User:Chrysophylax/Valian: Difference between revisions
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==Phonetics and phonology== | ==Phonetics and phonology== | ||
===Spelling=== | |||
Valian is written with the Latin script and has a very shallow orthography. | |||
The following letters are used: '''a b d e g h i k l m n r o p r s t v y ä ë ü'''. | |||
====Notes==== | |||
*All vowel graphemes can be doubled to represent the long version of the vowel. | |||
*The consonants ⟨b d g⟩ represent the semi-voiced allophones ([b̥ d̥ g̥]) of the phonemes /p t k/ and occur only between vowels. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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'''Notes''': | '''Notes''': | ||
#{{IPA|[ŋ]}} only occurs as an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of {{IPA|[n]}} before {{IPA|[k]}}, e.g. taankos {{IPA|[ˈtɑːŋg̥os̺]}}. | #{{IPA|[ŋ]}} only occurs as an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of {{IPA|[n]}} before {{IPA|[k]}}, e.g. taankos {{IPA|[ˈtɑːŋg̥os̺]}}. | ||
#{{IPA|[x]}} is a word-final allophone of {{IPA|[h]}} (e.g. '' | #{{IPA|[x]}} is a word-final allophone of {{IPA|[h]}} (e.g. ''aagah'' 'wound' [ˈɑːg̥ɑx]). | ||
<!--#{{IPA|[lʲ]}} is encountered in free variation with {{IPA|[ʎ]}} in certain varieties of speech (e.g. Sanahta dialect ''leia'' 'while' {{IPA|[ʎeiɑˑ~lʲeiɑˑ]}}).--> | <!--#{{IPA|[lʲ]}} is encountered in free variation with {{IPA|[ʎ]}} in certain varieties of speech (e.g. Sanahta dialect ''leia'' 'while' {{IPA|[ʎeiɑˑ~lʲeiɑˑ]}}).--> | ||
There is only one series of plosives in Valian. The archiphonemes ||p t k|| have various realisations depending on the phonological context in which they surface. Usually unaspirated, they may become aspirated at the end of sentences and in pausa, e.g.,non-final ''päht'' {{IPA|[pæht]}} (‘stone’) → sentence-final {{IPA|[pæhtʰ]}}). The plosives are furthermore lightly voiced between vowels and after /n/ /m/ /l/, e.g., ''sede'' {{IPA|[ˈsʲed̥ʲeˑ]}} (‘path’). | There is only one series of plosives in Valian. The archiphonemes ||p t k|| have various realisations depending on the phonological context in which they surface. Usually unaspirated, they may become aspirated at the end of sentences and in pausa, e.g.,non-final ''päht'' {{IPA|[pæht]}} (‘stone’) → sentence-final {{IPA|[pæhtʰ]}}). The plosives are furthermore lightly voiced between vowels and after /n/ /m/ /l/, e.g., ''sede'' {{IPA|[ˈsʲed̥ʲeˑ]}} (‘path’). | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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'''Notes''': | '''Notes''': | ||
Word- and sentence-final short vowels are often pronounced slightly longer than their non-final counterparts (e.g. ''salma'' 'faith' [ˈsɑlmɑˑ]). | Word- and sentence-final short vowels are often pronounced slightly longer than their non-final counterparts (e.g. ''salma'' 'faith' [ˈsɑlmɑˑ]). | ||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Latest revision as of 15:28, 25 June 2015
Phonetics and phonology
Spelling
Valian is written with the Latin script and has a very shallow orthography.
The following letters are used: a b d e g h i k l m n r o p r s t v y ä ë ü.
Notes
- All vowel graphemes can be doubled to represent the long version of the vowel.
- The consonants ⟨b d g⟩ represent the semi-voiced allophones ([b̥ d̥ g̥]) of the phonemes /p t k/ and occur only between vowels.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | palatalized | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | (nʲ) | (ŋ)1 | |||
| Plosive | p | t | (tʲ) | k | |||
| Fricative | v | s | (sʲ) | (x)2 | h | ||
| Approximant | l | (lʲ)3 | j | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
Notes:
- [ŋ] only occurs as an allophone of [n] before [k], e.g. taankos [ˈtɑːŋg̥os̺].
- [x] is a word-final allophone of [h] (e.g. aagah 'wound' [ˈɑːg̥ɑx]).
There is only one series of plosives in Valian. The archiphonemes ||p t k|| have various realisations depending on the phonological context in which they surface. Usually unaspirated, they may become aspirated at the end of sentences and in pausa, e.g.,non-final päht [pæht] (‘stone’) → sentence-final [pæhtʰ]). The plosives are furthermore lightly voiced between vowels and after /n/ /m/ /l/, e.g., sede [ˈsʲed̥ʲeˑ] (‘path’).
Vowels
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
| Close | i iː | y yː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | ø øː | ɤ ɤː | o oː |
| Open | æ æː | ɑ ɑː | ||
Notes: Word- and sentence-final short vowels are often pronounced slightly longer than their non-final counterparts (e.g. salma 'faith' [ˈsɑlmɑˑ]).