Hakdor: Difference between revisions

Hakdor (natively known as [[iuqilol#Hakdor|Iuqilol]] /juʤiˈlol/) is any of various language modes employed by the Hakdor (also known as “the Blighted”), a genetically modified race of humanoids on [[Aterran|Aterra]].

However, since spoken language is the theme of this exercise, the average approximate phonology of verbalized Hakdor follows. ̩

* 〈N〉 is a homorganic nasal which is realized as [m] in onsets, [n] when intervocalic, and [ŋ] word-finally.

** E.g. '''''[[nanan#Hakdor|nanan]]''''' ‘name’ = [manaŋ]

* 〈I〉 and 〈U〉 may be recognized as consonants or vowels depending on adjacent phonemes. The Hakdor language is structured in such a way that nearly every word follows a pattern of CVC(VC), so if they appear adjacent to a consonant, they’re vowels; otherwise, they’re consonants. (The sole exception to the CVCVC rule occurs in verbs when the particle ra is written as a suffix to the verb, resulting in a CVCCV structure.)

| Like 〈i〉 in ''mach'''i'''ne''.  

| Like 〈ay〉 in ''d'''ay'''''.  

| Like 〈a〉 in ''f'''a'''ther''.  

| Like 〈o〉 in ''r'''o'''pe''.  

| Like 〈oo〉 in ''f'''oo'''d''.  

| Like 〈p〉 in '''''p'''ool''.  

| When between two vowels, 〈p〉 is like 〈b〉 in ''a'''b'''le''.  

| Like 〈t〉 in '''''t'''ake''.  

| When between two vowels, 〈t〉 is like 〈d〉 in ''ra'''d'''ar''.  

| Like 〈ch〉 in '''''ch'''eese''.  

| When between two vowels, 〈q〉 is like 〈g〉 in ''ra'''g'''es''.  

| Like 〈k〉 in '''''k'''eep''.  

| When between two vowels, 〈k〉 is like 〈g〉 in ''ea'''g'''le''.  

| Like 〈f〉 in '''''f'''ine''.  

| When between two vowels, 〈f〉 is like 〈v〉 in ''e'''v'''ery''.  

| Like 〈s〉 in '''''s'''eek''.  

| When between two vowels, 〈s〉 is like 〈z〉 in ''ha'''z'''ard''.  

| Like 〈sh〉 in '''''sh'''ake''.  

| When between two vowels, 〈c〉 is like 〈s〉 in ''u'''s'''ual''.  

| At the beginning of a word, like 〈h〉 in '''''h'''and''.  

| When between two vowels or word-finally, 〈h〉 is like 〈j〉 in Spanish ''ro'''j'''o''.  

| At the beginning of a word, like 〈m〉 in '''''m'''oon''.  

| In the middle of a word, like 〈n〉 in ''a'''n'''y''.  

| At the end of a word, 〈n〉 is like 〈ng〉 in English ''si'''ng'''i'''ng'''''.  

| Like 〈w〉 in ''a'''w'''ake''.  

| Like 〈rr〉 in Spanish ''pe'''rr'''o''.  

| Like 〈y〉 in '''''y'''ell''.  

| Like 〈l〉 in '''''l'''ike''.

Possession is indicated with the adposition '''''[[-is#Hakdor|-is]]''''' which is suffixed to the substantive it modified (very similar to English “-’s”). In addition to standard possession of nouns, it is also used with pronouns to form the basis of the possessive pronouns rather than a separate genitive-like construction. (More under '''[[#Adpositions]]''', below.)

* '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[takuc#Hakdor|takuc]] [[lauik#Hakdor|lauik]] [[cek#Hakdor|cek]][[-is#Hakdor|is]]'''.''

Personal pronouns are fairly simple in scope. The third person does not have gender distinction, but accounts for animacy. The first person plural has clusivity (i.e. there is a difference between “we including you” and “we but not you”). The inclusive pronoun, '''''[[cesan#Hakdor|cesan]]''''', is used for both singular and plural (i.e. “you and me” and “you all and me”); the derivation “**'''''cesasan'''''” is not correct, though is sometimes heard from children.

!width=75| ''[[cek#Hakdor|cek]]''

!width=75| ''[[cecek#Hakdor|cecek]]''

! ''[[cesan#Hakdor|cesan]]''

!width=75| ''[[san#Hakdor|san]]''

!width=75| ''[[sasan#Hakdor|sasan]]''

!width=75| ''[[tui#Hakdor|tui]]''

!width=75| ''[[tutui#Hakdor|tutui]]''

!width=75| ''[[tak#Hakdor|tak]]''

!width=75| ''[[tatak#Hakdor|tatak]]''

Hakdor has a small, closed set of adpositions which follow the noun phrase (i.e. post-positions). Many common “locational” prepositions are formed with a combination of directional phrases and pertingent, allative, apudessive, genitive, or translative adpositions. For example, ‘behind you’ might be translated as '''''[[kecak#Hakdor|kecak]]-[[-et#Hakdor|et]] [[san#Hakdor|san]]-[[-is#Hakdor|is]]''''' – literally, “next to the back of you.”

! ''[[-as#Hakdor|as]]''

| '''''[[qetra#Hakdor|Qetra]] [[cecek#Hakdor|cecek]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[riqanol#Hakdor|riqanol]][[-as#Hakdor|–as]].''''' ‘We are going to town.’

! ''[[-is#Hakdor|is]]''

| '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[tuiek#Hakdor|tuiek]] [[iatup#Hakdor|iatup]] [[cek#Hakdor|cek]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]].''''' ‘This is my parent.’

! ''[[-un#Hakdor|un]]''

| '''''[[tikra#Hakdor|tikra]] [[tui#Hakdor|tui]] [[tak#Hakdor|tak]] [[tikun#Hakdor|tikun]][[-un#Hakdor|–un]].''''' ‘He hits it with a hammer.’

! ''[[-of#Hakdor|of]]''

| '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[qeiot#Hakdor|qeiot]] [[-ek#Hakdor|–ek]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[san#Hakdor|san]][[-of#Hakdor|–of]].''''' ‘This flower is for you.’

! ''[[-uq#Hakdor|uq]]''

| '''''[[uekra#Hakdor|Uekra]] [[qotec#Hakdor|qotec]] ([[kireu#Hakdor|kireu]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]) [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[nukip#Hakdor|nukip]][[-uq#Hakdor|–uq]] [[tui#Hakdor|tui]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘There is a (tree’s) leaf on his arm.’

! ''[[-ai#Hakdor|ai]]''

| '''''[[uekra#Hakdor|Uekra]] [[pepan#Hakdor|pepan]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[iatup#Hakdor|iatup]][[-ai#Hakdor|–ai]] [[tui#Hakdor|tui]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘The child is with her father.’

! ''[[-et#Hakdor|et]]''

| '''''[[uekra#Hakdor|Uekra]] [[tui#Hakdor|tui]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[riqan#Hakdor|riqan]][[-et#Hakdor|–et]] [[tui#Hakdor|tui]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘He is at his house.’

! ''[[-ik#Hakdor|ik]]''

| '''''[[ia-#Hakdor|Ia]][[qetra#Hakdor|qetra]] [[tui#Hakdor|tui]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[qitul#Hakdor|qitul]][[-ik#Hakdor|ik]] [[kireuol#Hakdor|kireuol]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘She walked through the forest.’

Some nuance can be added using different relational adpositions, e.g. using the pertingent instead of the apudessive: '''''[[kecak#Hakdor|kecak]][[-uq#Hakdor|–uq]] [[san#Hakdor|san]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘behind you’ ~ “on (touching) the back of you.” Allative changes the meaning yet again: '''''[[kecak#Hakdor|kecak]][[-as#Hakdor|–as]] [[san#Hakdor|san]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘behind you’ ~ “to(ward) the back of you.” Genitive imparts the opposite meaning from allative: '''''[[kecak#Hakdor|kecak]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]] [[san#Hakdor|san]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘from behind you’ ~ “out from the back of you.” Translative indicates motion that does not have an origin or destination: '''''[[kecak#Hakdor|kecak]][[-ik#Hakdor|–ik]] [[san#Hakdor|san]][[-is#Hakdor|–is]]''''' ‘behind you’ ~ “past the back of you.” Directional deixes are shared with the parts of the body normally associated with said directions.

!width=175| ''[[-uq#Hakdor|uq]]''<br />Pertingent''<br />(Touching)

!width=175| ''[[-et#Hakdor|et]]''<br />Apudessive''<br />(Beside)

!width=175| ''[[-as#Hakdor|as]]''<br />Allative''<br />(Towards)

!width=175| ''[[-is#Hakdor|is]]''<br />Genitive''<br />(Away from)

!width=175| ''[[-ik#Hakdor|ik]]''<br />Translative''<br />(Past)

! ''[[luceh#Hakdor|luceh]]''<br />‘top ~ head’

! ''[[cafin#Hakdor|cafin]]''<br />‘front ~ chest’

! ''[[nukip#Hakdor|nukip]]''<br />‘side ~ arm’

! ''[[qitul#Hakdor|qitul]]''<br />‘middle ~ belly’

! ''[[kecak#Hakdor|kecak]]''<br />‘back’

! ''[[putei#Hakdor|putei]]''<br />‘bottom ~ foot’

* '''''[[nuqiu#Hakdor|nuqiu]] [[seu#Hakdor|seu]]''''' ‘green grass’.

* '''''[[henut#Hakdor|henut]] [[heq#Hakdor|heq]]''''' ‘dirty fingernails’.

* '''''[[lehil#Hakdor|lehil]] [[kit#Hakdor|kit]]''''' ‘few’.

* '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[nuqiu#Hakdor|nuqiu]] [[seu#Hakdor|seu]].''''' ‘The grass is green.’

* '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[henut#Hakdor|henut]] [[heq#Hakdor|heq]].''''' ‘The fingernails are dirty.’

* '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|Sitra]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[lehil#Hakdor|lehil]] [[kit#Hakdor|kit]].''''' ‘There are few birds.’

In the last sentence, “few birds” is the predicate, not just “few,” so the expletive subject '''''[[tis#Hakdor|tis]]''''' is still required.  

|width=90 height=90 style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"| '''''[[pai#Hakdor|pai]]''<br />white'''<br />#FFFFFF

|width=90 height=90 style="background-color: #FFFF00;"| '''''[[tan#Hakdor|tan]]''<br />yellow'''<br />#FFFF00

|width=90 height=90 style="background-color: #FF00FF;"| '''''[[qoi#Hakdor|qoi]]''<br />magenta'''<br />#FF00FF

|width=90 height=90 style="background-color: #00FFFF;"| '''''[[ken#Hakdor|ken]]''<br />cyan'''<br />#00FFFF

| height=90 style="background-color: #FF0000;"| '''''[[foc#Hakdor|foc]]''<br />red'''<br />#FF0000

| height=90 style="background-color: #00FF00;"| '''''[[seu#Hakdor|seu]]''<br />green'''<br />#00FF00

| height=90 style="background-color: #0000FF;"| '''''[[cur#Hakdor|cur]]''<br />blue'''<br />#0000FF

| height=90 style="background-color: #000000;"| '''''[[hul#Hakdor|hul]]''<br />black'''<br />#000000

! ''[[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''

! ''[[iel#Hakdor|iel]]'' (''[[kir]] [[lah]]'')

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''

! ''[[iel#Hakdor|iel]]'' (''[[kir]] [[lah]]'')

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]]''

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[kir#Hakdor|kir]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[kir#Hakdor|kir]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]]''  

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[tat#Hakdor|tat]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[tat#Hakdor|tat]]''  

! ''[[ser#Hakdor|ser]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[ser#Hakdor|ser]]''  

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[ser#Hakdor|ser]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[ser#Hakdor|ser]]

! ''[[ual#Hakdor|ual]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[ual#Hakdor|ual]]''  

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[ual#Hakdor|ual]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[ual#Hakdor|ual]]''  

! ''[[net#Hakdor|net]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[net#Hakdor|net]]''  

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[net#Hakdor|net]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[net#Hakdor|net]]''  

! ''[[kut#Hakdor|kut]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[kut#Hakdor|kut]]''  

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[kut#Hakdor|kut]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[kut#Hakdor|kut]]''  

! ''[[pel#Hakdor|pel]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[pel#Hakdor|pel]]''  

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[pel#Hakdor|pel]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[pel#Hakdor|pel]]''  

! ''[[hak#Hakdor|hak]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[hak#Hakdor|hak]]''  

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[hak#Hakdor|hak]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[hak#Hakdor|hak]]''  

! ''[[iir#Hakdor|iir]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[iir#Hakdor|iir]]''  

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[iir#Hakdor|iir]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[iir#Hakdor|iir]]''  

! ''[[heu#Hakdor|heu]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[heu#Hakdor|heu]]''  

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[heu#Hakdor|heu]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[heu#Hakdor|heu]]''  

! ''[[tin#Hakdor|tin]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[tin#Hakdor|tin]]

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[tin#Hakdor|tin]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[tin#Hakdor|tin]]''  

! ''[[kal#Hakdor|kal]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[kal#Hakdor|kal]]

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[kal#Hakdor|kal]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[kal#Hakdor|kal]]''  

! ''[[ion#Hakdor|ion]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[ion#Hakdor|ion]]

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[ion#Hakdor|ion]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[ion#Hakdor|ion]]''  

! ''[[ruk#Hakdor|ruk]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[ruk#Hakdor|ruk]]

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[ruk#Hakdor|ruk]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[ruk#Hakdor|ruk]]''  

! ''[[uot#Hakdor|uot]] [[lah#Hakdor|lah]]''  

! ''[[uot#Hakdor|uot]]

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[uot#Hakdor|uot]]''  

! ''[[tat#Hakdor|tat]] [[uot#Hakdor|uot]]''  

! ''[[kir#Hakdor|kir]] [[lalah#Hakdor|lalah]]'' (''[[ren#Hakdor|ren]]'')

! ''[[ketra#Hakdor|ketra]]''

! ''[[tokra#Hakdor|tokra]]''

! ''[[iitra#Hakdor|iitra]]''

| to observe with the senses ('''''[[iitra luuat]]''''' = ‘look at’)

! ''[[kepra#Hakdor|kepra]]''

! ''[[pasra#Hakdor|pasra]]''

! ''[[sopra#Hakdor|sopra]]''

! ''[[uekra#Hakdor|uekra]]''

! ''[[kupra#Hakdor|kupra]]''

! ''[[hapra#Hakdor|hapra]]''

! ''[[rekra#Hakdor|rekra]]''

! ''[[pikra#Hakdor|pikra]]''

! ''[[topra#Hakdor|topra]]''

| to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense ('''''[[topra luuat]]''''' = ‘to see’)

! ''[[katra#Hakdor|katra]]''

! ''[[sitra#Hakdor|sitra]]''

! ''[[qetra#Hakdor|qetra]]''

! ''[[tikra#Hakdor|tikra]]''

Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as iit luuat ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more melodius “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use iit as their verb, though “cast an ear” (iit siiek, ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (iit luuat, ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (iit safiu, ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (iit ruhac, ‘taste’).  

! ''[[la#Hakdor|la]]

! ''[[na#Hakdor|na]]

! ''[[ia-#Hakdor|ia]]

! ''[[sa-#Hakdor|sa]]

! ''[[ca-#Hakdor|ca]]

! ''[[ra-#Hakdor|ra]]

! ''[[la#Hakdor|la]]

! ''[[na#Hakdor|na]]

! ''[[cah#Hakdor|cah]]

! ''[[ti#Hakdor|ti]]

! ''[[kas#Hakdor|kas]]

! ''[[ueq#Hakdor|ueq]]

! ''[[nor#Hakdor|nor]]

! ''[[ruh#Hakdor|ruh]]

! ''[[noh#Hakdor|noh]]

! ''[[qek#Hakdor|qek]]

The particles '''''[[la#Hakdor|la]]''''' and '''''[[na#Hakdor|na]]''''' may operate as independent words, or as prefixes where they occur directly before a verb.

The basic order of Hakdor is strict VSO; that is: Verb, Subject, Object. It is also topic-prominent, so a topic area may be indicated with the particle '''''[[sa-#Hakdor|sa-]]''''' (in many cases roughly equivalent to Japanese は [wa]).

Strict VSO. Sentences without an object (e.g. “I sit,” '''''[[uekra#Hakdor|uekra]] [[cek#Hakdor|cek]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]]''''',) must take a dummy object (tis) after the subject. Conversely, subjectless sentences (e.g. “It seems,” '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|sitra]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[ric#Hakdor|ric]]''''',) use '''''[[tis#Hakdor|tis]]''''' as a subject. (In English we use the expletive pronoun ''it'' in these types of sentences.) Furthermore, indirect objects always occupy the fourth position in a clause (e.g. “It seems to me,” '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|sitra]] [[tis#Hakdor|tis]] [[ric#Hakdor|ric]] [[cek#Hakdor|cek]]'''''.)

| '''''[[tui#Hakdor|tui]][[-uc#Hakdor|-uc]]'''''

| '''''[[til#Hakdor|til]]'''''

| '''''[[ser#Hakdor|ser]][[-ai#Hakdor|-ai]]'''''

| '''''[[riqanol#Hakdor|riqanol]][[-is#Hakdor|-is]]'''''

| '''''[[la#Hakdor|la-]][[ia-#Hakdor|ia-]][[tokra#Hakdor|tok]][[ra#Hakdor|-ra]]'''''

| '''''[[tuiuc#Hakdor|tui-uc]]'''''

| '''''[[nurak#Hakdor|nurak]]'''''

| '''''[[nucut#Hakdor|nucut]][[-is#Hakdor|-is]]'''''

| '''''[[cek#Hakdor|cek]][[-is#Hakdor|-is]]'''''

| '''''[[ia-#Hakdor|ia-]][[sitra#Hakdor|sit]][[ra#Hakdor|-ra]]'''''

| '''''[[tuiuc#Hakdor|tui-uc]]'''''

| '''''[[nurak#Hakdor|nurak]]'''''

| '''''[[tar#Hakdor|tar]]'''''

| '''''[[pen#Hakdor|pen]]'''''

| '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|sit]][[ra#Hakdor|-ra]]'''''

| '''''[[tuiuc#Hakdor|tui-uc]]'''''

| '''''[[nurak#Hakdor|nurak]]'''''

| '''''[[la#Hakdor|la-]]'''''

| '''''[[ia-#Hakdor|ia-]][[tokra#Hakdor|tok]][[ra#Hakdor|-ra]]'''''

| '''''[[tuiuc#Hakdor|tui-uc]]'''''

| '''''[[iului#Hakdor|iului]]'''''

| '''''[[ciqis#Hakdor|ciqis]][[-is#Hakdor|-is]]'''''

| '''''[[cek#Hakdor|cek]][[-is#Hakdor|-is]]'''''

| '''''[[sitra#Hakdor|sit]][[ra#Hakdor|-ra]]'''''

| '''''[[nuqiu#Hakdor|nuqiu]]'''''

| '''''[[nec#Hakdor|nec]]'''''

| '''''[[la#Hakdor|la]]'''''

| '''''[[kanuc#Hakdor|kan-uc]]'''''

| '''''[[pasra#Hakdor|pas]][[ra#Hakdor|-ra]]'''''

| '''''[[tis#Hakdor|tis]]'''''

| '''''[[ioruier#Hakdor|iorui-er]]'''''

| '''''[[iuueq#Hakdor|iuueq]][[-is#Hakdor|-is]]'''''