' = a tree; ''hņoobh nqo'' the tree
*çua: infinitive
**''dor'' = is born; ''çua ndor'' = to be born (inf.)
*''lobh'': food, edible plants
*''zail'': inedible plants
*lees = nominalization, way of X-ing
**''doigh'' = 'to speak'; ''lees ndoigh'' 'language'
*In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English ''murder of crows'' except "murder" is a classifier)
 
===Verbs===
ba = subjunctive marker


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
''Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh'' = If you like it
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Number
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Singular
! rowspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Gender
! | Masculine
! | Feminine
|-
! Nominative
| ''an t...'' || ''an''-L || ''na''-H
|-
! Genitive
| ''an''-L || ''na''-H || ''na''-N
|-
! Vocative
| ''a''-L || ''a''-L || ''le t...''
|}


==Sample text==
===Tower of Babel===
:''Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.''
:CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak
:And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking.


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
:''Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.''
|-
:when CLF PL person travel eastward then
! style="width: 90px;" | Number
:As the people moved eastward...
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Singular
! rowspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Gender
! | Masculine
! | Feminine
|-
! Nominative
| ''an càigh''<br/>''an t-áigh'' || ''an fheóng''<br/>''an ìdh'' || ''na hcàigh''<br/>''na háigh''
|-
! Genitive
| ''an cháigh''<br/>''an àigh'' || ''na feóng''<br/>''na hìdh'' || ''na gcàigh''<br/>''na n-áigh''
|-
! Vocative
| ''a cháigh''<br/>''a àigh'' || ''a fheóng''<br/>''a ìdh'' || ''le càigh''<br/>''le t-áigh''
|}


==Lexicon==
[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]]
*bhò-N - from
*na-N - ''bhò + an''
*''Ŧú Teatham Ŧathaigh''
[[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages]][[Category:Pfeunic languages]][[Category:Wiebic languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]]

Latest revision as of 01:03, 10 May 2023

Not to be confused with the Earth language Fungor, also known as Ko.
User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4/Wordlist
IlL/Spare pages 1/4
lees ndoigh Komh
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Tricin
Native toBjeheond
Hlou-Shum
  • IlL/Spare pages 1/4
  • Latin (Uncial)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

4 (English: /koʊ/, natively lees ndoigh Komh /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in Bjeheond; as a Hlou-Shum language, it's related to Hlou. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations.

Todo

Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker"

  • Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko
    • Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away
  • dor = to be born ~ Hlou Ndol 'person'
  • TODO: kl gl sk > q
  • bach = small, meer = big
  • hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong)
  • kein = archaic negative word
  • ein = emphasis/'rather'
  • koobh = good
  • cu = copper

Phonology

4 has fewer initials than Hlou, due to initial mutations.

Phonotactics

C + V + tone

Initials

m n ņ l nl r y w = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/

hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/

p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/

pl bl tl dl = /hl bl tl dl/

ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/

phl bhl thl dhl /fl vl ɬ ɮ/

np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/

npl nbl ntl ndl /bl ml dl nl/

f ç s x = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/

nf nç ns nx, also fh çh sh xh = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/

Rimes

a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/

Tones

9 tones:

  • -Ø: mid level
  • -ch: glottal stop final
  • -s: low falling
  • -r: low rising
  • -gh: low breathy
  • -mh: creaky
  • -bh: mid rising
  • -dh: high falling
  • -n: high level

Grammar

Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis.

Nouns

plural word: yoo-L (placed after classifier but before noun)

Pronouns

  • xan = I
  • çeedh = you

Classifiers

Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun.

lu, tzagh, hņoobh, lees, çua, yaus, ...

  • lu = humans, gods
    • faon = a man; lu nfaon = the man (classifier lu)
  • tçagh = animals, demons
    • plaidh = a dog; tçagh nplaidh = the dog (classifier tçagh)
    • tçagh Nja Ber Woch = a demon in Ko mythology
  • hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings
    • qo = a tree; hņoobh nqo the tree
  • çua: infinitive
    • dor = is born; çua ndor = to be born (inf.)
  • lobh: food, edible plants
  • zail: inedible plants
  • lees = nominalization, way of X-ing
    • doigh = 'to speak'; lees ndoigh 'language'
  • In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English murder of crows except "murder" is a classifier)

Verbs

ba = subjunctive marker

Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh = If you like it

Sample text

Tower of Babel

Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.
CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak
And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking.
Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.
when CLF PL person travel eastward then
As the people moved eastward...
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