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| ==Development== | | ==Development== |
| Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens. | | Húsnorsk's phonological history after Pre-Húsnorsk is deeply understood, though the development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens. |
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| The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized.. | | The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized.. |
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| ===Varhúsnorsk=== | | ===Varhúsnorsk=== |
| */ar/ to /ɐ/.
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| */xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. | | */xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. |
| */ʀ/ to /j/ | | */ʀ/ to /j/ |
| */Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/), syllabic /l/ seemingly remains. | | */Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/), syllabic /l/ seemingly remains. |
| */mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/
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| *''Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)''
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| */rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/ | | */rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/ |
| */v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)
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| */fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
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| *''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.'' | | *''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.'' |
| */ð, ɣ/ lost between two sonorants (/r, l, n, m, j, w/, but for some reason not OEN ʀ, which had merged with /j/ at this point) | | */ð, ɣ/ lost between two sonorants (/r, l, n, m, j, w/, but for some reason not OEN ʀ, which had merged with /j/ at this point |
| *<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals | | *<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals |
| *final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna) | | *final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna) |
| *''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout''
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| **''see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Nygadsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)''
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| *Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/ | | *Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/ |
| */-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/) | | */-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/) |
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| ===Nygadsnorsk=== | | ===Nygadsnorsk=== |
| *coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (eg. /n:/ > /tn/)
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| *Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | | *Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ |
| **Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/) | | **Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/) |
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| */rː/ to /ʒ/ | | */rː/ to /ʒ/ |
| *splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change. | | *splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change. |
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| ===Jugsnorsk===
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| */iu, eu/ > /ju/
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| *coda geminates shorten
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| *nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ )
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| *Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øy, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, oː, uː/
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| **Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
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| */r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
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| *''Original genitives are lost, and get reformed as dative + -s''
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| */Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal)
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| */ɣ/ to /g/
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| */w, v/ merge to /ʋ/ except word initially
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| *''The widespread use of -ki and -isti as pejorative and laudative suffixes leads to their reduction and development into grammatical forms''
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| *Vowel shifts:
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| **Overlong to plain long
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| **Mid-highs and mid-lows merge (affects nasals), short /ɛ/ merges with /a/ though.
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| **Unstressed shifts:
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| ***Short: /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
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| ***Long: /iː, eː, yː, øː, uː, oː, aː/ > /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/
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| **Stressed long splitting: /iː, eː, uː, oː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, e̞i, ʊu, o̞u, ʏy, ø̞y, ɐu/
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| **Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts)
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| *Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated.
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| */Vbl̩, Vdl̩, Vgl̩/ to /u̯l, l, i̯l/, [ʎ] ("lj") is still treated as /lj/, so "ablj" [a.bʎ̩] becomes [au̯ʎ]
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| *initial jV-/wV- assimilation.
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| **Not all speakers have wV- assimilation, those that don't finish the w/v merger.
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| */sC/ to /Cʰ/, likely through intermediate /ʰC/
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| *(not all speakers) in some of the more common verbs, geminates are reduced to approximates/fricatives
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| **"-pp-, -bb-" > "-v-"
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| **"-tt-, -dd-" > "-ð-"
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| **"-kk-, -gg-" > "-j-"
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
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| ! rowspan=2 | | | ! rowspan=2 | |
| ! colspan=2 | Front | | ! colspan=2 | Front |
| ! rowspan=2 | Central
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| ! rowspan=2 | Back | | ! rowspan=2 | Back |
| |- | | |- |
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| | i | | | i |
| | y | | | y |
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| | u | | | u |
| |- | | |- |
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| | e | | | e |
| | ø | | | ø |
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| | o | | | o |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Mid-Low | | ! Mid-Low |
| | ɛ | | | ɛ |
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| | ɔ | | | ɔ |
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| | ɐ
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| | ɑ | | | ɑ |
| |- | | |- |
| |} | | |} |
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| #All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u, y/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl, yːl/) | | #All vowels can be long, /u, y/ can be overlong (from Proto-Norse /uːl, yːl/) |
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| ===Nygadsnorsk=== | | ===Nygadsnorsk=== |
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| #/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants. | | #/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants. |
| #It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so. | | #It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so. |
| ##Proper names form a major exception to this. | | #:Proper names form a major exception to this. |
| #/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially. | | #/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially. |
| #Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s]. | | #Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s]. |
| #All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables), they are:
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| :::Nasals: "mm, nn" /pm, tn/
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| :::Voiceless: "pp, tt, kk" /ʰp, ʰt, ʰk/
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| :::Voiced: "bb, dd, gg" /v, z, g/
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| ! rowspan=2 | | | ! rowspan=2 | |
| ! colspan=2 | Front | | ! colspan=2 | Front |
| ! rowspan=2 | Central
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| ! rowspan=2 | Back | | ! rowspan=2 | Back |
| |- | | |- |
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| | i | | | i |
| | y | | | y |
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| | u | | | u |
| |- | | |- |
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| | e | | | e |
| | ø | | | ø |
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| | o | | | o |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Mid-Low | | ! Mid-Low |
| | ɛ | | | ɛ |
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| | ɔ | | | ɔ |
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| | ɐ
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| | ɑ | | | ɑ |
| |- | | |- |
| |} | | |} |
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| #All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, and the round vowels (/u, o, ɔ, y, ø/) can be overlong. | | #All vowels can be long and overlong. |
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| ===Jugsnorsk===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| ! colspan=2 |
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| ! Labial
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| ! Dental
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| ! Alveolar
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| ! Velar
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| |-
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| ! colspan=2 | Nasal
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| | m
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| | n
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| |-
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| ! rowspan=3 | Stop
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| ! Unvoiced
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| | p
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| | t
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| | k
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| |-
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| ! Voiced
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| | b
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| | d
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| | g
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| |-
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| ! Aspirated
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| | pʰ
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| | tʰ
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| | kʰ
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| |-
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| ! rowspan=2 | Fricative
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| ! Unvoiced
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| | f
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| | θ
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| | s
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| | x
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| |-
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| ! Voiced
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| | ð
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| |-
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| ! colspan=2 | Approximant
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| | ʋ
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| | r², l
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| | j
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| |-
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| |}
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| #/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.
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| #Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).
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| #All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| |+ Stressed vowels
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| |-
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| ! rowspan=3 |
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| ! colspan=6 | Front
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| ! rowspan=2 colspan=3 | Back
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| |-
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| ! colspan=3 | Unround
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| ! colspan=3 | Round
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| |-
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| ! Short
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| ! Diph.
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| ! Long
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| ! Short
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| ! Diph.
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| ! Long
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| ! Short
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| ! Diph.
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| ! Long
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| |-
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| ! High
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| | i
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| | ɪi̯
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| | iː
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| | y
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| | ʏy̯
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| | yː
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| | u
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| | ʊu̯
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| | uː
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| |-
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| ! Mid
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| | e
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| | e̞i̯
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| | eː
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| | ø
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| | ø̞y̯
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| | øː
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| | o
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| | o̞u̯
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| | oː
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| |-
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| ! Low
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| | a
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| | ɐu̯
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| | aː
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| |-
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| |+ Unstressed vowels
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| |-
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| ! rowspan=3 |
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| ! colspan=6 | Front
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| ! rowspan=2 colspan=3 | Back
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| |-
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| ! colspan=3 | Unround
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| ! colspan=3 | Round
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| |-
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| ! Short
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| ! Diph.
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| ! Long
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| ! Short
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| ! Diph.
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| ! Long
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| ! Short
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| ! Diph.
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| ! Long
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| |-
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| ! High
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| | ɪ
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| | i
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| | iː
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| | ʏ
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| | y
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| | yː
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| | ʊ
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| | u
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| | uː
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| |-
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| ! Mid
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| | ɛ
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| | e
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| | eː
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| | œ
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| | ø
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| | øː
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| | ɔ
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| | o
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| | oː
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| |-
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| ! Low
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| | ɐ
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| | a
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| | aː
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| |-
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| |}
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| Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.
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| /ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "jaun"/"ęun"). There are also diphthongs formed from /Vi, Vu/ that aren't in the table, these occur from various sources.
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| ==Orthography== | | ==Orthography== |