Soc'ul': Difference between revisions

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|fam1              = [[Wasc languages | Wasc]]
|fam1              = [[Wasc languages | Wasc]]
|familycolor      = Wasc
|familycolor      = Wasc
|ancestor          = [[Pre-Soc'ul']]
|ancestor          = [[Sekhulla]]
|ethnicity        = Cuoñ'o
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|era              = -1700 to -700 MT
|script            = Wacag
|script            = Wacag
|nation            = Knrawi Empire
|nation            = Knrawi Empire
|clcr              = qsc
|map              = PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png
|map              = PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapcaption        = Range map of Soc'ul' (green) and [[Knrawi]] (pink)
|mapcaption        = Range map of Soc'ul' (green) and [[Knrawi]] (pink), c. -1200 MT
|notice            = IPA
|notice            = IPA
}}
}}
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==Etymology==
==Etymology==
''Soc'ul''', the language's autonym, is inherited from the [[Pre-Soc'ul']] autonym ''səkʰulːa'', from [[Wascotl]] ''*(cek)-cek-sole-la'' "our tongue".
''Soc'ul''', the language's autonym, is inherited from the [[Sekhulla]] autonym ''səkʰulːa'', from [[Wascotl]] ''*(cek)-cek-sole-la'' "our tongue".


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Soc'ul' is written with the Wacag logography. Its romanization is as follows.
Soc'ul' is written with the [[Appendix:Wacag Characters|Wacag logography]]. Its romanization is as follows.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵖm]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵖmˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|mˀ]] || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵗn]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || [[w:Glottalization|nˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵗnˀ]] || || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵏŋʲ]] || [[w:Palatalization|ŋʲ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵏŋʲˀ]] ||  [[w:Glottalization|ŋʲˀ]] || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵏŋ]] || [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵏŋˀ]] ||  [[w:Glottalization|ŋˀ]] || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵏŋʷ]] || [[w:Labialization|ŋʷ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵏŋʷˀ]] ||  [[w:Glottalization|ŋʷˀ]]
| [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵖm]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵖmˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|mˀ]] || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵗn]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || [[w:Glottalization|nˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵗnˀ]] || || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵏŋʲ]] || [[w:Palatalization|ŋʲ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵏŋʲˀ]] ||  [[w:Glottalization|ŋʲˀ]] || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵏŋ]] || [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵏŋˀ]] ||  [[w:Glottalization|ŋˀ]] || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵏŋʷ]] || [[w:Labialization|ŋʷ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵏŋʷˀ]] ||  [[w:Glottalization|ŋʷˀ]]
|-
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
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|-
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="5" | || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || || [[w:Glottalization|lˀ]] || colspan="2" | || ([[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|jˀ]]) || || ([[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|ɰˀ]]) || || ([[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|wˀ]])
| colspan="5" | || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || || [[w:Glottalization|lˀ]] || colspan="2" | || ([[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|jˀ]]) || || [[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]] || || [[w:Glottalization|ɰˀ]] || || ([[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|wˀ]])
|-
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
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|}
|}


*Glottalized consonants are realized with simultaneous creaky voicing for most speakers, but some speakers realize glottalized stops as implosive either in free variation or word-initially
*Glottalized consonants are realized with simultaneous creaky voicing for most speakers, but some speakers realize glottalized stops as implosive either in free variation or word-initially.
*Aspirated consonants have light to moderate aspiration
*Aspirated consonants have light to moderate aspiration.
*[j(ˀ)] and [w(ˀ)] are allophones of /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ adjacent to vowels
*Pre-stopped nasals may be initially either voiced or voiceless, but are more often voiceless.
*[j(ˀ)], /ɰ(ˀ)/, and [w(ˀ)] are realized as [ʝ(ˀ)], [ɣ(ˀ)], and [ɣʷ(ˀ)] adjacent to high vowels
*In far western dialects, palatalized and plain velar consonants may be realized as prevelar and postvelar respectively.
*Some speakers devoice voiced obstruents adjacent to voiceless consonants
**/ɰ(ˀ)/ and [ɣ(ˀ)] may be realized as either prevelar or postvelar, or merge into [j(ˀ) ʝ(ˀ)].
*[j(ˀ)] and [w(ˀ)] are allophones of /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ adjacent to vowels.
*[j(ˀ)], /ɰ(ˀ)/, and [w(ˀ)] are realized as [ʝ(ˀ)], [ɣ(ˀ)], and [ɣʷ(ˀ)] adjacent to high vowels.
*Some speakers devoice voiced obstruents adjacent to voiceless consonants.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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*All vowels can be long or [[w:Vowel length|overlong]]
*All vowels can be long or [[w:Vowel length|overlong]]
*[y], [o̞], and [ɒ] are allophones of /i/, /ə/, and /a/ adjacent to labialized consonants except allophones of /u(ː)/
*[y], [o̞], and [ɒ] are allophones of /i/, /ə/, and /a/ adjacent to labialized consonants except allophones of /u(ː)/ (though some dialects don't make this exception)


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress and pitch====
====Stress and pitch====
There is no set stress position, but allophonic pitch based on vowels' surrounding consonants. For most speakers these pitches are not contrastive but are seen as proper and are required in recitations; marginal exceptions occur for speakers occur that assimilate voicing in clusters and for speakers that retain tone in loaned Knrawi or tonal substrate words.
There is no set stress position, but allophonic pitch based on vowels' surrounding consonants. For most speakers these pitches are not contrastive but are seen as proper and are required in recitations; marginal exceptions occur for speakers occur that assimilate voicing in clusters and for speakers that retain tone to some degree in loaned Knrawi or tonal substrate words. Ideophones also form an exception, often ignoring/violating pitch allophony.


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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Declarative sentences generally have a falling pitch throughout, but volume and pitch range can be used for emphasis.
Declarative sentences generally have a falling pitch throughout, but volume and pitch range can be used for emphasis.


In questions the particle ''xen'' may also be emphasized with a sharp falling pitch followed by higher pitch in the following word.
In questions the particle ''xen'' and/or the proform ''xad'' may also be emphasized with a sharp falling pitch followed by higher pitch in the following word.


====Rhythm====
====Rhythm====
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Syllables are at most (C(C₁))V((C₂)C), with C₁ being a non-lateral approximant and C₂ being C₁ or /ʔ/, but these maximum syllables are very rare. There are no restrictions on what clusters can occur.
Syllables are at most (C(C₁))V((C₂)C), with C₁ being a non-lateral approximant and C₂ being C₁ or /ʔ/, but these maximal syllables are very rare. There are no restrictions on what clusters can occur.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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===Nouns and pronouns===
===Nouns and pronouns===
Nouns fall into five classes which are unmarked directly on the noun but trigger agreement in verbs and some particles. In informal speech class-2 marking is often used for class-1 nouns.
Nouns fall into five classes which are unmarked directly on the noun but trigger agreement in verbs and some particles. In informal speech class-2 marking is often used for class-1 nouns.
Pronouns do not exist independently (except see [[Soc'ul'#Possession|Possession]]; person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.


Nouns are marked for number, case, and possession by particles before the noun as follows.
Nouns are marked for number, case, and possession by particles before the noun as follows.
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*Other particle groups above are optional in non-formal speech when verb agreement marking gives sufficient context.
*Other particle groups above are optional in non-formal speech when verb agreement marking gives sufficient context.


Plurality and indefiniteness are treated as one category, and many nouns mark plurality or indefiniteness with suppletion. This suppletion is most often from fossilized final-syllable reduplication in Wascotl.
As in Knrawi, plurality and indefiniteness are treated as one category, and many nouns mark plurality or indefiniteness with suppletion. This suppletion is most often from fossilized final-syllable reduplication in Wascotl.
 
====Pronouns====
Pronouns do not exist independently (except see [[Soc'ul'#Possession|Possession]]); the person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.
 
The demonstrative ''jál'' can also be used as a pronoun.


====Possession====
====Possession====
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====Noun negation====
====Noun negation====
Noun phrases are negated with ''xen''', which can also function as a negative pronoun "nothing."
Noun phrases are negated with ''xen''', which can also function as a negative pronoun "nothing."
See also [[Soc'ul'#Aspect%2C_mood%2C_and_negation|Aspect, mood, and negation]]


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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*The perfective particle ''en'' is optional except in formal speech, and in non-formal speech can used to reset aspect-mood in embedded or sequential clauses or to contrast with other nearby markers.
*The perfective particle ''en'' is optional except in formal speech, and in non-formal speech can used to reset aspect-mood in embedded or sequential clauses or to contrast with other nearby markers.
*The progressive and continuative particles are often used contrastively as imperfective nonpresent and imperfective present markers respectively.
*The progressive and continuative particles are often used contrastively as imperfective nonpresent and imperfective present markers respectively.
*The subjunctive particles are often used as future markers.
*Subjunctive mood is often also used for future marking.
*The negation/question particle ''xen'' can be reduplicated after the verb to disambiguate it as a question particle.
*The negation/question particle ''xen'' can be reduplicated after the verb to disambiguate it as a question particle.


These particles can cooccur, and are often combined for more specific or otherwise combined meanings, but in serial verbs are only used before the first verb. All but ''en'' can also be used as standalone verbs (see [[Soc'ul'#Copula|Copula]]), but do not need to take any agreement.
These particles can cooccur, and are often combined for more specific or otherwise combined meanings, but in serial verbs are only used before the first verb. All but ''en'' can also be used as standalone verbs (see [[Soc'ul'#Copula|Copula]]), but do not need to take any agreement.
''xen'' and ''xen''' can be used together with the same meaning as the latter on its own, and in formal speech prohibitive sentences use ''jaj'' in place of ''xen''.


====Agreement====
====Agreement====
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|}
|}


*Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class.
*Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class, and impersonal verbs are unmarked.
*Possessed nouns trigger agreement as their possessor unless a possessive particle is used.
*Possessed nouns trigger agreement as their possessor unless a possessive particle is used.


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Verbs are often serialized in non-formal speech, in which the verbs' agreement marking may or may not match.
Verbs are often serialized in non-formal speech, in which the verbs' agreement marking may or may not match.


Aspect-mood marking and preceding particles are applied to the first verb in the serialization. Following particles are applied after either the first of last verb.
Aspect-mood marking and preceding particles are applied to the first verb in the serialization. Following particles are applied after either the first or last verb.


Serialization is especially common when the first verb is intransitive or sensory verbs.
Serialization is especially common when the first verb is an intransitive or sensory verb.


===Adjectives and adverbs===
===Adjectives and adverbs===
Adjectives are not their own class of words, but are derived from nouns or verbs. Most often they are derived by zero-marking before other nouns or verbs, or with suffixes or particles.
Adjectives are not their own class of words, but are derived from nouns or verbs. Most often they are derived by zero-marking before other nouns or verbs, or with suffixes or particles (see [[Soc'ul'#Part-of-speech modifiers|Part-of-speech modifiers]]).


Some of these derived adjectives and adverbs have meanings that don't directly correspond to the word they are derived from; in most cases this is due to homophony in ancestral Wascotl words after dropping of the adjective suffix ''*-(c)osc'' or regular merging with forms ending in ''*-(o)tl'' (''*-osc'' and ''*-otl'' both becoming ''-ux''), for example ''toc'' "knife" or "sharp" from Wascotl ''*tequ-'' and ''*tequ-osc'' respectively.
Some of these derived adjectives and adverbs have meanings that don't directly correspond to the word they are derived from; in most cases this is due to homophony in ancestral Wascotl words after dropping of the adjective suffix ''*-(c)osc'' or regular merging with forms ending in ''*-(o)tl'' (''*-osc'' and ''*-otl'' both becoming ''-ux''), for example ''toc'' "knife" or "sharp" from Wascotl ''*tequ-'' and ''*tequ-osc'' respectively.
Comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs are formed by placing the second compared word after with the postposition ''je'', but see also (see [[Soc'ul'#Reduplication|Reduplication]]).


===Postpositions===
===Postpositions===
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===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Soc'ul' uses base-12 numerals except in formal writing, which uses Knrawi base-24 numerals.
Soc'ul' uses base-12 numerals except in formal writing and very formal speech, which uses base-24 numerals with 13-24 derived from [[Knrawi]].
 
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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|-
|-
| xi jál || ej xi || tsi || xiyan || tsiyan || xi tsiyan
| xi jál || ej xi || tsi || xiyan || tsiyan || xi tsiyan
|}
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Formal numerals
|-
! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18
|-
| tim' || cuápm' || txevum' || xeñam || cáum || vutxem'
|-
! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! 22 !! 23 !! 24
|-
| m'ixem || c'eim' || cetim' || jutxem || txeum' || yetxam'
|-
! colspan="2" | 576 !! colspan="2" | 13,824 !! colspan="2" | 331,776
|-
| colspan="2" | xuiñ' || colspan="2" | xuiñ'em' || colspan="2" | xuiñ'em' yetxam'
|}
|}
|}


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===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
===Part-of-speech modifiers===
====Part-of-speech modifiers====
The plural/indefinite particle ''ez'e'' is also used to nominalize words from other parts of speech. Agentive nouns can be derived either from ''ez''' (the class-2 inflection of ''ez'e'') or from dedicated agentive suffixes ''-uóc'' and ''-ih''.
The plural/indefinite particle ''ez'e'' is also used to nominalize words from other parts of speech. Agentive nouns can be derived either from ''ez''' (the class-2 inflection of ''ez'e'') or from dedicated agentive suffixes ''-uóc'' and ''-ih''.


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The preceding particle ''hez'i'' disambiguates and derives adverbs from other parts of speech.
The preceding particle ''hez'i'' disambiguates and derives adverbs from other parts of speech.


===-ax===
====-ax====
The causative suffix ''-ax'' can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings.
The causative suffix ''-ax'' can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings.


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Most words (other than nouns and conjunctions, but including some particles) can be fully reduplicated after the word for augmented or intensified meaning. In verbs this can also mark an iterative or contrastive meaning, and in adjectives and adverbs it can also mark a comparative or superlative meaning when the thing being compared to is absent in the sentence.
Most words (other than nouns and conjunctions, but including some particles) can be fully reduplicated after the word for augmented or intensified meaning. In verbs this can also mark an iterative or contrastive meaning, and in adjectives and adverbs it can also mark a comparative or superlative meaning when the thing being compared to is absent in the sentence.


The reduplicated word comes after any particles that would othrewise be directly after the word. Reduplicated verbs only mark agreement on the first verb.
The reduplicated word comes after any particles that would otherwise be directly after the word. Reduplicated verbs only mark agreement on the first verb.


Triplication is also used by some speakers for further augmentation/intensification, but this is not considered standard.
Triplication is also used by some speakers for further augmentation/intensification, but this is not considered standard.
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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Right Article 1===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1===
'''Habaiý co jutxux hez'i yanux jem'uj ne hez'i diuzi xíc'jí. Sauciý xeu txisye uc' āhjí xec hez'i r'úiad ez'e céuxz'i.
'''Habaiý co jutxux hez'i yanux jem'uj ne hez'i diuzi ez'e muzm'e. Sauciý xeu txisye uc' āhjí xec hez'i r'úiad ez'e céuxz'i.


{{interlinear
{{interlinear
|Habai-(i)ý co jutxux hez'i yanux jem'uj ne hez'i diuzi xíc'-jí.
|Habai-(i)ý co jutxux hez'i yanux jem'uj ne hez'i diuzi ez'e muzm'e.
|bear-PASS person all {{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} freedom equality with {{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} dignity righteous-ADJ.VBZ
|bear-PASS person all {{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} freedom equality with {{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} dignity NZ own
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no|ablist=COMP:comparative:comparison_(grammar)}}
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
<br>
<br>
{{interlinear
{{interlinear
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||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}


===Linguifex Translations===
===Linguifex-hosted translations===
*[https://linguifex.com/wiki/Category:Translated_works_in_Soc%27ul%27 Linguifex translations]
*[[:Category:Translated works in Soc'ul'|Translated works in Soc'ul']]
*[[Soc'ul'/Test Case Sentences]]
*[[Soc'ul'/Corpus]]


===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures Translations===
===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations===
*[https://cals.info/translation/language/socul| CALS translations]
*[https://cals.info/translation/language/socul CALS translations]
 
===Twitter translations===
*[https://twitter.com/DillonHartwig/status/1559341451418472448?s=20 Permechikan showcase text]
*[https://twitter.com/DillonHartwig/status/1559477457601937409?s=20 Ossetian cowboy verse]
*[https://twitter.com/DillonHartwig/status/1576646416348647424?s=20 My horses collect teeth]
*[https://twitter.com/DillonHartwig/status/1578802631744835584?s=20 Buddy]
*[https://twitter.com/DillonHartwig/status/1622284347775516672?s=20 NSFW joke]
*[https://twitter.com/dillonhartwig/status/1649538467439824896?s=46&t=bTpQ58TJ_y3p8DOxeHf3Yw| One Punch Man opening theme]
*[https://twitter.com/DillonHartwig/status/1664076728434671617?s=20| Dad joke]


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
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[https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Soc%27ul%27 Pollasena Wiki]
[https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Soc%27ul%27 Pollasena Wiki]
[https://twitter.com/DillonHartwig/status/1521391619530014722?s=20 Twitter word of the day] (first few entries aren't for Soc'ul')
[https://discord.gg/bvx437KSqv Discord word of the day]


[[Category:Soc'ul' language]]
[[Category:Soc'ul' language]]

Latest revision as of 01:44, 23 November 2024

Soc'ul'
soc'ul'
Soc'ul'.png
Jul soc'ul', "Soc'ul' language" in the Wacag script
Pronunciation[so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ]
Created byDillon Hartwig
Date2020
SettingPollasena
Native toKnrawi Isles
EthnicityCuoñ'o
Era-1700 to -700 MT
Wasc
  • Soc'ul'
Early form
Official status
Official language in
Knrawi Empire
Language codes
CLCRqsc
PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png
Range map of Soc'ul' (green) and Knrawi (pink), c. -1200 MT
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Soc'ul' /ˈsoʊkʊl/ (Soc'ul': [so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ]) is a Wasc language spoken primarily by the Cuoñ'o people, with strong influence from Knrawi and other languages of the Knrawi Isles.

Etymology

Soc'ul', the language's autonym, is inherited from the Sekhulla autonym səkʰulːa, from Wascotl *(cek)-cek-sole-la "our tongue".

Orthography

Soc'ul' is written with the Wacag logography. Its romanization is as follows.

Soc'ul' Romanization
A a Á á Ā ā B b B' b' C c C' c' Cñ cñ Cñ' cñ' D d D' d'
E e É é Ē ē H h I i Í í Ī ī Ï ï J j L l L' l'
M m M' m' N n N' n' Ñ ñ Ñ' ñ' O o Ó ó Ō ō P p Pf pf
Pm pm Pm' pm' R r R' r' S s T t Tn tn Tn' tn' Ts ts Tx tx T' t'
U u Ú ú Ū ū Ü ü V v V' v' X x Y y Ý ý Z z Z' z'

This romanization matches IPA except

  • ⟨c⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨h⟩, ⟨j⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨x⟩, and ⟨y⟩ represent /k/, /ə/, /ʔ/, /x/, /ŋ/, /ʃ/, and /ɰ/
  • ⟨pm⟩, ⟨tn⟩, ⟨cñ⟩, ⟨pf⟩, ⟨ts⟩, and ⟨tx⟩ represent /ᵖm/, /ᵗn/, /ᵏŋ/, /p͡f/, /t͡s/, and /t͡ʃ/
  • ⟨ü⟩ and ⟨ï⟩ represent /u/ and /i/ when ⟨u⟩ and ⟨i⟩ would cause ambiguity
  • ⟨o⟩ represents /ə/ when realized as [o̞] except between a labialized consonant (except allophones of /u(ː)/) and a plain velar consonant (except /ɰˀ/)
  • Apostrophes mark glottalization and aspiration.
  • Acutes and macrons mark long and overlong vowels respectively, except in ⟨ý⟩ in which it marks glottalization.
  • Labialization and palatalization are marked by surrounding vowel letters.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants
Labial/
labiodental		 Alveolar Post-
alveolar		 Palatalized velar/
palatal		 Velar Labialized velar Glottal
Nasal ᵖm m ᵖmˀ mˀ ᵗn n nˀ ᵗnˀ ᵏŋʲ ŋʲ ᵏŋʲˀ ŋʲˀ ᵏŋ ŋ ᵏŋˀ ŋˀ ᵏŋʷ ŋʷ ᵏŋʷˀ ŋʷˀ
Stop b bˀ t d tʰ dˀ kʲ kʲʰ k kʰ kʷ kʷʰ ʔ
Affricate p͡f t͡s t͡ʃ
Fricative v vˀ s z zˀ ʃ xʲ (ʝ) (ʝˀ) x (ɣ) (ɣˀ) xʷ (ɣʷ) (ɣʷˀ)
Approximant l lˀ (j) (jˀ) ɰ ɰˀ (w) (wˀ)
Trill r rˀ
  • Glottalized consonants are realized with simultaneous creaky voicing for most speakers, but some speakers realize glottalized stops as implosive either in free variation or word-initially.
  • Aspirated consonants have light to moderate aspiration.
  • Pre-stopped nasals may be initially either voiced or voiceless, but are more often voiceless.
  • In far western dialects, palatalized and plain velar consonants may be realized as prevelar and postvelar respectively.
    • /ɰ(ˀ)/ and [ɣ(ˀ)] may be realized as either prevelar or postvelar, or merge into [j(ˀ) ʝ(ˀ)].
  • [j(ˀ)] and [w(ˀ)] are allophones of /i(ː)/ and /u(ː)/ adjacent to vowels.
  • [j(ˀ)], /ɰ(ˀ)/, and [w(ˀ)] are realized as [ʝ(ˀ)], [ɣ(ˀ)], and [ɣʷ(ˀ)] adjacent to high vowels.
  • Some speakers devoice voiced obstruents adjacent to voiceless consonants.

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
High i (y) u
Mid ə (o̞)
Low a (ɒ)
  • All vowels can be long or overlong
  • [y], [o̞], and [ɒ] are allophones of /i/, /ə/, and /a/ adjacent to labialized consonants except allophones of /u(ː)/ (though some dialects don't make this exception)

Prosody

Stress and pitch

There is no set stress position, but allophonic pitch based on vowels' surrounding consonants. For most speakers these pitches are not contrastive but are seen as proper and are required in recitations; marginal exceptions occur for speakers occur that assimilate voicing in clusters and for speakers that retain tone to some degree in loaned Knrawi or tonal substrate words. Ideophones also form an exception, often ignoring/violating pitch allophony.

Short vowels
Voiceless
/pre-stopped consonant		 Aspirated
/voiced consonant		 Word boundary
/vowel		 Glottalized consonant
Voiceless
/pre-stopped consonant 		high mid high low
Aspirated
/voiced consonant 		mid
Word boundary
/vowel
Glottalized consonant mid low
Long/overlong vowels
Voiceless
/pre-stopped consonant		 Aspirated
/voiced consonant		 Word boundary
/vowel		 Glottalized consonant
Voiceless
/pre-stopped consonant 		high high falling sharp falling
Aspirated
/voiced consonant 		high rising mid low falling
Word boundary
/vowel
Glottalized consonant sharp rising low rising low

Whether glottalized pre-stopped nasals pattern as pre-stopped or glottalized varies by speaker and region.

Intonation

Declarative sentences generally have a falling pitch throughout, but volume and pitch range can be used for emphasis.

In questions the particle xen and/or the proform xad may also be emphasized with a sharp falling pitch followed by higher pitch in the following word.

Rhythm

Syllables are generally mora-timed, with syllables containing long and overlong vowels having two and three morae; in recitations, continuant coda consonants or coda clusters with them may have their own mora, and overlong syllables may instead have four morae.

Phonotactics

Syllables are at most (C(C₁))V((C₂)C), with C₁ being a non-lateral approximant and C₂ being C₁ or /ʔ/, but these maximal syllables are very rare. There are no restrictions on what clusters can occur.

Morphology

Alignment

Soc'ul' has split-S morphosyntactic alignment.

Nouns and pronouns

Nouns fall into five classes which are unmarked directly on the noun but trigger agreement in verbs and some particles. In informal speech class-2 marking is often used for class-1 nouns.

Nouns are marked for number, case, and possession by particles before the noun as follows.

Noun particles
ACC/ERG POSS/DAT INDEF/PL INAL/LOC/ADJZ
1 a en ez' he
2 nej hej
CL1/CL2 nu hé
CL3 al nil ez'e hel
CL4 ax nux hex
CL5 ád nid' hed'
  • Case and number/definiteness marking are optional in non-formal speech, and on nouns with suppletive plural/indefinite forms or nouns modified by numerators plural/indefinite particles are only used as a plural indefinite marker.
  • Other particle groups above are optional in non-formal speech when verb agreement marking gives sufficient context.

As in Knrawi, plurality and indefiniteness are treated as one category, and many nouns mark plurality or indefiniteness with suppletion. This suppletion is most often from fossilized final-syllable reduplication in Wascotl.

Pronouns

Pronouns do not exist independently (except see Possession); the person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.

The demonstrative jál can also be used as a pronoun.

Possession

Possessive particles (alienable or inalienable) can also serve as possessive pronouns when verb agreement marking does not give sufficient context.

Inalienable possession is generally restricted to family members, body parts, inherent or permanent qualities (for example tumiad "sanctity"), and internal processes (for example c'uád "thought"). Words in the latter two categories are more flexible in which type of possession they take, varying by speaker and region.

Noun negation

Noun phrases are negated with xen', which can also function as a negative pronoun "nothing."

See also Aspect, mood, and negation

Verbs

Alignment

All verbs trigger either nominative-accusative or ergative-absolutive marking on nouns.

Aspect, mood, and negation

Verbs are marked for aspect and mood by particles preceding the verb.

Aspect-mood prefixes
PFV PROG CONT SUBJ ABIL RES
en miu ji, laz uc' c'e c'ez
INCH r'uz miur' jir', lar' r'uc' c'er' r'ez
TERM coi miuc jiuc, lauc cuc' c'oc coz
NEG/Q xen miun jin, lan nuc' c'en nez
  • The perfective particle en is optional except in formal speech, and in non-formal speech can used to reset aspect-mood in embedded or sequential clauses or to contrast with other nearby markers.
  • The progressive and continuative particles are often used contrastively as imperfective nonpresent and imperfective present markers respectively.
  • Subjunctive mood is often also used for future marking.
  • The negation/question particle xen can be reduplicated after the verb to disambiguate it as a question particle.

These particles can cooccur, and are often combined for more specific or otherwise combined meanings, but in serial verbs are only used before the first verb. All but en can also be used as standalone verbs (see Copula), but do not need to take any agreement.

xen and xen' can be used together with the same meaning as the latter on its own, and in formal speech prohibitive sentences use jaj in place of xen.

Agreement

Verbs agree with the person and class of their agent and patient as follows.

Verb agreement prefixes
>1 >2 >CL1 >CL2 >CL3/CL4 >CL5
1 sec- soc- seic- seh- setn- cu-
2 cor- coz- cor- coh- cox-
CL1 íús- íúy- aí- íúh- íún- íū-
CL2 har- hau- z'ai- ∅- han- hu-
CL3 in- nau- ixú- nal'- iy- nu-
CL4 an'- ñ'o- ñ'ai- ñ'ih- añ'- u-
CL5 us- úu- úi- ba- úx-
  • Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class, and impersonal verbs are unmarked.
  • Possessed nouns trigger agreement as their possessor unless a possessive particle is used.

Copula

The copula hazen inflects as follows.

Copulae
>1 >2 >CL1 >CL2 >CL3/CL4 >CL5
1 syen suén syíún' sehan' setnayn sun'
2 coren cozen coríún' coban' coriyn cun'
CL1 íúsyen íúzen aíún' íúban' íúnen íún'
CL2 haryen huén hazíún' hazen harin' hun'
CL3 nasen nuén naíún' nahlan' nayn nun'
CL4 an'yen ñ'ón ñ'aíún' ñ'iban' ñ'in' un'
CL5 sén uén uaíún' ban' uinayn

If aspect-mood marking is used, the copula is optionally dropped.

Serial verbs

Verbs are often serialized in non-formal speech, in which the verbs' agreement marking may or may not match.

Aspect-mood marking and preceding particles are applied to the first verb in the serialization. Following particles are applied after either the first or last verb.

Serialization is especially common when the first verb is an intransitive or sensory verb.

Adjectives and adverbs

Adjectives are not their own class of words, but are derived from nouns or verbs. Most often they are derived by zero-marking before other nouns or verbs, or with suffixes or particles (see Part-of-speech modifiers).

Some of these derived adjectives and adverbs have meanings that don't directly correspond to the word they are derived from; in most cases this is due to homophony in ancestral Wascotl words after dropping of the adjective suffix *-(c)osc or regular merging with forms ending in *-(o)tl (*-osc and *-otl both becoming -ux), for example toc "knife" or "sharp" from Wascotl *tequ- and *tequ-osc respectively.

Comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs are formed by placing the second compared word after with the postposition je, but see also (see Reduplication).

Postpositions

Soc'ul' has a limited set of general postpositions: locative eý, lative je, proximal/comitative ne, ablative xenuz, and distal/ablative/abessive xen'e.

More specific adpositions, when needed, are formed with {location} ... {postposition} constructions (for example m'e ... eý "on" from m'e "top").

Numerals

Soc'ul' uses base-12 numerals except in formal writing and very formal speech, which uses base-24 numerals with 13-24 derived from Knrawi.

Numerals
1 2 3 4 5 6
jál ej ta am cui cú
7 8 9 10 11 12
zál éj ed em' eu xi
13 24 144 1,728 20,736 248,832
xi jál ej xi tsi xiyan tsiyan xi tsiyan
Formal numerals
13 14 15 16 17 18
tim' cuápm' txevum' xeñam cáum vutxem'
19 20 21 22 23 24
m'ixem c'eim' cetim' jutxem txeum' yetxam'
576 13,824 331,776
xuiñ' xuiñ'em' xuiñ'em' yetxam'

Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.

Derivational morphology

Part-of-speech modifiers

The plural/indefinite particle ez'e is also used to nominalize words from other parts of speech. Agentive nouns can be derived either from ez' (the class-2 inflection of ez'e) or from dedicated agentive suffixes -uóc and -ih.

The suffix -z'i is

Inalienable pronouns can also be used as particles following adjectives to disambiguate them from possessor nouns; this disambiguation can also be done with the suffix -jí (which is also used to disambiguate adjectives from verbs, and to derive verbs adjectives).

The preceding particle hez'i disambiguates and derives adverbs from other parts of speech.

-ax

The causative suffix -ax can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings.

Reduplication

Most words (other than nouns and conjunctions, but including some particles) can be fully reduplicated after the word for augmented or intensified meaning. In verbs this can also mark an iterative or contrastive meaning, and in adjectives and adverbs it can also mark a comparative or superlative meaning when the thing being compared to is absent in the sentence.

The reduplicated word comes after any particles that would otherwise be directly after the word. Reduplicated verbs only mark agreement on the first verb.

Triplication is also used by some speakers for further augmentation/intensification, but this is not considered standard.

Syntax

Constituent order

All clauses are strictly VO, and subject and object order are flexible with sufficient marking or context, but VSO order is most common.

Noun and verb phrases

All modifiers follow their head noun or verb, except aspect-mood particles precede verbs and the demonstrative jál precedes nouns. Generally numerators follow adjectives and possessors follow all other modifiers, but otherwise modifier order is flexible.

Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and are usually marked with a relativizer āh-.

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1

Habaiý co jutxux hez'i yanux jem'uj ne hez'i diuzi ez'e muzm'e. Sauciý xeu txisye uc' āhjí xec hez'i r'úiad ez'e céuxz'i.

Habai-(i)ý

bear-PASS

co

person

jutxux

all

hez'i

ADVZ

yanux

freedom

jem'uj

equality

ne

with

hez'i

ADVZ

diuzi

dignity

ez'e

NZ

muzm'e.

own

Habai-(i)ý co jutxux hez'i yanux jem'uj ne hez'i diuzi ez'e muzm'e.

bear-PASS person all ADVZ freedom equality with ADVZ dignity NZ own


Sauc-iý

grant-PASS

xeu

reason

txisye

conscience

uc'

SUBJ

āh-jí

REL-do

xec

RECP

hez'i

ADVZ

r'úiad

way

ez'e

NZ

céux-z'i.

brother-VBZ

Sauc-iý xeu txisye uc' āh-jí xec hez'i r'úiad ez'e céux-z'i.

grant-PASS reason conscience SUBJ REL-do RECP ADVZ way NZ brother-VBZ

Linguifex-hosted translations

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations

Other resources

CALS

Pollasena Wiki

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