Kēlen

Kēlen
Created by	Sylvia Sotomayor
Setting	alien species (the Kēleñi)
Sources	a priori language, consciously rejecting linguistic universals to create an alien language
Language codes
CLCR	qke

Kēlen, [ˈkeːlen], is a constructed language created by Sylvia Sotomayor. It is an attempt to create a truly alien language by violating a key linguistic universal—namely that all human languages have verbs. In Kēlen, relationships between the noun phrases making up the sentence are expressed by one of four relationals. Despite this, Kēlen is an expressive and intelligible language; texts written in Kēlen have been translated into other languages by several people other than the creator of the language, as may be seen here. In this interview Sotomayor states that she aims for Kēlen to be naturalistic apart from its verblessness, and that to achieve this she employs the principle "change one thing and keep everything else the same".

In its concultural setting, Kēlen is spoken by an alien species (the Kēleñi).

Introduction

Kēlen is mentioned prominently by Sarah L. Higley in her book Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language: An edition, translation and discussion (Palgrave Macmillan 2007, The New Middle Ages) where she discusses Lingua Ignota in the context of constructed languages up to the present day. She describes it as an example of the desire for originality in contemporary conlanging, by virtue of its verbless grammar, and notes that it is a prominent example of a conlang created by a woman. She also says that "fellow conlangers consider Kēlen to be efficient, elegant, strange and innovative, and its writing system is greatly admired." Kēlen is also discussed at length in this paper by M. Yu. Sidorova and O.N. Shuvalova, Several glossed examples are given.

At the third Language Creation Conference David J. Peterson awarded the Smiley Award to Kēlen, describing it as "an engineered language with the soul of an artistic language". He explains that while its experimental structure is in many ways similar to an engineered language, the amount of linguistic and concultural detail given by Sotomayor (including inflection of the relationals, three different scripts, and information on Kēleñi culture and society such as a calendar and a method of divination) make it a fully fledged artistic project rather than a simple experiment. Kēlen also comes with its own writing system, which bears a superficial resemblance to Devanagari.

Phonology

Kēlen has 17 consonants and 16 vowels.

Consonants

According to the Kēleñi, there are five stops (ansāorīki anpōhi). These are /p/, /t/, /s/, /c/, /k/. These are all unaspirated and voiceless. They become voiced between vowels and/or sonorants. They stay voiceless at the beginning and end of words, or next to another stop or fricative. There are also five fricatives (ansāorīki ankōrji). These are /w/, /þ/, /x/, /j/, /h/. These are all voiceless at the beginning and end of words and next to another stop or fricative, and voiced between vowels and/or sonorants. Furthermore in some dialects these sounds are always voiced. And finally there are thirteen sonorants (ansāorīki antāni). These are /m/, /mm/, /n/, /nn/, /ñ/, /ññ/, /ŋ/, /ŋŋ/, /l/, /ll/, /λ/, /r/, and /rr/. These are almost always voiced, though various dialects will devoice these at the beginning of words.

Consonant phonemes

	Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m	n			ñ [ɲ]	ŋ
Stop	p	t			c1	k
Fricative	w [β]2	þ [θ]	s3	x [ʃ]	j [ç]4	h [x]5
Affricate
Approximant
Lateral		l			λ [ʎ]
Trill		r

Notes:

1. /c/ is a palatal stop, but can be mispronounced as English /ch/ without any misunderstanding.
2. /w/ is a bilabial fricative, very much like the Spanish /v/.
3. /s/ is nowadays pronounced like English /s/, but used to be like German /z/ or /ts/.
4. /j/ is like the German /ch/ in /ich/, though mispronouncing it like English /hu/ in /human/ is accepted.
5. /h/ is like the German /ch/ in /ach/. Mispronouncing it like the English /h/ in /house/ is also accepted.

Vowel

Vowels (anrūēli or ansāorīki anūrāni) come in two varieties, the long (anōma) and the short (anīña). These are distinct and make minimal pairs, and so are counted as separate vowels. In addition, there is one short vowel /y/, halfway between /i/ and /u/.

Vowel phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ī	(ɪ)1	u ū
Mid	e ē	(ə)1	o ō
Open		a ā

Notes:

1. The short vowel /y/ which only occurs in some dialects, pronounced as a high mid vowel. It is fairly close in pronunciation to the American English short /i/ or to the last vowel sound in the American English word /decided/.

Diphthongs

There are also some diphthongs, again in long and short forms. These are /āe/, /ae/, /āo/, /ao/, /iē/, /ie/. The diphthongs /āe/ and /ae/ are pronounced like Spanish /ay/. /āo/ and /ao/ are pronounced like German /au/. /iē/ and /ie/ are pronounced like American English /ye/ in /yet/. Any other vowel pairs are pronounced as separate vowels.

Grammar

Nouns

Nouns are made up of a stem together with a prefix and a suffix. Noun stems can be monosyllabic, with a CVC structure. VC, CV, and V stems occur, as well as multisyllabic and compounded stems. Stems are inflected with a mandatory set of prefixes denoting animate, inanimate, and possessed nouns.

• Animate nouns refer to people, to things that are considered to have volition, such as some natural phenomena, or to things that have been elevated to person status, such as pets. What is inflected as animate can vary by idiolect. The most restrictive use of animacy is to designate only kin as animate.
• Inanimate nouns refer to things, events, places, qualities, and abstractions. Occasionally, animate nouns are demoted to inanimate for the purposes of insult. More often, nouns that would be inanimate are promoted to animacy in acknowledgement of honorary personhood. This especially happens in stories. So while a rock would normally be inanimate, a talking rock would not be. Likewise, a storm might be inanimate, but a storm that kills several people might not be.
• Possessed nouns refer to those inanimates that are considered to be part of a person, such as body parts. Possessed nouns that are no longer associated with a person, such as detached body parts, will be inflected as inanimate. Body expressions (smile, frown, etc) can also be possessed. However, communications (sigh, groan) are usually inanimate, but can be possessed in certain contexts. Since motion can be considered an expression, it can be possessed in certain contexts, such as when talking about someone's manner or style of motion. Kinship terms are not generally possessed.

The animacy prefixes are:

	before C	before V
animate	ma-	m-
inanimate	ja-	j-
	an-
1p possessed	le-	l-
2p possessed	ri-	r-
3p possessed	sa-	s-

Number

Stem suffixes denote number: non-plural and plural. The non-plural varies between -a, -e, and a null suffix. Which is used depends on the form and final consonant of the stem. The plural suffixes are -i and -ien. -ien is only used with animates.

Generally, the null suffix is used with stems ending in:

• a vowel
• a single nasal (m, n, ñ, ŋ)
• l, λ, r, or rj

-e is used with stems ending in:

• any two consonants (except rj)
• stems with the suffixes -īk or -īw

Regular stems ending in -īk or -īw do not use the non-plural -e suffix. For example, the stem -kīw- "skin" would not use the -e suffix, but the derived stem -kīwīk- "leather" would.

-a is used everywhere else, especially:

• after any single stop or fricative (varies by dialect)
• after a monosyllabic stem ending in any consonant (varies by dialect)

The plural suffix -i assimilates with stems ending in vowels. For example:

-ā + -i = -āe

-āe + -i = -āji

-iē + -i = -īji

-ēie + -i = -ēji

A combination of prefix and suffix determines the inflection of the noun stem.

Animacy prefix	Number suffix	Complete inflection
inanimate ja-	non-plural -a/-e/-	inanimate singular noun
	plural -i	inanimate plural noun
inanimate an-	non-plural -a/-e/-	stative noun
	plural -i	inanimate collective noun
animate ma-	non-plural -a/-e/-	animate singular noun
	plural -i	animate collective noun
	reduplication of initial consonant + plural -ien	animate plural noun

Both animates and inanimates have three numbers: singular, collective, and plural. These could also be termed non-plural, collective plural, and distributive plural. There is also the stative inflection, which has no number and is neither animate nor inanimate.

Singular

Nouns that are inherently singular include things that can be counted, pieces or parts of things, instances of a feeling or experience, and events. Singular nouns are used with modifying numbers up through four. Possessed nouns, even those that denote paired objects, are singular.

jaxāela 'night'

malāca 'girl'

sakīwa 'skin'

Collective

Collective nouns include inherent aggregations of parts, powders, liquids, and gases. Collectives are also sets, series, or expanses, and can optionally be used for large scale natural phenomena. Collectives can be used to refer to a generic when discussing something that applies to all members of a set.

anhāri 'water'

ancēwriti 'powder'

makīri 'kinfolk'

Plural

Plural is a distributive plural, and refers to multiple distinct entities that are not grouped.

jaxāeli 'nights'

mallācien 'girls'

Stative

Stative nouns include abstractions, qualities, and attributes. The stative can be used to refer to a generic when discussing the essence of something. Also, the stative is the preferred 2nd opject of PA.

ankēra 'holy'

anmāλa 'green'

ankīwīke 'leather'

Stative nouns will often modify other nouns. In this situation, the stative noun will change its inflection to agree with the other noun. Sometimes the modified noun is omitted, and so only the changed stative is left.

anmāλa 'green'

jacēla jamāλa 'green bowl'

jamāλa 'green thing'

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns make more distinctions in number than nouns do. Where nouns have merely a singular, a collective, and a plural, pronouns come in singular, dual, paucal (or collective), and plural. The dual is used for pairs and dyads. The paucal is generally used to refer to a set of closely bonded individuals, such as in a marriage or small kingroup, and other groups that act collectively. The plural is used to refer to larger unrelated groups of people. Thus the paucal has lost its strict numerical value and become a collective plural, while the plural remains a non-collective plural. Kēlen culture approves of collectives, so the paucal is actually more widespread than the plural.

Furthermore, the first person pronouns come in both exclusive and inclusive varieties. Exclusive excludes 2nd person, and inclusive includes it. Or, first person exclusive refers to 'me and him or her, but not you', or first person plus third person, and first person inclusive refers to 'me and you and maybe him or her, too', or first person plus second and/or third person.

Person	Singular	Dual	Paucal	Plural
1p (exclusive)	liēn	liēnne	lēim	liēþ
1p (inclusive)	-	liēr	ñēim	ñiēþ
2p	riēn	riēnne	rēim	riēþ
3p	sāen	sāenne	sāim	sāeþ

There are two modifiers that can modify pronouns, tēna and āñ. tēna can modify any non-singular pronoun to add emphasis by specifying "both" or "each". āñ can modify any pronoun, turning it into a reflexive form.

Reduced and Relative Pronouns

There are four reduced pronouns. One is used only as a relative pronoun, the others appear in both roles.

Person	Form
1p	le
2p	ri
3p anim.	ma
3p inan. (relative only)	ja

The pronoun le is often used in place of singular, dual, and paucal forms of 1p, exclusive and inclusive. This is considered a polite usage. The pronoun ri can be used in place of singular, dual, and occasionally paucal forms of 2p, but is considered impolite. Finally, ma is often used in place of any of the 3p animate forms, and is neutral as far as politeness is concerned, though in some contexts it could be interpreted as impolite. Most often the reduced forms occur in oblique phrases and not as an object of a relational.

These forms can all be used as relative pronouns, though the 3rd person reduced pronouns are the most prevalent relative pronouns. Also, there is a special relative pronoun ien which is only used to relativize the object of the relational SE.

Definite Pronouns

Inflected nouns can be definite or indefinite. Generally definiteness is clear in context. When one wants to explicitly state that a noun is definite, one can use one of three definite pronouns. These are xō, þō, and āke. They mean 'this', 'that', and 'the other' respectively. They generally follow the noun they modify, but can immediately precede it. They can also be used to reference a previously mentioned noun. However, in certain contexts, the noun they are assumed to modify is 'place', so they can also be interpreted as:

Pronoun	Meaning
xō	'this place, here'
þō	'that place, there'
āke	'that other place, yonder'

Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns can be used alone or in conjunction with a noun.

Indef. PN	as standalone	as modifier
janaren	everything	every
jannarien	-	every
jawae	nothing	no
janahan	anything, something	any
manaren	everyone, everybody	every
mannarien	-	every
mawae	noone, nobody	no
manahan	anyone, anybody, someone, somebody	any
honnarien	every kind, every manner	every kind of, every manner of
howae	no kind, no manner, no-how	no kind of, no manner of
honahan	any kind, some kind, any manner, some manner	any kind of, any manner of

Singular nouns can be modified by the indefinite pronouns janahan (inanimate) and manahan (animate).

Collective nouns can be modified by the indefinite pronouns janaren (inanimate), manaren (animate), jawae (inanimate), and mawae (animate).

Plural nouns can be modified by the indefinite pronouns jannarien (inanimate), mannarien (animate), honahan, howae, and honnarien.

For example, mēli manaren would refer to everybody as one set of people, while mēlien mannarien would refer to everybody as multiple sets of people.

Quantifiers

Quantifiers are modifiers that express quantity. These have different forms when used alone as opposed to used as a modifier.

Modifying form	+ N.sg	+ N.co	+ N.pl	+ N.st	Standalone form
nāra	all of	the whole set of	all	all	janāra	whole, all of it/this/that
tēna	-	all, both, each in the set	-	-	-	-
ān tēna	only one	only one	-	-	-	-
wā	none of	none in the set	no	not	jawāe	none of it/this/that
pē	some of	some of the set	few	some, little	japē	something, some of it/this/that
pē pē	very little of	very few in the set	very few	very little	jañīña	very little of it/this/that
ām	enough of	enough of the set	enough	enough	jaŋŋīra	enough of it/this/that
āmīwe	not enough of, too little of	not enough in the set, too little of the set	not enough, too little	not enough, too little	jāmīwe	not enough of it/this/that, too little of it/this/that
nā	much of	much of the set, many in the set	many	much, lots of	janāe	much of it/this/that, lots of it/this/that
ŋō	very much of	very much of the set, very many in the set	very many	very	jaŋō	very much of it/this/that
nāpie	too much of	too much of the set, too many in the set	too many	too much	janāpie	too much of it/this/that

Derivational morphology

Stems can have other suffixes attached. These suffixes will occur between the stem and the number suffix. Productive suffixes include:

-anen practitioner of noun, as in anālte 'health' → māltanen 'healer, practitioner of healing'

-ēl person who has quality noun, as in ankēra 'holy' → makērēl 'holy person'

-īhen device associated with noun, as in annītte 'fried in oil' → janīttīhen 'frying pan'

-īk artificial kind associated with noun, as in sakīwa 'skin' → ankīwīke 'leather'

-īñ diminutive, as in malāca 'girl' → malācīñ 'little girl'

-īw opposite or lack of noun, as in ansēña 'harmful' → ansēñīwe 'harmless'

-ōn augmentative or agent, as in jatāena 'story' → matāenōn 'storyteller'

Common non-productive suffixes include:

-eran guild associated with noun, as in jālteran 'healers guild'

-ienāl set of four of a noun, as in jaxāelienāl 'set of four nights'

-isse diminutive, as in jēwānisse 'small pond'

-(n)non male practitioner of noun, as in mērānnon 'hunter'

There are also a few prefixes, none of which are productive:

āl- an older augmentative, as in jāllōhen 'feast'

we- an older negation prefix, as in anwetēla 'unknown'

Syntax

Noun phrase

Simple noun phrases consist of a single noun.

Slightly more complicated noun phrases consist of two or more nouns in apposition. Here, it matter whether the nouns are of the same inflection or not. Noun phrases consisting of two or more nouns in juxtaposition with the same inflection refer to the same entity. The order of the nouns in the noun phrase is syntactically irrelevant. Possessed nouns are considered to be inanimate singular, so any modifying nouns referring to the possessed noun would also have to be inanimate singular, though not possessed.

Two or more nouns of differing inflections in juxtaposition do not refer the same entity. Instead, the first is considered to be the main or topic noun, and the modifying noun is considered to be a part or attribute of that noun. This whole::part relationship is the same relationship that the relational PA expresses.

More complex noun phrases can consist of a noun or noun phrase modified by an indefinite pronoun or some other modifier.

Even more complicated noun phrases consist of a prepositional particle word followed by a noun phrase. So:

NP = noun

NP = pronoun

NP = NP modifier

NP = preposition NP

The prepostions are listed below.

λi This is used as a status marker for proper names.

jē This is used to associate something with an animate noun.

nīkan This is used to associate an animate noun with an inanimate or stative noun.

ānen This is used to associate two nouns that are not in a relationship. It can also be used as an instrumentative marker.

sū, rū, rā These are all locative phrase markers

λi

The λi- prefix is used as a status marker when referring to personal names. It primarily occurs when the name is in the topic position. It can occur in front of any name that speaker wishes to show respect for.

sele lewēra λi-mālren;

SE+1p.sg.ben N.1p(name) LI Mālren

'I am called Mālren.'

ōrra ñamma λi ānenānte maλāta ā λi xējelke;

PAST NI+3p.sg.a LI Ānenānte N.an.sg(killed) A LI Xējelke

'Xējelke killed Ānenānte.'

tō jāo sete sawēra λi waxāon tō ōrra ñamma anwaxāon antaxōni tēna sū āke ā λi ārōn;

CONJ SE+3p.pc.ben N.1p(name) LI Confusion CONJ PAST NI+3p.sg.a N.st(confusion) N.co(language) MOD(all) PREP PN(there) A LI Lord

'Thus their name is Confusion, for the Lord made confusion of all languages there.'

jē

jē is used for associating an animate noun with another animate noun. It inflects for person as follows:

maxāna jē liēn	'my friend'
maxāna jē riēn	'your friend'
maxāna jē sāen	'his/her friend'
maxāna jē sāim	'their friend'
maxāna jē maxāna	'a friend's friend'

This particular associative relationship can be abbreviated using the set of reduced pronouns:

maxāna jē liēn	→ maxāna jē le	→ maxān-ēle
maxāna jē riēn	→ maxāna jē ri	→ maxān-ēri
maxāna jē sāen	→ maxāna jē ma	→ maxān-ēma
maxāna jē sāim	→ maxāna jē ma	→ sāim maxān-ēma
maxāna jē maxāna	→ maxāna maxān-ēma

Note that the word order changes with the use of an abbreviated form and a redundant modifying noun phrase.

jē can also be used to associate an animate with a proper-name location, as in makerāon jē sarāpa 'ruler of Sarāpa'.

nīkan

nīkan is an inflecting preposition and is used when associating an animate with a stative or an inanimate. It inflects for person as follows:

jaxūra nīkanle	'my door'
jaxūra nīkanrie	'your door'
jaxūra nīkamma	'his/her door'
jaxūra nīkamma sāim	'their door'
jaxūra nīkan maxāna	'a friend's door'

This particular associative relationship can also be abbreviated:

jaxūra nīkanle	→ jaxūra-nle
jaxūra nīkanrie	→ jaxūra-nrie
jaxūra nīkamma	→ jaxūra-mma
jaxūra nīkamma sāim	→ sāim jaxūra-mma
jaxūra nīkan maxāna	→ 'maxāna jaxūra-mma

Again, note that the word order changes with the use of an abbreviated form and a redundant modifying noun phrase.

ānen

ānen is used to associate two nouns that are not in a WHOLE:PART relationship. It is generally used as a comitative preposition.

jatēwa ānen jacūti

'table with cups'

ānen modified by wā is negative:

jatēwa ānen jacūti wā

'table without cups'

ānen modified by ēmma means 'except (for)':

ancēli ānen jacūti ēmma

'the dishes except for cups'

sū, rū, and rā

Location is marked by these three prepositions. The locative phrase can then be further elaborated with a set of locative modifiers.

LOC NP [MOD]

sū marks location at a place, rā marks direction to a place, and rū marks direction from a place.

sū jatāsa 'at the market-square' rā jatāsa 'to the market-square' rū jatāsa 'from the market-square'

Modifiers can be used to add more information. Locative phrases with modifiers can reduce the NP to ja and make the phrase into a single word.

External links

• An Introduction to Kēlen
• "Verblessness in Kēlen", presented at the 2nd Language Creation Conference