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III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue. | III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue. | ||
--> | --> | ||
{{Infobox language | |||
|name = Sharqi | |||
|nativename = Af Sharqi | |||
|pronunciation = ǽf ʃɑ́rqɪ | |||
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]] | |||
|region = East Africa | |||
<!-- | |||
|states = | |||
|nation = | |||
|speakers = --> | |||
|date = 2022 | |||
|familycolor = Afro-Asiatic | |||
|fam1 = [[w:Afro-Asiatic_languages|Afro-Asiatic]] | |||
|fam2 = [[w:Semitic_languages|Semitic]] | |||
|fam3 = [[w:South_Semitic_languages|South Semitic]] | |||
|fam4 = [[w:Ethiopian_Semitic_languages|Ethiopian Semitic]] | |||
<!-- | |||
|iso1 = | |||
|iso2 = | |||
|iso3 = --> | |||
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] | |||
<!-- | |||
|agency = --> | |||
}} | |||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
Sharqi is an Ethiopian Semitic language heavily inspired by Somali. | Sharqi is an Ethiopian Semitic language heavily inspired by Somali. | ||
| Line 27: | Line 52: | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Af Sharqi consonant phonemes | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! Labial | |||
! Dental/<br />Alveolar | |||
! Postalveolar | |||
! Palatal | |||
! Velar | |||
! Uvular | |||
! Pharyngeal | |||
! Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Nasal | |||
| '''''m''''' | |||
| '''''n''''' | |||
| | | |||
|('''''ny''''' /ɲ/) | |||
| || || || | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Stop consonant | |||
! voiceless | |||
| | |||
| '''''t''''' /t̪/ | |||
| || | |||
| '''''k''''' | |||
| '''''q''''' | |||
| | |||
| ''''' ' '''''/ʔ/ | |||
|- | |||
! voiced | |||
| '''''b''''' | |||
| '''''d''''' /d̪/ | |||
| '''''dh''''' /ɖ/ | |||
| | |||
| '''''ɡ''''' | |||
| || || | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Affricate | |||
! voiceless | |||
| || | |||
| | |||
| || || || || | |||
|- | |||
! voiced | |||
| || | |||
| '''''j''''' /dʒ/ | |||
| || || || || | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2"|Fricative | |||
| '''''f''''' | |||
| '''''s''''' | |||
| '''''sh''''' /ʃ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| '''''kh''''' /x̠~χ/ | |||
| '''''x''''' /ħ/ | |||
| '''''h''''' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Approximant | |||
| | |||
| '''''l''''' | |||
| | |||
| '''''y''''' /j/ | |||
| '''''w''''' | |||
| | |||
| '''''c''''' /ʕ/ || | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Trill | |||
| | |||
| '''''r''''' /r~ɾ/ | |||
| || || || || || | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
| Line 108: | Line 206: | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Stem 1==== | ====Stem 1==== | ||
Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect. | Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. <!--The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect.--> | ||
*''F-C-L'' is used as the generic verb stem (with ''qadal'' "kill" as the example verb). | *''F-C-L'' is used as the generic verb stem (with ''qadal'' "kill" as the example verb). | ||
**''F'': first root consonant | **''F'': first root consonant | ||
| Line 124: | Line 222: | ||
*Some verbs have ''aa'' after the first root consonant instead of ''a'' - e.g. ''baarag'' "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to ''a'' are applied to the second ''a'' of ''aa'' (i.e. ''aá''). | *Some verbs have ''aa'' after the first root consonant instead of ''a'' - e.g. ''baarag'' "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to ''a'' are applied to the second ''a'' of ''aa'' (i.e. ''aá''). | ||
*The infinitive takes the form ''FáCL(i)'' if the cluster ''CL'' is not forbidden (with the ''-i'' inserted if ''C'' is not ''y'' or ''w''). If it is forbidden, the infinitive takes the form ''FáCaL''. | *The infinitive takes the form ''FáCL(i)'' if the cluster ''CL'' is not forbidden (with the ''-i'' inserted if ''C'' is not ''y'' or ''w''). If it is forbidden, the infinitive takes the form ''FáCaL''. | ||
*In the second person plural imperfect, sandhi applies to ''-k-''. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 154: | Line 252: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2P | !2P | ||
| '''''tiFaC(a)Lúun''''' || ''tiqadlúun''|| '''''tiF(i)CiLúun''''' || ''tiqdilúun''|| ''''' | | '''''tiFaC(a)Lúun''''' || ''tiqadlúun''|| '''''tiF(i)CiLúun''''' || ''tiqdilúun''|| '''''FaCaLkúun''''' || ''qadalkúun''||'''''FìC(á)Lo''''' || ''qídlu'' || '''''tiF(a)CaLúun''''' || ''tiqdalúun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3P | !3P | ||
| '''''yiFaC(a)Lúun''''' || ''yiqadlúun''|| '''''yiF(i)CiLúun''''' || ''yiqdilúun''|| '''''FaC(a) | | '''''yiFaC(a)Lúun''''' || ''yiqadlúun''|| '''''yiF(i)CiLúun''''' || ''yiqdilúun''|| '''''FaC(a)Lúun''''' ||''qadlúun''||'''''yiF(a)CaLúun''''' ||''yiqdalúun'' || '''''yiF(a)CaLúun''''' || ''yiqdalúun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 163: | Line 261: | ||
There are various modifications depending on the root consonants: | There are various modifications depending on the root consonants: | ||
*If ''F'' is:- | *If ''F'' is:- | ||
**w: ''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant - e.g. '' | **w: | ||
**y: ''iy'' becomes ''ii'' before a consonant - e.g. ''al | ***''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant. If the following syllable has the vowel ''i'', it also becomes ''u'' - e.g. ''al yuudud'' "he does not love" (from ''*yiwdid''). | ||
***The sequence ''uwa'' is further simplified to ''oo'' - e.g. ''yoodad'' "he loves" (from ''*yuwadad'' < ''*yiwadad''). | |||
**y: | |||
***''iy'' becomes ''ii'' before a consonant - e.g. ''al tiibis'' "she/it does not dry" (from ''*tiybis''). | |||
***The sequence ''iya'' is simplified to ''ee'' - e.g. ''teebas'' "she/it dries" (from ''*tiyabas''). | |||
**Ø: preceding ''i'' becomes ''a'' in the imperfect and lengthened in the subjunctive/jussive - e.g. ''yaahal'' "it is enough" (from ''*yiØahal''), ''ay yiíhal'' "let it not be enough" (from *''yíØhal''). | **Ø: preceding ''i'' becomes ''a'' in the imperfect and lengthened in the subjunctive/jussive - e.g. ''yaahal'' "it is enough" (from ''*yiØahal''), ''ay yiíhal'' "let it not be enough" (from *''yíØhal''). | ||
**A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay tácraf'' "don't rest" (from ''tícraf'')-->. | **A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, a preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay tácraf'' "don't rest" (from ''tícraf'')-->. | ||
*If ''C'' is:- | *If ''C'' is:- | ||
**y, yC, or Cy: | **y, yC, or Cy: | ||
***''ay(a)/ya'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. '' | ***''ay(a)/ya'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. ''keedaw'' "he walked/went" (from ''*kaydaw''). | ||
***''yi(i)'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''al | ***''yi(i)'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''al tikiid'' "you do not walk/go" (from ''*tikyid''). | ||
***''ayii'' becomes ''ey'' - e.g. ''kéydaw'' "him walking/going" (from ''*kayíidaw''). | <!--***''ayii'' becomes ''ey'' - e.g. ''kéydaw'' "him walking/going" (from ''*kayíidaw'').--> | ||
**w, wC, or Cw: | **w, wC, or Cw: | ||
***''aw(a)/wa'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. '' | ***''aw(a)/wa'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. ''koonaw'' "he was/became" (from ''*kawnaw''). | ||
***''wi(i)'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''al | ***''wi(i)'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''al tukuun'' "she does not become" (from ''*tikwin''). | ||
***''awii'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''kóynaw'' "him being" (from ''*kawíinaw''). | <!-- | ||
***Expected ''awii'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''kóynaw'' "him being" (from ''*kawíinaw''). | |||
--> | |||
**Ø, ØC, or CØ: | **Ø, ØC, or CØ: | ||
***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. '' | ***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''laagay'' "I sent" (from ''*laØgay''). | ||
***''Øi(i)'' becomes ''ii''<!--or aa?''--> - e.g. ''al | ***''Øi(i)'' becomes ''ii''<!--or aa?''--> - e.g. ''al tiliig'' "she doesn't send" (from ''*tilØig''). | ||
***''aØii'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''láygaw'' "him sending" (from ''*laØíigaw''). | <!-- | ||
***''aØii'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''láygaw'' "him sending" (from ''*laØíigaw'').--> | |||
<!-- | |||
**G: | **G: | ||
***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. ''mixíiraw'' "him being kind/merciful" | ***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. ''mixíiraw'' "him being kind/merciful"--> | ||
***When intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | ***When intervocalic, a preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | ||
*If ''L'' is:- | *If ''L'' is:- | ||
**y: | **y: | ||
***''(a)ya'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad''). | ***''(a)ya(y)'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad'') | ||
***''(a)yaw'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''sallaw'' "he prayed" (from ''*sallayaw''). | |||
***Final ''iy'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''silli'' "pray" (from ''*silliy''). | ***Final ''iy'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''silli'' "pray" (from ''*silliy''). | ||
***'' | ***''yu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinasúun'' "they forget" (from ''*yinasyúun''). | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
**'' | **''ayu(u)'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''yisalláwn'' "they pray" (from ''*yisallayúun'') | ||
**''iyuu'' becomes ''uu'' - e.g. ''al tisillúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not pray" (from ''* | **''iyuu'' becomes ''uu'' - e.g. ''al tisillúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not pray" (from ''*tisilliyúun'') | ||
--> | --> | ||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant). | <!-- | ||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant).--> | |||
**w: | **w: | ||
***''(a)wa'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad''). | ***''(a)wa(w)'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad''). | ||
***''(a)way'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''cafoy'' "I forgave" (from ''*cafway''). | |||
***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw''). | ***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw''). | ||
***'' | ***''wu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yacafúun'' "they forgive" (from ''*yicafwúun''). | ||
***'' | ***''awu(u)'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yiqandhówn'' "they get a fever" (from ''*yiqandhawúun''). | ||
***''iwuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. ''ay ticfúun'' "do not forgive ''(pl.)''" (from ''*ticfiwúun'') | ***''iwuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. ''ay ticfúun'' "do not forgive ''(pl.)''" (from ''*ticfiwúun'') | ||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCúw-'' (''FaCúu-'' before a consonant). | <!-- | ||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCúw-'' (''FaCúu-'' before a consonant).--> | |||
**Ø: | **Ø: | ||
***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''nashaad'' "she took/lifted" (from ''*nashaØad''). | ***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''nashaad'' "she took/lifted" (from ''*nashaØad''). | ||
***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. '' | ***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''níshi'' "take/lift" (from ''*níshiØ''). | ||
***'' | ***''Øu(u)'' becomes ''u(u)'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinashúun'' "they take/lift" (from ''*yinashØúun''). | ||
***'' | ***''aØu(u)'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yooddówn'' "they finish" (from ''*yiwaddaØúun'') | ||
***''iØuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. ''al tinshúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not take/lift" (from ''*tinshiØúun'') | ***''iØuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. ''al tinshúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not take/lift" (from ''*tinshiØúun'') | ||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant). | <!-- | ||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant).--> | |||
**G: Preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | **G: Preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | ||
*Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. '' | *Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. ''sallaygúun'' "you (pl.) prayed" (from ''*sallay-kúun''). | ||
*For quinquiliteral verbs, replace ''C'' with ''CaCC''/''CiCC'' (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. ''dhamastar'', ''yidhamastar'', '' | *For quinquiliteral verbs, replace ''C'' with ''CaCC''/''CiCC'' (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. ''dhamastar'', ''yidhamastar'', ''yidhimistir'' "complete". If one of the consonants is ''w'' or ''y'', the aforementioned simplifications apply and the unnecessary ''a''/''i'' is not added - e.g. ''targoon'', ''yitargoon'', ''yuturguun'', ''targoomaw'' "translate" (from ''*taragwam'', ''*yitaragwam'', ''*yitirigwim'', ''*taragwamaw''). In forms where no simplifications can take place, however, the extra vowel is added - e.g. ''tar<b>a</b>gwaámi'' "translator". | ||
<!-- Might change this to ''wa/ya'' becoming ''o/e'', ''wi/yi'' becoming ''u/i'', and ''waa/yaa'' becoming ''oo''/''ee'' --> | <!-- Might change this to ''wa/ya'' becoming ''o/e'', ''wi/yi'' becoming ''u/i'', and ''waa/yaa'' becoming ''oo''/''ee'' --> | ||
<!--- Some ideas: | <!--- Some ideas: | ||
| Line 232: | Line 343: | ||
=====Simple tenses===== | =====Simple tenses===== | ||
=====Compound tenses===== | =====Compound tenses===== | ||
*Present progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes) + Perfect of ''-(ah)alaw'' - e.g. '' | *Present progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of ''-(ah)alaw'' - e.g. ''yikeéd(ah)alaw'' "he is walking/going". | ||
**This is derived from the defective verb ''halaw'' "he is present" ( | **This is derived from the defective verb ''halaw'' "he is present". | ||
*Past progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes) + Perfect of '' | **''Halaw'' (stem: ''h-l-w'') is conjugated as a perfect verb, but has present meaning. Its past equivalent is ''nabraw'' (stem: ''n-b-r''). | ||
*Past progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of ''nabraw'' "he was present" - e.g. ''yikeéd nabrúun'' "they were walking/going". | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Primarily SOV | Primarily SOV. However, clitic object pronouns follow the verb. | ||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
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<!-- etc. etc. --> | <!-- etc. etc. --> | ||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | |||
Beni aadanka kulligaw --> | <!--Beni aadanka kulligaw WAXA aw yitoolad nusuga OO xor AH KANA SIMAN XAGGA sharafta IYO xuquuqda. WAXA Ilaahay SIIYAY WACYI IYO damiir, WAANA IN QOF WALBA QOFKA KALE ULA DHAQMAA SI WALAALTINIMO AH.--> | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
Latest revision as of 20:00, 16 December 2023
Sharqi (native: Af Sharqi) is an Ethio-Semitic language.
| Sharqi | |
|---|---|
| Af Sharqi | |
| Pronunciation | [ǽf ʃɑ́rqɪ] |
| Created by | Shariifka |
Introduction
Sharqi is an Ethiopian Semitic language heavily inspired by Somali.
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ny /ɲ/) | ||||||
| Stop consonant | voiceless | t /t̪/ | k | q | ' /ʔ/ | ||||
| voiced | b | d /d̪/ | dh /ɖ/ | ɡ | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ||||||||
| voiced | j /dʒ/ | ||||||||
| Fricative | f | s | sh /ʃ/ | kh /x̠~χ/ | x /ħ/ | h | |||
| Approximant | l | y /j/ | w | c /ʕ/ | |||||
| Trill | r /r~ɾ/ | ||||||||
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
| Independent | Clitic | Possessive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stressed | Unstressed | Subject | Object | ||
| 1S | aní(ga) | an(i) | aan | ni | káy(ga)/táy(da) |
| 2S | adí(ga) | ad(i) | aad | ki | kaág(a)/taág(a) |
| 3SM | nusú(ga) | nus(u) | aw | — | kaẃ(ga)/taẃ(da) |
| 3SF | nisá(da) | nis(a) | ay | — | kaád(a)/taád(a) |
| 1P | inná(ga) | inna | ayna/aan | na | kaán(a)/taán(a) |
| 2P | idín(ka) | idin | aydin/aad | kin | kiín(a)/tiín(a) |
| 3P | nisín(ka) | nisin | awn/aw | — | kuún(a)/tuún(a) |
Additionally, there is an impersonal subject pronoun sow used to form the pseudopassive, and a reflexive object pronoun nis used to form the reflexive and reciprocal.
Nis can also be used emphatically, in which case it takes possessive suffixes - e.g. niskayga "myself".
Verbs
Stem 1
Stem 1 is the base form of a verb.
- F-C-L is used as the generic verb stem (with qadal "kill" as the example verb).
- F: first root consonant
- C: second root consonant (for geminated or quadriliteral verbs, this represents the middle two consonants)
- L: third root consonant
- (vowel): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics. Sometimes unpredictable.
- The (a/i) after F is dropped if possible, even if phonotactics require the F to be changed - e.g. katab "he wrote", ay tigtib "do not write". On the other hand, the (a/i) or [a] after C is generally dropped only if that will lead to no consonant changes - e.g. yikatabúun "they write" (not *yikadbúun).
- If the vowel in the bracket has an acute accent, that means it takes the accent if it is present, otherwise the preceding vowel (indicated with a grave accent) takes the accent.
- Some verbs have aa after the first root consonant instead of a - e.g. baarag "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to a are applied to the second a of aa (i.e. aá).
- The infinitive takes the form FáCL(i) if the cluster CL is not forbidden (with the -i inserted if C is not y or w). If it is forbidden, the infinitive takes the form FáCaL.
- In the second person plural imperfect, sandhi applies to -k-.
| Infinitive (m.) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verbal Noun (f.) | ||||||||||||
| Agent (m.) | ||||||||||||
| Agent (f.) | ||||||||||||
| Imperfect | Subjunctive | Perfect affirm. | Perfect neg. | Imperative | Jussive | |||||||
| 1S | iFaCaL | iqadal | iF(i)CiL | iqdil | FaC(a)Lay | qadlay | FaC(a)Lan | qadlan | ìF(á)CaL | íqdal | ìF(á)CaL | íqdal |
| 2S | tiFaCaL | tiqadal | tiF(i)CiL | tiqdil | FaC(a)Lag | qadlag | FíCaL | qídal | tìF(á)CaL | tíqdal | ||
| 3SM | yiFaCaL | yiqadal | yiF(i)CiL | yiqdil | FaC(a)Law | qadlaw | yìF(á)CaL | yíqdal | yìF(á)CaL | yíqdal | ||
| 3SF | tiFaCaL | tiqadal | tiF(i)CiL | tiqdil | FaC(a)Lad | qadlad | tìF(á)CaL | tíqdal | tìF(á)CaL | tíqdal | ||
| 1P | niFaCaL | niqadal | niF(i)CiL | niqdil | FaC(a)Lan | qadlan | nìF(á)CaL | níqdal | nìF(á)CaL | níqdal | ||
| 2P | tiFaC(a)Lúun | tiqadlúun | tiF(i)CiLúun | tiqdilúun | FaCaLkúun | qadalkúun | FìC(á)Lo | qídlu | tiF(a)CaLúun | tiqdalúun | ||
| 3P | yiFaC(a)Lúun | yiqadlúun | yiF(i)CiLúun | yiqdilúun | FaC(a)Lúun | qadlúun | yiF(a)CaLúun | yiqdalúun | yiF(a)CaLúun | yiqdalúun | ||
There are various modifications depending on the root consonants:
- If F is:-
- w:
- i becomes u before w, with uw becoming uu before a consonant. If the following syllable has the vowel i, it also becomes u - e.g. al yuudud "he does not love" (from *yiwdid).
- The sequence uwa is further simplified to oo - e.g. yoodad "he loves" (from *yuwadad < *yiwadad).
- y:
- iy becomes ii before a consonant - e.g. al tiibis "she/it does not dry" (from *tiybis).
- The sequence iya is simplified to ee - e.g. teebas "she/it dries" (from *tiyabas).
- Ø: preceding i becomes a in the imperfect and lengthened in the subjunctive/jussive - e.g. yaahal "it is enough" (from *yiØahal), ay yiíhal "let it not be enough" (from *yíØhal).
- A guttural letter (G: ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, a preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. yaxamal "he carries" (from *yixamal).
- w:
- If C is:-
- y, yC, or Cy:
- ay(a)/ya becomes ee - e.g. keedaw "he walked/went" (from *kaydaw).
- yi(i) becomes ii - e.g. al tikiid "you do not walk/go" (from *tikyid).
- w, wC, or Cw:
- aw(a)/wa becomes oo - e.g. koonaw "he was/became" (from *kawnaw).
- wi(i) becomes uu (and makes preceding i into u) - e.g. al tukuun "she does not become" (from *tikwin).
- Ø, ØC, or CØ:
- aØ(a)/Øa becomes aa - e.g. laagay "I sent" (from *laØgay).
- Øi(i) becomes ii - e.g. al tiliig "she doesn't send" (from *tilØig).
- When intervocalic, a preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel.
- y, yC, or Cy:
- If L is:-
- y:
- (a)ya(y) becomes ay - e.g. sallayd "she prayed" (from *sallayad)
- (a)yaw becomes aw - e.g. sallaw "he prayed" (from *sallayaw).
- Final iy becomes i (ii before a consonant) - e.g. silli "pray" (from *silliy).
- yu(u) becomes u(u) after a consonant - e.g. yinasúun "they forget" (from *yinasyúun).
- w:
- (a)wa(w) becomes aw - e.g. cafawd "she forgave" (from *cafwad).
- (a)way becomes oy - e.g. cafoy "I forgave" (from *cafway).
- Final iw becomes u (uu before a consonant) and makes preceding i into u - e.g. cufu "forgive" (from *cifiw).
- wu(u) becomes u(u) after a consonant - e.g. yacafúun "they forgive" (from *yicafwúun).
- awu(u) becomes ow - e.g. yiqandhówn "they get a fever" (from *yiqandhawúun).
- iwuu becomes uu e.g. ay ticfúun "do not forgive (pl.)" (from *ticfiwúun)
- Ø:
- aØ(a)/Øa becomes aa - e.g. nashaad "she took/lifted" (from *nashaØad).
- Final iØ becomes i (ii before a consonant) - e.g. níshi "take/lift" (from *níshiØ).
- Øu(u) becomes u(u) after a consonant - e.g. yinashúun "they take/lift" (from *yinashØúun).
- aØu(u) becomes ow - e.g. yooddówn "they finish" (from *yiwaddaØúun)
- iØuu becomes uu e.g. al tinshúun "you (pl.) do not take/lift" (from *tinshiØúun)
- G: Preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel.
- y:
- Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. sallaygúun "you (pl.) prayed" (from *sallay-kúun).
- For quinquiliteral verbs, replace C with CaCC/CiCC (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. dhamastar, yidhamastar, yidhimistir "complete". If one of the consonants is w or y, the aforementioned simplifications apply and the unnecessary a/i is not added - e.g. targoon, yitargoon, yuturguun, targoomaw "translate" (from *taragwam, *yitaragwam, *yitirigwim, *taragwamaw). In forms where no simplifications can take place, however, the extra vowel is added - e.g. taragwaámi "translator".
Tenses
Simple tenses
Compound tenses
- Present progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of -(ah)alaw - e.g. yikeéd(ah)alaw "he is walking/going".
- This is derived from the defective verb halaw "he is present".
- Halaw (stem: h-l-w) is conjugated as a perfect verb, but has present meaning. Its past equivalent is nabraw (stem: n-b-r).
- Past progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes and with final accent) + Perfect of nabraw "he was present" - e.g. yikeéd nabrúun "they were walking/going".
Syntax
Constituent order
Primarily SOV. However, clitic object pronouns follow the verb.