Akhyan: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
==Orthography==
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
The consonant system of Akhyan is characterised by its resemblance as the same consonant system of Sanskrit, with slight deviations. Akhyan has eliminated voiced aspirated consonants, having assimilated to a fricative or deaspirated. Akhyan has a three way contrast of plosives and affricates, including aspirated and unaspirated pairs. The language also features a three-way contrast between sibilants, such as palatal, retroflex, & alveolar. Akhyan uses the Mon-Burmese script.
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:


Vowel inventory
===Consonants===
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
 
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===Orthography===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Non-Sibilants
! colspan="3" |Labial
! colspan="3" |Labial
| rowspan="10" |
| rowspan="9" |
! colspan="3" |Dental
! colspan="3" |Dental
| rowspan="10" |
| rowspan="9" |
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
| rowspan="10" |
! colspan="3" |Retroflex
| rowspan="10" |
! colspan="3" |Palatal
| rowspan="10" |
! colspan="3" |Velar
! colspan="3" |Velar
|-
|-
!IPA
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
!Romanisation
!script
!script
!IPA
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
!Romanisation
!script
!script
!IPA
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
!Romanisation
!script
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
!script
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
!script
!IPA
!{{abbr|Rom.|Romanization}}
!script
!script
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|m
|
|m
|မ
|မ
|n
|n
|
|n
|န
|န
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ŋ
|ŋ
|
|q
|င
|င
|-
|-
Line 104: Line 71:
!Tenuis
!Tenuis
|p
|p
|
|p
|ပ
|ပ
|t
|t
|
|t
|တ
|တ
|t͡s
|
|ၸ
|t͡ʂ
|
|ဋ
|t͡ɕ
|
|စ
|k
|k
|
|k
|က
|က
|-
|-
!Aspirated
!Aspirated
|pʰ
|pʰ
|
|ph
|ဖ
|ဖ
|tʰ
|tʰ
|
|th
|ထ
|ထ
|t͡sʰ
|
|ႀ
|t͡ʂʰ
|
|ဌ
|t͡ɕʰ
|
|ဆ
|kʰ
|kʰ
|
|kh
|ခ
|ခ
|-
|-
!Voiced
!Voiced
|b
|b
|
|b
|
|ဗ
|d
|d
|d
|
|ဒ
|
|g
|d͡z
|
|
|d͡ʐ
|
|
|d͡ʑ
|
|
|g
|g
|
|ဂ
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Tenuis
!Tenuis
|f
|f
|f
|ၾ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|h
|x
|ဟ
|-
!Voiced
|v
|v
|ဘ
|
|
|
|
|s
|
|
|ʔ
|' (medial)
|အ
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|w
|w
|ဝ
|l
|l
|လ
|
|
|tʂ
|
|
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Sibilants
! colspan="3" |Alveolar
| rowspan="8" |
! colspan="3" |Retroflex
| rowspan="8" |
! colspan="3" |Palatal
|-
!IPA
!Romanisation
!script
!IPA
!Romanisation
!script
!IPA
!Romanisation
!script
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
!Tenuis
|t͡s
|c
|ၸ
|t͡ʂ
|ç
|ဋ
|t͡ɕ
|ć
|စ
|-
!Aspirated
|t͡sʰ
|ch
|ႀ
|t͡ʂʰ
|çh
|ဌ
|t͡ɕʰ
|ćh
|ဆ
|-
!Voiced
|d͡z
|ð
|ၻ
|d͡ʐ
|ł
|ဍ
|d͡ʑ
|j
|ၺ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Tenuis
|s
|s
|သ
|ʂ
|ş
|ၑ
|ɕ
|ɕ
|
|ś
|
|ၔ
|h
|
|
|-
|-
!Voiced
!Voiced
|v
|
|
|
|
|
|z
|z
|
|z
|
|ဓ
|ʐ
|ʐ
|
|ż
|
|ၓ
|ʑ
|ʑ
|
|ź
|
|ည
|ʔ
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Approximant
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|w
|
|
|l
|
|
|ɹ
|ɹ
|
|r
|
|ရ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|j
|j
|
|y
|
|ယ
|
|}
|
 
|
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="7" |Front
| rowspan="6" |
! colspan="7" |Back
|-
! colspan="3" |Flat
| rowspan="5" |
! colspan="3" |Round
! colspan="3" |Flat
| rowspan="5" |
! colspan="3" |Round
|-
!IPA
!Romanisation
!Script
!IPA
!Romanisation
!Script
!IPA
!Romanisation
!Script
!IPA
!Romanisation
!Script
|-
!Close
|i
|i
|ကိ ိ
|y
|ü
|ကၳ ၳ
|ɨ
|iu
|ကၖ ၖ
|u
|u
|ကု ု
|-
!Middle
|e
|e
|ကဲ ဲ
|ø
|ö
|ကၲ ၲ
|ə
|eo
|ကါ ါ
|o
|o
|ကး း
|-
!Open
|ɛ
|ai
|ကေ ေ
|œ
|ä
|ကႄ ႄ
|ɐ
|a
|က
|ɔ
|au
|ကီ ီ
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |Vowel Diacritics
|-
|ိ
|ၳ
|ၖ
|ု
|-
|ဲ
|ၲ
|ါ
|း
|-
|-
|ေ
|ႄ
|
|
|
|ီ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="2" |Nullification Diacritics
|-
|်
|္
|}


===Vowels===
Although both '''Virama (္)''' and '''Asat (်)''' delete the inherent vowel, they serve distinct functions. '''Asat (်)''', as in '''က်''', marks syllable boundaries, while '''Virama (္)''', as in '''က္''', forms consonant clusters. Special forms also emerge when '''ယ''', '''ဝ''', and '''ရ''' are combined with a consonant and the virama, resulting in '''ကျ''', '''ကွ''', and '''ကြ''', respectively.
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
 
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
===Pronouns===
 
===Nouns & Adjectives===
Akhyan features a system of noun and adjective declension that operates across two grammatical numbers and eight cases, treating both parts of speech with similar morphological rules—so much so that adjectives can conveniently be analysed alongside nouns.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!1
|Numbers
|Singular & Plural
|-
!2
|Cases
|Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Ablative, Locative, Instrumental
|}
 
Akhyan’s declension paradigm is surprisingly streamlined, consisting of only three distinct declension patterns. The general classification is:
* Akranta '''အကြန်တ''' (-a stems)
* Zeokçho '''ဓါက်ဌး''' (-o stems)
* Mitaveş '''မိတဘဲၑ်''' (Consonant stems)


Nouns
According to the Rasthani '''ရသ်ထနိ''', the manuscript identified 8 cases which is defined in the book as "Fayaqö" '''ၾယငႄ'''. The eight fayaqö are the intransitive, ergative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive and locative cases.
Adjectives
* Łiunaing '''ဍၖနေင်''' Intransitive Case
Verbs
* Kaothiv '''ကဝ်ထိဘ''' Ergative Case
Adverbs
* Penubo '''ပဲနုဗး''' Accusative Case
Particles
* Nauthang '''နီထင်''' Genitive Case
Derivational morphology
* Seomar '''သါမရ်''' Dative Case
* Baćhi '''ဗဆိ''' Ablative Case
* Xallei '''ဟလ်လဲယ်''' Locative Case
* Reftou '''ရဲၾ်တးဝ်''' Instrumental Case


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===Verbs===
===Adverbs===
===Particles===


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Revision as of 04:09, 23 April 2025


Introduction

Orthography

The consonant system of Akhyan is characterised by its resemblance as the same consonant system of Sanskrit, with slight deviations. Akhyan has eliminated voiced aspirated consonants, having assimilated to a fricative or deaspirated. Akhyan has a three way contrast of plosives and affricates, including aspirated and unaspirated pairs. The language also features a three-way contrast between sibilants, such as palatal, retroflex, & alveolar. Akhyan uses the Mon-Burmese script.

Consonants

Non-Sibilants Labial Dental Velar
IPA Romanisation script IPA Romanisation script IPA Romanisation script
Nasal m m မ n n န ŋ q င
Plosive Tenuis p p ပ t t တ k k က
Aspirated pʰ ph ဖ tʰ th ထ kʰ kh ခ
Voiced b b ဗ d d ဒ g g ဂ
Fricative Tenuis f f ၾ h x ဟ
Voiced v v ဘ ʔ ' (medial) အ
Approximant w w ဝ l l လ
Sibilants Alveolar Retroflex Palatal
IPA Romanisation script IPA Romanisation script IPA Romanisation script
Plosive Tenuis t͡s c ၸ t͡ʂ ç ဋ t͡ɕ ć စ
Aspirated t͡sʰ ch ႀ t͡ʂʰ çh ဌ t͡ɕʰ ćh ဆ
Voiced d͡z ð ၻ d͡ʐ ł ဍ d͡ʑ j ၺ
Fricative Tenuis s s သ ʂ ş ၑ ɕ ś ၔ
Voiced z z ဓ ʐ ż ၓ ʑ ź ည
Approximant ɹ r ရ j y ယ

Vowels

Front Back
Flat Round Flat Round
IPA Romanisation Script IPA Romanisation Script IPA Romanisation Script IPA Romanisation Script
Close i i ကိ ိ y ü ကၳ ၳ ɨ iu ကၖ ၖ u u ကု ု
Middle e e ကဲ ဲ ø ö ကၲ ၲ ə eo ကါ ါ o o ကး း
Open ɛ ai ကေ ေ œ ä ကႄ ႄ ɐ a က ɔ au ကီ ီ
Vowel Diacritics
ိ ၳ ၖ ု
ဲ ၲ ါ း
ေ ႄ ီ
Nullification Diacritics
် ္

Although both Virama (္) and Asat (်) delete the inherent vowel, they serve distinct functions. Asat (်), as in က်, marks syllable boundaries, while Virama (္), as in က္, forms consonant clusters. Special forms also emerge when ယ, ဝ, and ရ are combined with a consonant and the virama, resulting in ကျ, ကွ, and ကြ, respectively.

Phonotactics

Morphology

Pronouns

Nouns & Adjectives

Akhyan features a system of noun and adjective declension that operates across two grammatical numbers and eight cases, treating both parts of speech with similar morphological rules—so much so that adjectives can conveniently be analysed alongside nouns.

1 Numbers Singular & Plural
2 Cases Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Ablative, Locative, Instrumental

Akhyan’s declension paradigm is surprisingly streamlined, consisting of only three distinct declension patterns. The general classification is:

  • Akranta အကြန်တ (-a stems)
  • Zeokçho ဓါက်ဌး (-o stems)
  • Mitaveş မိတဘဲၑ် (Consonant stems)

According to the Rasthani ရသ်ထနိ, the manuscript identified 8 cases which is defined in the book as "Fayaqö" ၾယငႄ. The eight fayaqö are the intransitive, ergative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive and locative cases.

  • Łiunaing ဍၖနေင် Intransitive Case
  • Kaothiv ကဝ်ထိဘ Ergative Case
  • Penubo ပဲနုဗး Accusative Case
  • Nauthang နီထင် Genitive Case
  • Seomar သါမရ် Dative Case
  • Baćhi ဗဆိ Ablative Case
  • Xallei ဟလ်လဲယ် Locative Case
  • Reftou ရဲၾ်တးဝ် Instrumental Case

Verbs

Adverbs

Particles

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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