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Proto-Rugic: Difference between revisions
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The Balto-Slavic base of Proto-Rugic (known as Pre-Proto-Rugic, or PPR for short) had the following features: | The Balto-Slavic base of Proto-Rugic (known as Pre-Proto-Rugic, or PPR for short) had the following features: | ||
*PPR | *PPR lacked the ''*eu'' to *''jau'' sound change that affected all known Balto-Slavic languages. Alternatively, if this sound change did happen, it was reversed. | ||
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*PPR lacked the merger of Proto-Italic /θ, xʷ, f/ that occurred in all attested Italic languages. Instead, each of these merged with its voiced counterpart, as did /x/. | *PPR lacked the merger of Proto-Italic /θ, xʷ, f/ that occurred in all attested Italic languages. Instead, each of these merged with its voiced counterpart, as did /x/. | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Strong verbs==== | ====Strong verbs==== | ||
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Strong verbs were characterized by a past stem that was (usually) different from the present stem and that took the following personal endings in the indicative: | Strong verbs were characterized by a past stem that was (usually) different from the present stem and that took the following personal endings in the indicative: | ||
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The past stem was also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel *''-i-'' | The past stem was also used to form the past subjunctive with a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle was formed based on the present stem (with some caveats that will be discussed below). | ||
Strong verbs can be classified into classes based on how the past stem was formed: | Strong verbs can be classified into classes based on how the past stem was formed: | ||
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| *st'''êndō''' | | *st'''êndō''' | ||
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====Weak verbs==== | ====Weak verbs==== | ||
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Weak verbs did not change their stem, and they took the following endings in the past indicative: | Weak verbs did not change their stem, and they took the following endings in the past indicative: | ||
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#*The present stem contained a *''-(i)j-'' and was conjugated in the same way as strong ''j''-presents. | #*The present stem contained a *''-(i)j-'' and was conjugated in the same way as strong ''j''-presents. | ||
#*The past indicative had the connector vowel ''-(i)ja-''. | #*The past indicative had the connector vowel ''-(i)ja-''. | ||
====='''Class 1'''===== | ====='''Class 1'''===== | ||
Class 1 weak verbs conjugated similarly to ''j''-present strong verbs in all non-past forms. | Class 1 weak verbs conjugated similarly to ''j''-present strong verbs in all non-past forms. | ||
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The past indicative had a connector vowel *''-a-'', and the past subjunctive had a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle had no connector vowel. | The past indicative had a connector vowel *''-a-'', and the past subjunctive had a connector vowel *''-i-''. The past participle had no connector vowel. | ||
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====Preterite-present verbs==== | ====Preterite-present verbs==== | ||
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Preterite-present verbs were verbs whose present tenses conjugated as a strong past (of any class). Preterite-present verbs had weak pasts. | Preterite-present verbs were verbs whose present tenses conjugated as a strong past (of any class). Preterite-present verbs had weak pasts. | ||
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| *būindō | | *būindō | ||
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The verb "to be" had two stems ''*(i)s-'' and ''*beu/bus-''. They were in fact two verbs, ''*immį'' "to be" and ''*biumį'' "to be, become", which overlapped in some forms (namely the past indicative, both participles, and the imperative). | The verb "to be" had two stems ''*(i)s-'' and ''*beu/bus-''. They were in fact two verbs, ''*immį'' "to be" and ''*biumį'' "to be, become", which overlapped in some forms (namely the past indicative, both participles, and the imperative). | ||
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| *beundō | | *beundō | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | <!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)=== | ||
Afnijai gamaniz lauderai gaflōnaihw han tehnadōþi jawizihw galōþai sind. Sabiz attōnōþōi sind raþjǭ gaskīndijǭhw, eþ alþerabiz anamǭ brōþrōlijǭ frōdamį þeþalēri<!--tēgabēnþ | <!-- | ||
Afnijai gamaniz lauderai gaflōnaihw han tehnadōþi jawizihw galōþai sind. Sabiz attōnōþōi sind raþjǭ gaskīndijǭhw, eþ alþerabiz anamǭ brōþrōlijǭ frōdamį þeþalēri<!--tēgabēnþ. | |||
'''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal with dignity and rights. Reason and conscience are given to them, and they must show others a brotherly spirit. | '''Translation:''' All humans are born free and equal with dignity and rights. Reason and conscience are given to them, and they must show others a brotherly spirit. | ||