Fourth Linguifex Relay/Minhast: Difference between revisions

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== Minhast Text ==
== Introduction ==


Ikkūne kuriktahan iħyitahammā,
Minhast is a polysynthetic language that exhibits polypersonal cross-indexing on the verb, noun incorporation, and valence operations affixes.  Its morphological alignment is Ergative-Absolutive, and canonical word order is SOV.  The reader is advised to go to the [[Minhast]] wiki for details on valence operations, applicatives, noun incorporation, and antipassivation.  Also helpful will be the discussions on the Connectives ''min'' and ''wa=''.  In this text be on the lookout for noun incorporation and any operation that manipulates the S/O pivot.
Duħtaniktaharu, ittaħyamekan,
Hakkumman.


Taħ watturħa kungatarabammā, ikšākarampā
== Minhast Text ==
Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurganaft, dutikšakinnarumā,
Wahēk, duħtiptayyariknenaru.


Ra'e, wattā' hittanankūyaranaft keħredāš tadammantankūyismattabu
''Ikkūne kuriktahan iħyitahammā,''<br/>
Wašia wakayyunar intakahešnuktararampi, wammīn.
''Duħtaniktaharu, ittaħyamekan,''<br/>
''Hakkumman.''<br/>


''Taħ watturħa kungatarabammā, ikšākarampā''<br/>
''Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurganaft, dutikšakinnarumā,''<br/>
''Wahēk, duħtiptayyariknenaru.''<br/>


''Ra'e, wattā' hittanankūyaranaft keħredāš tadammantankūyismattabu''<br/>
''Wašia wakayyunar intakahešnuktararampi, wammīn.''


== Interlinear Gloss ==
== Interlinear Gloss ==


Ikkūne kurg-tah-an iħy-tah-an=mā
''Ikkūne kurg-tah-an iħy-tah-an=mā''<br/>
Chieftain be.strong-2S.ABS-INTRANS be.high-2S.ABS-INTRANS=SUBORD
Chieftain be.strong-2S.ABS-INTRANS be.high-2S.ABS-INTRANS=SUBORD<br/>
 
Dut-han-ktah-ar-u, ittah-yam-ek-an
DAT.APPL-come-1S.ABS+2S.ERG-PST-TRANS, have-sea-1S.ABS-INTRANS,


Hakkum-m-an
''Dut-han-ktah-ar-u, ittah-yam-ek-an,''<br/>
Be.far-3S.ANIM.ABS-INTRANS
DAT.APPL-come-1S.ABS+2S.ERG-PST-TRANS, have-sea-1S.ABS-INTRANS, <br/>


Taħ watturħa kungat-Ø-ar-ab-an=mā, ikšāk-Ø-ar=ampā
''Hakkum-m-an.''<br/>
2S.ABS CONN=spirit look.forward.to.arrival-3S.ABS-PST-IMPF-INTRANS=SUBORD, request-3MS.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS+SUBORD
Be.far-3S.ANIM.ABS-INTRANS<br/>


Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurg-Ø-an=aft, dut-ikšāk-nn-ar-u=mā
''Taħ watturħa kungat-Ø-ar-ab-an=mā, ikšāk-Ø-ar=ampā''<br/>
SEQUENTIAL.DISC, sky CONN spirit be.great-3S.ABS-INTRANS=NMLZ, DAT.APPL-request-3S.ABS+3S.ERG-PST-TRANS=SUBORD
2S.ABS CONN=spirit look.forward.to.arrival-3S.ABS-PST-IMPF-INTRANS=SUBORD, request-3MS.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS+SUBORD<br/>


Wahēk, dut-hitt-payyar-knen-ar-u
''Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurg-Ø-an=aft, dut-ikšāk-nn-ar-u=mā''<br/>
SEQUENTIAL.DISC, DAT.APPL-give-custom-1S.ABS+3MS.ERG-PST-TRANS
SEQUENTIAL.DISC, sky CONN spirit be.great-3S.ABS-INTRANS=NMLZ, DAT.APPL-request-3S.ABS+3S.ERG-PST-TRANS=SUBORD<br/>


Ra'e, wa=hattā' hitt-nannankūy-Ø-ar-an=aft keħre=dāš ta-idammat-nannankūy-m-satt-ab-u
''Wahēk, dut-hitt-payyar-knen-ar-u''<br/>
CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC CONN=NEG give-silver-3MS.ABS-PST-INTRANS=NMLZ death=MAL NEG=protect-silver-3S.ABS+3S.INANIM.ERG-FUT-IMPF-TRANS
SEQUENTIAL.DISC, DAT.APPL-give-custom-1S.ABS+3MS.ERG-PST-TRANS<br/>
 
Wašia wa=kayyun-ar nt-kah-ešnuk-tar-Ø-ar-ampi, wammīn.
DISTAL.ADV CONN=tree-PST INTENS-INVERSE.VOLITIONAL-tip-DISTR-3S.ANIM.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS, CAUSAL.DISC


''Ra'e, wa=hattā' hitt-nannankūy-Ø-ar-an=aft keħre=dāš ta-idammat-nannankūy-m-satt-ab-u''<br/>
CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC CONN=NEG give-silver-3MS.ABS-PST-INTRANS=NMLZ death=MAL NEG=protect-silver-3S.ABS+3S.INANIM.ERG-FUT-IMPF-TRANS<br/>


''Wašia wa=kayyun-ar nt-kah-ešnuk-tar-Ø-ar-ampi, wammīn.''<br/>
DISTAL.ADV CONN=tree-PST INTENS-INVERSE.VOLITIONAL-tip-DISTR-3S.ANIM.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS, CAUSAL.DISC<br/>


== Glossing Key ==
== Glossing Key ==


1) DAT.APPL - Dative Applicative
# DAT.APPL - Dative Applicative
2) ERG - Ergative
# ERG - Ergative
3) ABS - Absolutive
# ABS - Absolutive
4) INTRANS - Intransitive
# DAT - Dative
5) TRANS - Transitive
# MAL - Malefactive
6) ANTIPASS - Antipassive
# INTRANS - Intransitive
7) CONN - Connective particle or clitic  
# TRANS - Transitive
- Minhast has two kinds of Connectives: 'min' links two or more noun phrases (NP); 'wa=' links adjuncts with clauses
# ANTIPASS - Antipassive
8) ANIM - Animate
# CONN - Connective particle or clitic.  Minhast has two kinds of Connectives: ''min'' links two or more noun phrases (NP); ''wa='' links adjuncts with clauses.
9) INANIM - Inanimate
# ANIM - Animate
10) 1S - First person singular
# INANIM - Inanimate
11) 2S - Second person singular
# 1S - First person singular
12) 3S - Third person singular
# 2S - Second person singular
13) SUBORD - Subordinative clitic
# 3S - Third person singular
14) DISC - Discourse particle
# SUBORD - Subordinative clitic
15) NEG - Negation particle, affix or clitic
# DISC - Discourse particle
16) INTENS - Intensive  
# NEG - Negation particle, affix or clitic
17) INVERSE.VOLITIONAL - Inverse volitional affix, changes verbs that are semantically deliberate to accidental, and vice versa
# INTENS - Intensive  
18) DISTR - Distributive
# INVERSE.VOLITIONAL - Inverse volitional affix, changes verbs that are semantically deliberate to accidental, and vice versa
19) PST - Past tense
# DISTR - Distributive
20) FUT - Future tense
# PST - Past tense
21) IMPF - Imperfect aspect
# FUT - Future tense
22) DISTAL.ADV - Distal demonstrative adverb
# IMPF - Imperfect aspect
23) SEQUENTIAL.DISC - Sequential discourse particle, similar to the Subordinative clitic.  However, this particle implies also a shift in grammatical roles between the core arguments.
# DISTAL.ADV - Distal demonstrative adverb
24) CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC - Confirmatory-Expective discourse particle which indicates that the speaker expects the listener to agree what the speaker just said.
# SEQUENTIAL.DISC - Sequential discourse particle, similar to the Subordinative clitic.  However, this particle implies also a shift in grammatical roles between the core arguments.
25) CAUSAL.DISC - Discourse particle that indicates that the clause it is bound to was responsible for causing previous clauses to occur.  It has wide scope over extended discourse.
# CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC - Confirmatory-Expective discourse particle which indicates that the speaker expects the listener to agree what the speaker just said.
 
# CAUSAL.DISC - Discourse particle that indicates that the clause it is bound to was responsible for causing previous clauses to occur.  It has wide scope over extended discourse.
 
== Additional Notes ==
 
**** WATCH OUT for noun incorporation!

Latest revision as of 04:12, 21 July 2015

Introduction

Minhast is a polysynthetic language that exhibits polypersonal cross-indexing on the verb, noun incorporation, and valence operations affixes. Its morphological alignment is Ergative-Absolutive, and canonical word order is SOV. The reader is advised to go to the Minhast wiki for details on valence operations, applicatives, noun incorporation, and antipassivation. Also helpful will be the discussions on the Connectives min and wa=. In this text be on the lookout for noun incorporation and any operation that manipulates the S/O pivot.

Minhast Text

Ikkūne kuriktahan iħyitahammā,
Duħtaniktaharu, ittaħyamekan,
Hakkumman.

Taħ watturħa kungatarabammā, ikšākarampā
Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurganaft, dutikšakinnarumā,
Wahēk, duħtiptayyariknenaru.

Ra'e, wattā' hittanankūyaranaft keħredāš tadammantankūyismattabu
Wašia wakayyunar intakahešnuktararampi, wammīn.

Interlinear Gloss

Ikkūne kurg-tah-an iħy-tah-an=mā
Chieftain be.strong-2S.ABS-INTRANS be.high-2S.ABS-INTRANS=SUBORD

Dut-han-ktah-ar-u, ittah-yam-ek-an,
DAT.APPL-come-1S.ABS+2S.ERG-PST-TRANS, have-sea-1S.ABS-INTRANS,

Hakkum-m-an.
Be.far-3S.ANIM.ABS-INTRANS

Taħ watturħa kungat-Ø-ar-ab-an=mā, ikšāk-Ø-ar=ampā
2S.ABS CONN=spirit look.forward.to.arrival-3S.ABS-PST-IMPF-INTRANS=SUBORD, request-3MS.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS+SUBORD

Wahēk, šuxtān min turħa kurg-Ø-an=aft, dut-ikšāk-nn-ar-u=mā
SEQUENTIAL.DISC, sky CONN spirit be.great-3S.ABS-INTRANS=NMLZ, DAT.APPL-request-3S.ABS+3S.ERG-PST-TRANS=SUBORD

Wahēk, dut-hitt-payyar-knen-ar-u
SEQUENTIAL.DISC, DAT.APPL-give-custom-1S.ABS+3MS.ERG-PST-TRANS

Ra'e, wa=hattā' hitt-nannankūy-Ø-ar-an=aft keħre=dāš ta-idammat-nannankūy-m-satt-ab-u
CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC CONN=NEG give-silver-3MS.ABS-PST-INTRANS=NMLZ death=MAL NEG=protect-silver-3S.ABS+3S.INANIM.ERG-FUT-IMPF-TRANS

Wašia wa=kayyun-ar nt-kah-ešnuk-tar-Ø-ar-ampi, wammīn.
DISTAL.ADV CONN=tree-PST INTENS-INVERSE.VOLITIONAL-tip-DISTR-3S.ANIM.ABS-PST-ANTIPASS, CAUSAL.DISC

Glossing Key

  1. DAT.APPL - Dative Applicative
  2. ERG - Ergative
  3. ABS - Absolutive
  4. DAT - Dative
  5. MAL - Malefactive
  6. INTRANS - Intransitive
  7. TRANS - Transitive
  8. ANTIPASS - Antipassive
  9. CONN - Connective particle or clitic. Minhast has two kinds of Connectives: min links two or more noun phrases (NP); wa= links adjuncts with clauses.
  10. ANIM - Animate
  11. INANIM - Inanimate
  12. 1S - First person singular
  13. 2S - Second person singular
  14. 3S - Third person singular
  15. SUBORD - Subordinative clitic
  16. DISC - Discourse particle
  17. NEG - Negation particle, affix or clitic
  18. INTENS - Intensive
  19. INVERSE.VOLITIONAL - Inverse volitional affix, changes verbs that are semantically deliberate to accidental, and vice versa
  20. DISTR - Distributive
  21. PST - Past tense
  22. FUT - Future tense
  23. IMPF - Imperfect aspect
  24. DISTAL.ADV - Distal demonstrative adverb
  25. SEQUENTIAL.DISC - Sequential discourse particle, similar to the Subordinative clitic. However, this particle implies also a shift in grammatical roles between the core arguments.
  26. CONFIRM.EXPECT.DISC - Confirmatory-Expective discourse particle which indicates that the speaker expects the listener to agree what the speaker just said.
  27. CAUSAL.DISC - Discourse particle that indicates that the clause it is bound to was responsible for causing previous clauses to occur. It has wide scope over extended discourse.
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