Idavic languages: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(81 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond
| region      = Tumhan
| name        = Idavic
| name        = Idavic
| familycolor = dodellic
| familycolor = dodellic
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| family      = One of [[Tricin]]'s primary language families
| protoname  = Proto-Idavic (PId)
| protoname  = Proto-Idavic (PId)
}}
}}


'''Idavic''' or '''Idavo-Etalocian''' is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic.
'''Idavic''' (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic ''*ʔidawi'' 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic.
The urheimat is central-western Etalocin.
The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.


Inspiration: Afro-Asiatic, IE
Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical [[Netagin]]. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.


==Family tree==
==Family tree==
*Idavic
*Idavic
** A language with Uralic grammar
**Netagic (the only tricons branch)
**Netagic (the only tricons branch)
***[[Netagin]] (Optimized for piyyutim)
***[[Netagin]] (Optimized for piyyutim)
**Nabŋaic
** Hmoob-like language
***[[Sésjallese]] (Hiberno-Arabic)
** [[Whitmer]]
***[[Ouřefr]] (Czech + Dutch)
** [[Pategian]]
**Pategic
***Dodellic
****[[Dodellian]]
*** sth with Sanskrit stops (but vowels shouldn't be Sanskrit-y; a bit more like Lithuanian?)
***[[Pategian]]
*** some labialless language
*** [[Shalaian]]


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Proto-Idavic had about 27 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars. It is thought to have had no labials except /m/; labials were gained in later languages but in different ways.
Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
Line 40: Line 34:
! |Back coronal
! |Back coronal
! |Front velar
! |Front velar
! |Labiovelar
! |Back velar
! |Back velar
! |Labiovelar
! |Glottal
! |Glottal
|-
|-
Line 47: Line 41:
| |'''m''' /m/
| |'''m''' /m/
|colspan=2|'''n''' /n̪~n̠/
|colspan=2|'''n''' /n̪~n̠/
|colspan=2|'''ŋ''' /ɲ~ŋ/
|colspan=3|'''ŋ''' /ɲ~ŋ/
| |
| |
| |
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
|
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t̪/
|'''t''' /t̪/
|'''ť''' /t&#800;/
|'''ť''' /t&#800;/
|'''ḱ''' /k&#799;/
|'''ḱ''' /k&#799;/
|'''k{{lab}}''' /k{{lab}}/
|'''k''' /k&#800;/
|'''k''' /k&#800;/
|'''kʷ''' /kʷ/
|'''ʔ''' /ʔ/
|'''q''' /ʔ/
|-
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
|
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /d̪/
|'''d''' /d̪/
|'''ď''' /d&#800;/
|'''ď''' /d&#800;/
|'''ǵ''' /g&#799;/
|'''ǵ''' /g&#799;/
|'''g{{lab}}''' /g{{lab}}/
|'''g''' /g&#800;/
|'''g''' /g&#800;/
|'''gʷ''' /gʷ/
|
|
|-
|-
Line 75: Line 68:
|'''š''' /s̠/
|'''š''' /s̠/
|'''x́''' /x&#799;/
|'''x́''' /x&#799;/
|'''x{{lab}}''' /x{{lab}}/
|'''x''' /x&#800;/
|'''x''' /x&#800;/
|'''xʷ''' /xʷ/
|
|'''h''' /h/
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
! colspan="2" |Affricate
Line 89: Line 82:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
|  
| '''w''' /w/
| '''l''' /l&#810;/
| '''l''' /l&#810;/
| '''ľ''' /ɺ/
| '''r''' /r/, '''ľ''' /ɺ/
| '''y''' /j/
| '''y''' /j/
| '''r''' /ʀ/
|  
|'''w''' /w/
|
|
|
|}
|}
In PId triliteral roots, front coronal stops and back coronal stops could not occur next to each other, and neither could front velars, back velars and labiovelars stops (hopefully then the roots would sound less Semitic).
'''s c''' were lamino-dental, and '''š č''' were retracted apico-alveolar.


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
Line 125: Line 118:
| '''ā''' /ɑ:/
| '''ā''' /ɑ:/
|}
|}
Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew
Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/


===Suprasegmentals ===
===Suprasegmentals ===
*Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''ã''')
** Creaky voice is the source of glottal reinforcement in Shalaian and gemination in Netagin.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this
Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this


active vs stative verbs turns into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin, but turns into tense in other Idavic languages
Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.
 
Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, ''*mi''. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
!| ||  1sg || 2sg ||  3sg  ||  1pl || 2pl || 3pl
|-
! Independent
| ''*wēlu'' || ''*wēbu'' || ''-'' || ''*wēći'' || ''*wēnīʔi'' || ''-''
|-
! Emphatic
| ''*hanlī'' || ''*hanbā'' || (demonstratives) || ''*hanćā''  || ''*hannīʔi'' || (demonstratives)
|-
! Alienable
| ''*le-'' || ''*be-'' || ''*ʔin-'' || ''*će-'' || ''*neś-'' || ''*ʔeś-''
|-
! Inalienable
| ''*-alu'' || ''*-abu'' || ''*-ī'' || ''*-ćā'' || ''*-nīʔi'' || ''*-iś''
|-
|}
 
=== Nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| decl. A
! colspan=2| decl. B
! colspan=2| decl. D
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Absolute state'''
|''lēti'' ||''lētāla''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱi''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱi'''''
||''-īni''||''-ijē''
|-
|align="right"|'''Construct state'''
|''lēta-'' ||''lētā-''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱa-''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱa-'''''
||''-''||''-''
|}
 
=== Verbs ===
Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:
* ʔ- dynamic
** infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
* ŋ- causative
* s-infix: to do in advance
* various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"
 
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! Stem !! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Applicative !! Transgressive !! Verbal noun
|-
! a-stem
| ''*1i2a3'' || ''*-(e)12a3'' || ''*-1in2a3'' || ''*1a2ā3'' || ''*1a2ī3i'', ''*1e2ī3i''
|-
! e-stem
| ''*1a2e3'' || ''*-12e3'' || ''*-1in2e3'' || ''*ʔa1e2ā3'' || ''*12e3eḱi''
|-
! ʔ-prefix stem
| ''*ʔa12e3'' || ''*-ʔa12u3'' || ''*-ʔi1en2i3'' || ''*ʔa12ā3'' || ''*ʔa12ē3i''
|-
! {{ng}}-prefix stem
| ''*{{ng}}a12e3'' || ''*-ŋ1a2u3'' || ''*-{{ng}}1in2i3'' || ''*{{ng}}a12ā3'' || ''*12ū3eḱi''
|-
! š-infix stem
| ''*1aš2e3'' || ''*-1aš2u3'' || ''*-1išin2o3'' || ''*1aš2ā3'' || ''*1aš2ē3i''
|-
! ʔ-infix stem
| ''*1aʔ2e3'' || ''*-1aʔ2u3'' || ''*-1iʔin2i3'' || ''*1aʔ2ā3'' || ''*te1aʔ2e3i''
|-
! 2-redup
| ''*21a2e3'' || ''*-2a12u3'' || ''*-21in2u3'' || ''*21a2ā3'' || ''*21a23eḱi''
|-
! 3-redup
| ''*1i2a3e3'' || ''*-1a23u3'' || ''*-1in2i3u3'' || ''*1a2a3ā3'' || ''*12a3ē3i''
|-
! 13-redup
| ''*1i31a2e3'' || ''*-1i3a12u3'' || ''*-1i31in2u3'' || ''*1i31a2ā3'' || ''*1i31a2ē3''
|}
 
===Derivation===
* Noun patterns: ''1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3''
* ''1aʔ2ū3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*''ʔe12ā3'' = agent noun
*''1iʔ2i3'' = resultatives
*''1aʔ2e3'' = tendency/quality of X
*''1iʔ2a3'' = degree/measure
*''-ām'' = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
*''-ān'' = abstract noun, collective
*''1a2ī3'' = quality adjective
*''1u2a3'' = resultative adjective
*''1e2ā3'' = event
*''śi12ū3'' = event
*''tawa12a3''
*''śi12a3/śi12i3'' = instrument
*''wa12ē3/wa12ī3'' = profession
*''ti12a3/ti12e3'' = process
*''wa12ū3'' = patient noun
*''wa12ā3'' = resultative noun


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 16:39, 25 October 2024

Idavic languages/Lexicon
Idavic languages/Swadesh
Idavic
Created by–
Geographic
distribution		Tumhan
Linguistic classificationOne of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Idavic (PId)

Idavic (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic *ʔidawi 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic. The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical Netagin. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.

Family tree

  • Idavic
    • A language with Uralic grammar
    • Netagic (the only tricons branch)
    • Hmoob-like language
    • Whitmer
    • Pategian

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.

Labial Front coronal Back coronal Front velar Labiovelar Back velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n̪~n̠/ ŋ /ɲ~ŋ/
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t̪/ ť /t̠/ ḱ /k̟/ kʷ /kʷ/ k /k̠/ ʔ /ʔ/
voiced b /b/ d /d̪/ ď /d̠/ ǵ /g̟/ gʷ /gʷ/ g /g̠/
Fricative s /s̟/ š /s̠/ x́ /x̟/ xʷ /xʷ/ x /x̠/
Affricate c /t̪s̟/ č /t̠s̠/
Resonant w /w/ l /l̪/ r /r/, ľ /ɺ/ y /j/

s c were lamino-dental, and š č were retracted apico-alveolar.

Vowels

Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Proto-Netagin vowels
Front Back
short long short long
Close i /ɪ/ ī /i:/ u /ʊ/ ū /u:/
Open e /æ/ ē /æ:/ a /ɑ/ ā /ɑ:/

Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/

Suprasegmentals

Morphology

Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this

Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.

Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, *mi. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.

Pronouns

1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
Independent *wēlu *wēbu - *wēći *wēnīʔi -
Emphatic *hanlī *hanbā (demonstratives) *hanćā *hannīʔi (demonstratives)
Alienable *le- *be- *ʔin- *će- *neś- *ʔeś-
Inalienable *-alu *-abu *-ī *-ćā *-nīʔi *-iś

Nouns

decl. A decl. B decl. D
singular plural singular plural singular plural
Absolute state lēti lētāla ʔisteleḱi ʔistelahaḱi -īni -ijē
Construct state lēta- lētā- ʔisteleḱa- ʔistelahaḱa- - -

Verbs

Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:

  • ʔ- dynamic
    • infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
  • ŋ- causative
  • s-infix: to do in advance
  • various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"
Stem Intransitive Transitive Applicative Transgressive Verbal noun
a-stem *1i2a3 *-(e)12a3 *-1in2a3 *1a2ā3 *1a2ī3i, *1e2ī3i
e-stem *1a2e3 *-12e3 *-1in2e3 *ʔa1e2ā3 *12e3eḱi
ʔ-prefix stem *ʔa12e3 *-ʔa12u3 *-ʔi1en2i3 *ʔa12ā3 *ʔa12ē3i
ŋ-prefix stem *ŋa12e3 *-ŋ1a2u3 *-ŋ1in2i3 *ŋa12ā3 *12ū3eḱi
š-infix stem *1aš2e3 *-1aš2u3 *-1išin2o3 *1aš2ā3 *1aš2ē3i
ʔ-infix stem *1aʔ2e3 *-1aʔ2u3 *-1iʔin2i3 *1aʔ2ā3 *te1aʔ2e3i
2-redup *21a2e3 *-2a12u3 *-21in2u3 *21a2ā3 *21a23eḱi
3-redup *1i2a3e3 *-1a23u3 *-1in2i3u3 *1a2a3ā3 *12a3ē3i
13-redup *1i31a2e3 *-1i3a12u3 *-1i31in2u3 *1i31a2ā3 *1i31a2ē3

Derivation

  • Noun patterns: 1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3
  • 1aʔ2ū3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
  • ʔe12ā3 = agent noun
  • 1iʔ2i3 = resultatives
  • 1aʔ2e3 = tendency/quality of X
  • 1iʔ2a3 = degree/measure
  • -ām = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
  • -ān = abstract noun, collective
  • 1a2ī3 = quality adjective
  • 1u2a3 = resultative adjective
  • 1e2ā3 = event
  • śi12ū3 = event
  • tawa12a3
  • śi12a3/śi12i3 = instrument
  • wa12ē3/wa12ī3 = profession
  • ti12a3/ti12e3 = process
  • wa12ū3 = patient noun
  • wa12ā3 = resultative noun

Syntax

Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Idavic_languages&oldid=389057"