Varangian: Difference between revisions
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! gen./dat. | ! gen./dat. | ||
| colspan="3"| sesum | | colspan="3"| sesum | ||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center" | |||
|+ Far demonstrative | |||
! Number !! Case !! Masc. !! Fem. !! Neut. | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| Singular | |||
! nom./acc. | |||
| þân | |||
| þo | |||
| þat | |||
|- | |||
! gen./dat. | |||
| þes | |||
| þeři | |||
| þes | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| Plural | |||
! nom./acc. | |||
| þir | |||
| þer | |||
| þau | |||
|- | |||
! gen./dat. | |||
| colspan="3"| þem | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 07:22, 16 June 2023
Varangian (Native: Verinskă /ˈverinskə/) is a North Germanic language that is part of the Balkan sprachbund.
Varangian | |
---|---|
Verinskă tungă Веринскъ тунгъ | |
Pronunciation | [ˈverinskə ˈtuŋɡə] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | Old Norse
|
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Letter | IPA | Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|
Latin | Cyrillic | ||
A a | А а | a | |
Ă ă | Ъ ъ | ə | |
 â | Ы ы | ɨ | Generally used when /ɨ/ is derived from earlier /a/. |
B b | Б б | b, p¹ | |
C c | Ц ц | ts, dz² | |
Č č | Ч ч | tʃ, dʒ² | |
D d | Д д | d, t¹ | |
Ð ð | Ԁ ԁ | ð, θ¹ | |
Dz dz | Ѕ ѕ | dz, ts¹ | |
Dž dž | Џ џ | dʒ, tʃ¹ | |
E e | Е е | e | |
F f | Ф ф | f, v³ | |
G g | Г г | ɣ, ɡ, k¹, x¹ | Pronounced /ɡ/ (devoiced: /k/) initially and after /ŋ/; /ɣ/ (devoiced: /x/) otherwise. |
Gg gg | Ґ ґ | ɡ, k¹ | Not used initially or after /ŋ/. |
H h | Х х | x ~ h, ɣ² | /h/ can be used in free variation with /x/, but it is most often used word-initially before vowels. |
I i | И и | i | |
Î î | Ы ы | ɨ | Generally used when /ɨ/ is derived from earlier /e/ or /i/. |
J j | Й й (Ј ј) | j | Й and ј are considered variants of the same letter. |
Ь ь | After consonants except /l, n, r/. | ||
K k | К к | k, ɡ² | |
L l | Л л | l | Can be syllabic. |
Ľ ľ | Ль ль (Љ љ) | ʎ | Љ is a ligature of ль. |
M m | М м | m | |
N n | Н н | n, ŋ | Pronounced /ŋ/ before velars; /n/ otherwise. |
Ň ň | Нь нь (Њ њ) | ɲ | Њ is a ligature of нь. |
O o | О о | o | |
P p | П п | p, b² | |
R r | Р р | r | Can be syllabic. |
Ř ř | Рь рь | rʲ ~ r̝ ~ ɻ⁴ | Рь may be written as a ligature which looks roughly like R with a loop on the right leg. |
S s | С с | s, z³ | |
Š š | Ш ш | ʃ, ʒ³ | |
Št št | Шт шт (Щ щ) | ʃt, ʒd² | Щ is considered a ligature of the cluster шт. |
T t | Т т | t, d² | |
Þ þ | Ѳ ѳ | θ, ð³ | |
U u | У у | u | |
V v | В в | v, f¹ | |
Z z | З з | z, s¹ | |
Ž ž | Ж ж | ʒ, ʃ¹ |
Notes:
¹ Voiced obstruents are devoiced before voiceless consonants.
² Voiceless stops and affricates are voiced before voiced consonants except /v/.
³ Voiceless fricatives are voiced when they occur between voiced sounds (including vowels). To remain unvoiced in such environments, they can be written doubled.
⁴ Free variation (depending on speaker and dialect).
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
The following phonological transformations occur in certain environments:
First palatalization
- t > c
- d > dz
- þ > s
- ð > z
- s > š
- z > ž
- k > č
- g (as /ɡ/) > dž
- g (as /ɣ/) > ž
Second palatalization
Includes all mutations under the first palatalization as well as:
- n > ň
- l > ľ
- r > ř
U-umlaut
- a > o
- ă, â > u
I-umlaut
- a > e
- ă, â, î > i
- After consonants: jo, ju > i
- After palatalized consonants: o > i
- Otherwise: o > e
- u > i
Disappearing -g-
- Some verbs have a stem-final -g- that appears in certain morphological environments and disappears in others.
Disappearing -j-, -v-, and palatalization
- Some consonant-final verbs, nouns, and adjectives have a final -j- or -v- or a palatalization of the final consonant which appear before vowels but are lost in other environments.
Dental past suffix
The dental past suffix varies between -t-, -d-, and -ð- depending on the context.
- -t- > after orthographic voiceless consonants, and after disappearing -g- (which is dropped in this environment)
- -d- > after nasals and l
- -ð- > otherwise
Morphology
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Number | Case | 1st | 2nd | 3rd person | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Refl. | ||||||||||
Singular | Nom. | jek | þu | hân | hână | þat | — | ||||||
Acc. | mik | mă | sik | să | hân | hîn | hână | hîn | þat | hîn | šik | šă | |
Gen. | mer | ser | hâns | hiňi | þes | šer | |||||||
Dat. | mer | mă | ser | să | hâns | hîn | hiňi | hîn | þes | hîn | šer | šă | |
Poss. adj. | min | sin | — | — | — | šin | |||||||
Plural | Nom. | ver | jer | þir | þer | þau | Same as singular. | ||||||
Acc. | os | ăs | iðr | îr | þir | þîr | þer | þîr | þau | þîr | |||
Gen. | os | iðr | þem | þem | þem | ||||||||
Dat | os | ăs | iðr | îr | þem | þîm | þem | þîm | þem | þîm | |||
Poss. adj. | vor | iðr | — | — | — |
Definite pronoun
Number | Case | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | nom./acc. | in | ină | it |
gen./dat. | ins | iňi | inu | |
Plural | nom./acc. | iňir | inăr | in |
gen./dat. | inum |
Demonstratives
Number | Case | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | nom./acc. | ses | sesă | set |
gen./dat. | ses | seši | sesu | |
Plural | nom./acc. | sešir | sesăr | ses |
gen./dat. | sesum |
Number | Case | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | nom./acc. | þân | þo | þat |
gen./dat. | þes | þeři | þes | |
Plural | nom./acc. | þir | þer | þau |
gen./dat. | þem |