Dãterške: Difference between revisions
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| {{IPA|ɞ}} (ө) | | {{IPA|ɞ}} (ө) | ||
| {{IPA|ʌ}} (о) | |colspan=2| {{IPA|ʌ}}~{{IPA|ɔ}} (о) | ||
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| {{IPA|ə̃}} (ӕң) | | {{IPA|ə̃}} (ӕң) | ||
| {{IPA|ɞ̃}} (өң) | | {{IPA|ɞ̃}} (өң) | ||
| {{IPA|ʌ̃}} (оң) | |colspan=2| {{IPA|ʌ̃}}~{{IPA|ɔ̃}} (оң) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]] | !rowspan=2| [[:w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]] | ||
Revision as of 09:15, 18 January 2024
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| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Danterian | |
|---|---|
| Dãterške, Danterske | |
| Даңтэршкэ Даңтэрскэ атӕҗӀұец | |
 The official flag of the Scientific Nation of Danterlokhan. | |
| Pronunciation | [t̬ãtʰɛrʃkʰɛ t̬ãtʰɛrskʰɛ atʰəʒd͡ʒyjet͡n̥] |
| Created by | Elliott Wheeler |
| Setting | Verse:Danterlokhan |
A priori language
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Danterlokhan |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qdt |
Dãterške (Даңтэршкэ, Даңтэрскэ атӕҗӀұец), also known as Danterian (English calque) and Danterske, is an auxillary and attempted logical language created by Elliott Wheeler originally designed to be a common language for the scientific community.
Its original purpose was for a significant portion of its morphology was to be comprised of native terms and grammar for scientific terms, technical jargon, and physical processes. It's also designed to lack synonyms as much as possible for inherent goal of disambiguation, which albeit made it relatively difficult to use colloquially. Nevertheless, since then I have been trying to adapt it as a more naturalistic language with an actual constructed history and culture.
Due to several drastic changes during the course of its development, along with being the first language I created, the language is loosely based off of Proto-Altaic, the Slavic languages, the Northwest-Caucasian languages, a tad bit of German, and my native idiolect of English, but is ultimately a priori.
Introduction
Creation history
The exact date of the language's inspiration remains unknown, but the project probably began on 26-9-12015 (September 26, 2015) with a document titled "Danterian Language", which featured an abecedarium of a bicameral Cyrillic-, Armenian-, & Latin-based alphabetic script, what appears to be an English approximation for the sound each represented, and a set of orthographic conventions. Featured below is the alphabet copied verbatim from the document.
| Æ | E | A | B | C | Д | Њ | F | G | H | N | J | K | L | M | I | O | ♇ | Ꝗ | R | S | Ð | T | U | V | Щ | Ж | ß | Y | Z |
| æ | є | a | Б/ƃ | c | Δ | ђ | f | դ | h | и | j | k | l | m | ն | o | ꝑ | ꝗ | r | s | þ | t | μ | v | щ | ж | β | y | ƶ |
| (ae) | (e) | (a) | (b) | (c) | (d) | (ny) | (f) | (g) | (h) | (i) | (j) | (k) | (l) | (m) | (n) | (o) | (p) | (q) | (r) | (s) | (th) | (t) | (u) | (v) | (w) | (zh) | (sz) | (y) | (z) |
More letters were almost certainly added later. This was probably an attempt of an English spelling reform that I decided to create as I was learning linguistics, but this project then evolved into an entirely separate language that I decided to develop as my interest in linguistics and conlangs grew. This was when the language started to deviate from its goal, the language became something of a sketchbook for developing ideas I came up with as I was learning.
As the language grew, the document where I stored the language's lexicon was named after its first proper word, кражңа, literally translating as "The Index of the Frontier" (Кљіха ды Кражңа). At the time of writing this, the index lists approximately 967 morphemes. This is probably enough of the language to derive a dictionary from such, but it should be noted that various crucial notes and sketches are recorded elsewhere.
Phonology
Orthography
The orthography of Dãterške is a monocase Russian-inspired Cyrillic alphabet, and is mostly phonemic, in that each letter corresponds directly to a single sound or modification on a sound (such as [◌ʼ], [◌ˤ], [◌̃], etC). It's important to note that, unlike many languages, certain modifications (besides nasalization, ң) represent phonemes to themselves and not merely modifiers for a grapheme or phoneme. However, an exception to both prior exceptions stated here is the usage of the digraphs «щӀ» & «җӀ» to represent the consonantal sequences /ʃt͡ʃ/ & /ʒd͡ʒ/, respectfully.
Because of its relatively large phonemic inventory, the language had to use relatively unconventional uses and extensions for the letters in modern Cyrillic. This, combined with its monocase typography & usage of circum-sentence punctuation in a manner standardized from Spanish, makes a uniquely recognizable written language. Listed below are all of the characters in the alphabet, associated values, and letter names in IPA and Latin, in no particular order due to the lack of any strict alphabetical order for the language.
| Letter | IPA Sound | Letter Name | IPA Letter Name | Latin transliteration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ӏ | /◌ʼ/, /ʡ/~[ʔ] | пӀалєчһа | /pʼalot͡ʃħa/ | ' |
| ' | нруцӕфих пӀ'алєчһа | /nrut͡n̥əfɪx pʼʡalot͡ʃħa/ | ||
| і | /ʲi/ | пӀ'алєчһих і | /pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx iː/ | İ i |
| а | /a/ | а | /a/ | A a |
| ӑ | /ʕ/ | нруцӕфих ӑа | /nrut͡n̥əfɪx ʕa/ | ʕ ʿ |
| я | /ʲɒ/ | я | /ɒ/ | Â â |
| ә | /æ/ | ә | /æ/ | Æ æ |
| ӕ | /ə/ | ӕ | /ə/ | Ə ə |
| э | /ɛ/ | э | /ɛ/ | E e |
| ӭ | /ɘ/ | ӭ' or птрђих ӭ | /ɘʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɘ/ | Ë ë |
| ө | /ɞ/ | ө | /ɞ/ | Œ œ |
| є | /ʲo/ | є | /o/ | Ô ô |
| е | /ʲe/ | е | /e/ | Ê ê |
| ё | /ʲø/~[ʲɵ] | ё' or птрђих ё | /øʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ø/ | Ĕ ĕ |
| и | /ɪ/ | и | /ɪ/ | I ı |
| ӥ | /i/ | ӥ' or птрђих ӥ | /iʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx i/ | Ï ï |
| й | /j/ | нруцӕфих йи | /nrut͡n̥əfɪx jɪ/ | J j |
| о | /ʌ/ | о | /ʌ/ | O o |
| ӧ | /ɤ/ | ӧ' or птрђих ӧ | /ɤʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɤ/ | Ö ö |
| у | /u/ | у | /u/ | U u |
| ў | /w/ | нруцӕфих ўу | /nrut͡n̥əfɪx wu/ | W w |
| ұ | /y/ | ұ or пӀ'алєчһих ұ | /y/ or /pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx y/ | Ü ü |
| ю | /ʲɯ/ | ю | /ɯ/ | Û û |
| ы | /ɨ/ | ы | /ɨ/ | Y y |
| ӹ | /ʉ/ | ӹ' or птрђих ӹ | /ʉʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ʉ/ | Ÿ ÿ |
| м | /ɱ/ | эм | /ɛɱ/ | M m |
| н | /n/ | эн | /ɛn/ | N n |
| ң | /◌̃/ | р'ьәњӕы эң or пӀ'алєчһих эң | /rʡʲæɲəɨ ɛ̃/ or /pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx ɛ̃/ | Ņ ņ |
| ц | /t͡n̥/~[θ] | цэ | /t͡n̥ɛ/ | C c |
| њ | /ɲ/ | њэ | /ɲɛ/ | Ñ ñ |
| б | /p̬/~[b̪] | эб | /ɛp̬/ | B b |
| п | /pʰ/ | пэ | /p̪ʰɛ/ | P p |
| д | /t̬/~[d̟] | эд | /ɛt̬/ | D d |
| т | /tʰ/~[t̟ʰ] | тэ | /tʰɛ/ | T t |
| џ | /d͡ʒ/ | эџ | /ɛd͡ʒ/ | D̂ d̂ |
| ч | /t͡ʃ/ | чэ | /t͡ʃɛ/ | Č č |
| ђ | /c̬/~[ɟ] | эђ | /ɛc̬/ | Đ đ |
| ћ | /cʰ/ | эћ | /cʰɛ/ | Ć ć |
| ӵ | /c͡ç/ | ӵэ | /c͡çɛ/ | C̈ c̈ |
| г | /k̬/~[g] | эг | /ɛk̬/ | G g |
| к | /kʰ/ | кэ | /kʰɛ/ | K k |
| ҝ | /q͡χ/ | ҝэ | /q͡χɛ/ | Q q |
| в | /v/ | ве | /vʲe/ | V v |
| ф | /f/ | еф | /ef/ | F f |
| з | /z/ | зе | /zʲe/ | Z z |
| с | /s/ | ес | /es/ | S s |
| ԇ | /sˤ/~[z̥] | ԇөд | /sˤɞt̬/ | Ş ş |
| ж | /ʒ/ | же | /ʒʲe/ | Ž ž |
| ш | /ʃ/ | еш | /eʃ/ | Š š |
| җ | /ʝ/ | җе | /ʝe/ | Ẑ ẑ |
| щ | /ç/ | ещ | /eç/ | Ŝ ŝ |
| ғ | /ɣ/ | ғе | /ɣʲe/ | Ƣ ƣ |
| х | /x/ | ех | /ex/ | X x |
| һ | /ħ/~[h] | һе | /ħʲe/ | H h |
| р | /r/~[ɹ] | ер | /er/ | R r |
| ь | /j/~/◌ʲ/ | йерь | /jerʲ/ | j |
| ъ | /w/~/◌ʷ/ | ўеръ | /werʷ/ | w |
| ҍ | /ʕ/~/◌ˤ/ | ӑерҍ | /ʕerˤ/ | ʿ |
| л | /l/~[ɮ] | ел | /el/ | L l |
| љ | /ʎ/ | љер | /ʎer/ | Ł ł |
Consonants
| Labiodental | Denti-alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal/Uvelar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | 2 artic. | |||||||
| Nasal | ɱ (м) | n (н) | t͡n̥~θ[note 1] (ц) | ɲ (њ) | ||||
| Plosive | aspirated | pʰ (п) | tʰ (т) | cʰ (ћ) | kʰ (к) | ʡ (') | ||
| lenis | p̬ (б) | t̬ (д) | c̬ (ђ) | k̬ (г) | ||||
| ejective | pʼ (пӀ) | tʼ (тӀ) | t͡ʃʼ (чӀ) | cʼ (ћӀ) | kʼ (кӀ) | qʼ (ҝӀ) | ||
| Affricate | voiceless | p͡f (пф) | t͡s (тс) | t͡ʃ (ч) | c͡ç (ӵ) | q͡χ~k͡xʷ (ҝ) | ||
| ʃt͡ʃ (щӀ) | ||||||||
| voiced | b͡v (бв) | d͡z (дз) | d͡ʒ (џ) | |||||
| ʒd͡ʒ (җӀ) | ||||||||
| nasal release | dⁿ~nˑ (дң) | d͡ʒ̃ (џң) | ɟⁿ~ɲˑ (ђң) | g̊ⁿ~ŋ (кң,гң) | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f (ф) | s[note 2] (с) | sˤ~z̥[note 2] (ԇ) | ʃ (ш) | ç (щ) | x (х) | ħ (һ) |
| voiced | v (в) | z[note 2] (з) | zʲ (зь) | ʒ (ж) | ʝ (җ) | ɣ (ғ) | ||
| nasalized | f̃ (фң) | s̃ (сң) | s̃ˤ (ԇң) | ʃ̃ (шң) | ç̃ (щң) | x̃ (хң) | ||
| ṽ (вң) | z̃ (зң) | ʒ̃ (жң) | ||||||
| Approximant | r~ɹ (р) | r̃ (рң) | rʲ (рь) | j (ь,й) | w (ъ,ў) | ʕ (ҍ,ӑ) | ||
| Lateral | oral | l~ɮ (л) | ʎ (љ) | |||||
| nasalized | l̃ (лң) | ʎ̃ (љң) | ||||||
- ^ Though /θ/ may be used as an allophone in any context, it naturally occurs in codas, especially word-finally
- ^ a b c No hissing sibilants technically occur in this language's phonology, these symbols are meant to be interpreted as shorthand for their non-sibilant equivalents
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||
| Close | oral | i (ӥ) ʲi(ː) (і) | y (ұ) | ɨ (ы) | ʉ (ӹ) | u (у) | |
| nasal | ĩ (ің/ӥң) | ỹ (ұң) | ɨ̃ (ың) | ʉ̃ (ӹң) | ũ (уң) | ||
| Near-close | oral | ɪ (и) | ʲɯ (ю) | ||||
| nasal | ɪ̃ (иң) | ɯ̃ (юң) | |||||
| Close-mid | oral | ʲe (е) | ɘ (ӭ) | ʲø~ʲɵ (ё) | ɤ (ӧ) | ʲo (є) | |
| nasal | ẽ (ең) | ɘ̃ (ӭң) | ø̃~ɵ̃ (ёң) | ɤ̃ (ӧң) | õ (єң) | ||
| Open-mid | oral | ɛ (э) | ə (ӕ) | ɞ (ө) | ʌ~ɔ (о) | ||
| nasal | ɛ̃ (эң) | ə̃ (ӕң) | ɞ̃ (өң) | ʌ̃~ɔ̃ (оң) | |||
| Near-open | oral | æ (ә) | |||||
| nasal | æ̃ (әң) | ||||||
| Open | oral | a (а) | ʲɒ (я) | ||||
| nasal | ã (аң) | ɒ̃ (яң) | |||||
Prosody
The only hard rule of prosody in this language pertains to syllables containing a lengthened or ава (rough) vowel, which are stressed by default. In theory, this means that a lot of the language has no phonemic stress or even syllable-boundaries, thus forcing both the speaker & listener to analyze the spoken word as a sequence of sounds. However, in casual speech, primary stress usually occurs in a somewhat similar manner to English, and is often placed on the initial syllable of a word, and secondary stress is often trochaic (placed in repeating patterns of stressed-unstressed) from the beginning of the word
Phonotactics
Syllable Structure: (W/N)(C)6(W)2V/-P2(W)2(C)4(W/N)
Where:
- C = Consonant
- N = Nasal consonant
- -P = Non-plosive
- V = Vowel
- W = Semivowel
- /r/, /rʲ/, /r̃/ cannot immediately follow a palato-alveolar consonant.
- Unstressed /ʲi/, /ʲe/, /ʲø/, /ʲɒ/, /ʲo/, /ʲɯ/ cannot precede liquids and will become lengthened /ː/ and/or undergo ава-ућу mutation.
- Lenis Stops are not released syllable-finally or preceding other Stops.
- Complex consonant clusters with non-plosives >C6 become syllabic.
- /j/, /w/, /ʕ/ become devoiced after aspirated Stops and assimilate with the plosive.
- Fortis and lenis equivalents of a given consonant cannot be adjacent unless at a syllable boundary.
- /t͡n̥l/ cannot occur.
- /ʡ/ cannot immediately follow a voiceless plosive or affricate, forcing the consonant in question to become an ejective
Ава-ућу vowel correspondence
| Series # | Ава | Ућу |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | А | Е |
| 2 | Ә | Ӭ |
| 3 | И | Ӕ |
| 4 | Э Ө | |
| 5 | О | У |
| 6 | Є | І |
| 7 | Ӥ | Ы |
| 8 | Ӧ | Ұ |
| 9 | Ю | Ӹ |
| 10 | Я | Ё |
| 11 | аў,ӑу | єұ |
| 12 | Р | Л |
Morphophonology
Due to the language being a semi-agglutinative language, little purely morphophonological processes take place other than the aforementioned vowel mutation. Because of this process alone, one could either analyze the language’s morphological typology as an agglutinative language with ablauting morphemes, or as a minor fusional language without sandhi.
Morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
The constituent order of the language is relatively straightforward, being almost exclusively SOV in almost all instances. Other word-orders (commonly SVO) may be used occasionally for poetic effect, but such must be clearly marked with affices denoting their grammatical role, often merely to avoid ambiguity.
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
- The Internationale - ТрәнњещӀьахимнһц
- Even when issues arise - шԇөтжелф хжалд'с ды җӀұйец бољата
- Hansu Hansuen - Дихтатэрин ды дихтатэрин'с
Swadesh list