User:Ceige/Yingxi: Difference between revisions

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==Sublinks==
[[User:Ceige/Yingxi/Protolanguage Swadesh|Protolanguage Swadesh list]]
[[User:Ceige/Yingxi/Mandarin-style Swadesh|Mandarin-style Swadesh list]]
[[User:Ceige/Yingxi/Thai-style Swadesh|Thai-style Swadesh list]]
[[User:Ceige/Yingxi/Austronesian-style Swadesh|Austronesian-style Swadesh list]]
[[User:Ceige/Yingxi/Freestyle Swadesh|Freestyle Swadesh list]]
==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
<!--{{Cladogram|caption=The birds' phylogenetic relationships to major living reptile groups.
<!--{{Cladogram|caption=The birds' phylogenetic relationships to major living reptile groups.
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}}
}}
}
}
trəwy > taruwa(y)
Inglish > inggeris
rupiah > rpiah > pria > lia, bia
apprehend > prihen > phrien > pien, lien, lhien > shien/xian (<sjEn)/shen, tien/tian (CN tiān < tʰen)
-->
-->


{Cladogram|caption=The Inglo-Yincese language family tree.
This is an unrealistic cladogram of the language family – many splitoffs are just random placeholders and may not exist. The idea is to fill the family with languages like Tibetan, Thai, Laotian, Korean, Japanese, and Chinese, and maybe some Austronesian-wannabes and some IE looking languages (you can see some experimentation of that description going on, but these may not be in the best places possible).
|clades= {{clade
 
   |1= Splitoff #1
{{clade
   |label2= Ancient Yincese
|label1= Prim.Yincese (Truj Iŋgliš)
   |2= {{clade
|1= {{clade
     |1= Splitoff #2
   |1= Splitoff #1a (Tü Iŋliš ~> Čüwiŋnit ~> Ciuvénni)
     |label2= Old Yincese
  |2= Splitoff #1b (Trü Ĩgliš ~> Trewyo-īglis ~> Savigli? Treiglis?)
     |2 = {{clade
  |3= Splitoff #1c (Trü Iŋs ~> Sew Ing)
       |l= Splitoff #3
   |label4= Anc.Yincese <br/> (Truj Iŋglis) (More realistically '''Trü Iŋs''')
       |label2= Middle Yincese
   |4= {{clade
     |1= Splitoff #2 (Trü Iŋglit, Trü Ingrit)
     |label2= O.Yincese <br/> (Truj Iŋgris, Iŋlit)
     |2= {{clade
       |1= Splitoff #3 (Trü Something)
       |label2= Mid.Yincese <br/> (Čü Iŋhai, Iŋgai, Iŋli, Iŋhi)
       |2= {{clade
       |2= {{clade
         |1= Splitoff #4
         |1= Splitoff #4
         |label2= Early Modern Yincese
         |label2= EM.Yincese <br/> (Čü, Tsü ___)
         |2= {{clade
         |2= {{clade
           |1= Dialect #1
           |1= Dialect #1 (Jiu Yingxi)
           |2= Dialect #2
           |2= Dialect #2 (Tsü Yinghai)
           |3= Dialect #3
           |3= Dialect #3 ('''Zhǖ Yǐng''')
         }}
         }}
       }}
       }}
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Tai_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Tai_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Labeled_section_transclusion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Labeled_section_transclusion
http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=4906
https://www.quora.com/Where-did-Chinese-tones-come-from
-->
-->
<!-- <section begin="sg" />|style="background: red"|<section end="sg" /> -->
<!-- <section begin="sg" />|style="background: red"|<section end="sg" /> -->
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-->
-->
==Mandarin-style Wordlist==
<!-- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Baxter-Sagart_Old_Chinese_reconstruction -->
<!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Zhengzhang_.281981.E2.80.931995.29 -->
<!--
My name is Christian, I like languages.
sew nem is kʰris, sew lek laŋ?.
Xiāo rān yǐ miāndǐ qiě, wǒ dì dáng(wèi).
Shou nen i benji ke, wa teki toui.
So nyeom i myeonjeo hyeo/kyeo, a jeok tangwi/tanggyeol.
-->
UNDER CONSTRUCTION! MIND THE NOTES AND ALBANIAN
{{User:Ceige/Template:Swadesh list 207 pronunciation
|language=Mandarin Ying
|nativename=Zhǖ Yǐng / Zhuī Yǐng
|wrd001= sew > '''xiāo''' (jp. shou)
|wrd002= r̊en > '''chēn''', m̊ren > xwæn > '''huān''' (jp kan)
|wrd003= həj > xi, lej > '''dī/yi''' (cf. Cn. lˁiwk, lə > dì, yi but ko. cheok, i - jp di, i)
|wrd004= sew-lot > xiāo yuè (cf. Cn. yuè Ko. yeol, jp. etsu)
|wrd005= (m̊)r̊en-lot > chēnyuè, '''huānyuè'''
|wrd006= lej > '''dī(yuè)''' (no non-labial -ei in Mandarin)
|wrd007= ləjs > '''dǐ/yǐ'''
|wrd008= lˁat, lat > '''dà, yè'''
|wrd009=[[këtu]]
|wrd010=[[atje]]
|wrd011=[[kush]], [[cili]],
|wrd012=[[çfarë]], ç'
|wrd013=[[ku]]
|wrd014=[[kur]]
|wrd015=[[si]]
|wrd016=[[nuk]], s'
|wrd017=[[gjithë]], [[tërë]]
|wrd018=[[shumë]]
|wrd019=[[disa]], [[ca]]
|wrd020=[[pak]],
|wrd021=[[tjetër]]
|wrd022=[[një]]
|wrd023=[[dy]]
|wrd024=[[tre]]
|wrd025=[[katër]]
|wrd026=[[pesë]]
|wrd027=[[madh]]
|wrd028=[[gjatë]]
|wrd029=i [[gjerë]]
|wrd030=i [[trashë]]
|wrd031=[[rëndë]]
|wrd032=[[vogël]]
|wrd033=i [[shkurtër]]
|wrd034=i [[ngushtë]]
|wrd035=i [[hollë]]
|wrd036=[[grua]]
|wrd037=[[burrë]]
|wrd038=[[njeri]]
|wrd039=[[vogëlush]], [[kalaman]], [[fëmijë]]
|wrd040=[[nuse]]
|wrd041=[[burrë]]
|wrd042=[[nënë]], [[amë]]
|wrd043=[[atë]]
|wrd044=[[shtazë]]
|wrd045=[[peshk]]
|wrd046=[[zog]]
|wrd047=[[qen]]
|wrd048=[[thëri]]
|wrd049=[[gjarpër]]
|wrd050=[[krimb]]
|wrd051=[[pemë]], [[dru]]
|wrd052=[[pyll]]
|wrd053=[[shkop]]
|wrd054=[[frutë]]
|wrd055=[[farë]], [[bërthamë]]
|wrd056=[[gjethe]]
|wrd057=[[rrënjë]]
|wrd058=[[zgavër]]
|wrd059=[[lule]]
|wrd060=[[bar]]
|wrd061=[[litar]]
|wrd062=[[lëkurë]]
|wrd063=[[mish]]
|wrd064=[[gjak]]
|wrd065=[[eshtër]], (Gheg: ashtë)
|wrd066=[[dhjamë]], [[maj]]
|wrd067=[[ve]], [[vezë]]
|wrd068=[[bri]]
|wrd069=[[bisht]]
|wrd070=[[pupël]]
|wrd071=[[flok]], [[qime]], [[lesh]]
|wrd072=[[kokë]], [[krye]], [[krenë]]
|wrd073=[[vesh]]
|wrd074=[[sy]]
|wrd075=[[hundë]]
|wrd076=[[gojë]]
|wrd077=[[dhëmb]]
|wrd078=[[gjuhë]]
|wrd079=[[thua]]
|wrd080=[[shputë]]
|wrd081=[[këmbë]]
|wrd082=[[gju]]
|wrd083=[[dorë]]
|wrd084=[[krah]], [[flatër]]
|wrd085=[[bark]], [[stomak]]
|wrd086=[[zorrë]]
|wrd087=[[qafë]], [[zverk]]
|wrd088=[[kurriz]], [[shpinë]]
|wrd089=[[gji]], [[sisë]]
|wrd090=[[zemër]]
|wrd091=[[mëlçi]]
|wrd092=[[pi]]
|wrd093=[[ha]]
|wrd094=[[kafshoj]]
|wrd095=[[thith]]
|wrd096=[[pështyj]]
|wrd097=[[vjell]]
|wrd098=[[fryj]]
|wrd099=[[marr frymë]]
|wrd100=[[qesh]]
|wrd101=[[shoh]]
|wrd102=[[dëgjoj]]
|wrd103=[[di]]
|wrd104=[[mendoj]]
|wrd105=[[nuhas]]
|wrd106=[[druaj]]
|wrd107=[[fle]]
|wrd108=[[jetoj]]
|wrd109=[[vdes]]
|wrd110=[[vras]]
|wrd111=[[luftoj]], [[përleshem]]
|wrd112=[[gjuaj]]
|wrd113=[[godas]]
|wrd114=[[pres]]
|wrd115=[[ndaj]], [[daj]]
|wrd116=[[ther]]
|wrd117=[[kruaj]]
|wrd118=[[gërmoj]]
|wrd119=[[notoj]]
|wrd120=[[fluturoj]]
|wrd121=[[eci]]
|wrd122=[[vij]]
|wrd123=[[shtrihem]]
|wrd124=[[ulem]]
|wrd125=[[rri]]
|wrd126=[[kthej]]
|wrd127=[[bie]]
|wrd128=[[jap]]
|wrd129=[[mbaj]]
|wrd130=[[shtrydh]]
|wrd131=[[ledhatoj]]
|wrd132=[[laj]]
|wrd133=[[fshij]]
|wrd134=[[tërheq]]
|wrd135=[[shtyj]]
|wrd136=[[hedh]]
|wrd137=[[lidh]]
|wrd138=[[qep]]
|wrd139=[[numëroj]], [[njeh]] (Gheg: njef)
|wrd140=[[them]]
|wrd141=[[këndoj]]
|wrd142=[[luaj]]
|wrd143=[[pluskoj]]
|wrd144=[[rrjedh]]
|wrd145=[[ngrij]]
|wrd146=[[enjtem]]
|wrd147=[[diell]]
|wrd148=[[hënë]]
|wrd149=[[yll]]
|wrd150=[[ujë]]
|wrd151=[[shi]]
|wrd152=[[lumë]]
|wrd153=[[liqen]]
|wrd154=[[det]]
|wrd155=[[kripë]]
|wrd156=[[gur]]
|wrd157=[[rërë]]
|wrd158=[[pluhur]]
|wrd159=[[dhe]], [[tokë]]
|wrd160=[[re]], [[shtëllungë]]
|wrd161=[[mjegull]]
|wrd162=[[qiell]]
|wrd163=[[erë]]
|wrd164=[[borë]], [[dëborë]]
|wrd165=[[akull]]
|wrd166=[[tym]]
|wrd167=[[zjarr]]
|wrd168=[[hi]]
|wrd169=[[djeg]]
|wrd170=[[udhë]], [[rrugë]]
|wrd171=[[mal]]
|wrd172=i [[kuq]]
|wrd173=[[blerë]], [[blertë]]
|wrd174=[[verdhë]]
|wrd175=[[bardhë]]
|wrd176=[[zi]]
|wrd177=[[natë]]
|wrd178=[[ditë]]
|wrd179=[[vit]], [[mot]]
|wrd180=i [[ngrohtë]]
|wrd181=[[ftohtë]]
|wrd182=i [[mbushur]], i [[plotë]]
|wrd183=[[ri]]
|wrd184=[[plak]], i [[moshuar]]
|wrd185=[[mirë]]
|wrd186=[[keq]]
|wrd187=[[kalbur]]
|wrd188=i [[pistë]]
|wrd189=[[drejt]], [[ping]]
|wrd190=[[rrumbullakët]]
|wrd191=i [[mprehtë]]
|wrd192=i [[pamprehtë]]
|wrd193=i [[lëmuar]]
|wrd194=i [[lagur]]
|wrd195=i [[thatë]]
|wrd196=i [[djathtë]]
|wrd197=[[afër]]
|wrd198=[[larg]], [[tutje]]
|wrd199=[[djathtë]],
|wrd200=[[majtë]],
|wrd201=[[te]], [[tek]]
|wrd202=[[në]]
|wrd203=[[me]]
|wrd204=[[dhe]], [[e]]
|wrd205= [[nëse]], në qoftë se, vallë
|wrd206=[[sepse]], se
|wrd207=[[emër]], (Gheg:emën)
}}

Latest revision as of 09:01, 12 July 2016

Sublinks

Protolanguage Swadesh list Mandarin-style Swadesh list Thai-style Swadesh list Austronesian-style Swadesh list Freestyle Swadesh list

Taxonomy

This is an unrealistic cladogram of the language family – many splitoffs are just random placeholders and may not exist. The idea is to fill the family with languages like Tibetan, Thai, Laotian, Korean, Japanese, and Chinese, and maybe some Austronesian-wannabes and some IE looking languages (you can see some experimentation of that description going on, but these may not be in the best places possible).

Prim.Yincese (Truj Iŋgliš)

Splitoff #1a (Tü Iŋliš ~> Čüwiŋnit ~> Ciuvénni)



Splitoff #1b (Trü Ĩgliš ~> Trewyo-īglis ~> Savigli? Treiglis?)



Splitoff #1c (Trü Iŋs ~> Sew Ing)


Anc.Yincese
(Truj Iŋglis) (More realistically Trü Iŋs)

Splitoff #2 (Trü Iŋglit, Trü Ingrit)


O.Yincese
(Truj Iŋgris, Iŋlit)

Splitoff #3 (Trü Something)


Mid.Yincese
(Čü Iŋhai, Iŋgai, Iŋli, Iŋhi)

Splitoff #4


EM.Yincese
(Čü, Tsü ___)

Dialect #1 (Jiu Yingxi)



Dialect #2 (Tsü Yinghai)



Dialect #3 (Zhǖ Yǐng)








Primeval Consonant Inventory

Ancient Consonant Inventory

Initials

Labial Dental Palatal Velar Post-Velar
Plosive Aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
Suppressed p' t' k'
Voiced b d g *
Nasal Unvoiced m̊ n̊ ŋ̊
Voiced m n ŋ
Fricative Unvoiced ɸ * s h
Voiced v z * ɦ *
Sonorant Unvoiced ẘ * l̥ r̊ j̊ *
Voiced w l r j

Possible sound changes (might be in #Old Consonant Inventory, might be after)

  • g later merges with ɦ
  • ɦ and h later merge in some circumstances
  • ɸ and ẘ merge and become h- before back rounded vowels and w- before all others
  • s and z merge
  • j̊ and j merge, except before high-front vowels, where j̊ becomes h-

Old Consonant Inventory

Middle Consonant Inventory

Mandarin-style Wordlist

UNDER CONSTRUCTION! MIND THE NOTES AND ALBANIAN


No. English Mandarin Ying
Zhǖ Yǐng / Zhuī Yǐng 		IPA
pronunciation
1 I sew > xiāo (jp. shou)
2 you (singular) r̊en > chēn, m̊ren > xwæn > huān (jp kan)
3 he həj > xi, lej > dī/yi (cf. Cn. lˁiwk, lə > dì, yi but ko. cheok, i - jp di, i)
4 we sew-lot > xiāo yuè (cf. Cn. yuè Ko. yeol, jp. etsu)
5 you (plural) (m̊)r̊en-lot > chēnyuè, huānyuè
6 they lej > dī(yuè) (no non-labial -ei in Mandarin)
7 this ləjs > dǐ/yǐ
8 that lˁat, lat > dà, yè
9 here këtu
10 there atje
11 who kush, cili,
12 what çfarë, ç'
13 where ku
14 when kur
15 how si
16 not nuk, s'
17 all gjithë, tërë
18 many shumë
19 some disa, ca
20 few pak,
21 other tjetër
22 one një
23 two dy
24 three tre
25 four katër
26 five pesë
27 big madh
28 long gjatë
29 wide i gjerë
30 thick i trashë
31 heavy rëndë
32 small vogël
33 short i shkurtër
34 narrow i ngushtë
35 thin i hollë
36 woman grua
37 man (male) burrë
38 man (human) njeri
39 child vogëlush, kalaman, fëmijë
40 wife nuse
41 husband burrë
42 mother nënë, amë
43 father atë
44 animal shtazë
45 fish peshk
46 bird zog
47 dog qen
48 louse thëri
49 snake gjarpër
50 worm krimb
51 tree pemë, dru
52 forest pyll
53 stick shkop
54 fruit frutë
55 seed farë, bërthamë
56 leaf gjethe
57 root rrënjë
58 bark (of a tree) zgavër
59 flower lule
60 grass bar
61 rope litar
62 skin lëkurë
63 meat mish
64 blood gjak
65 bone eshtër, (Gheg: ashtë)
66 fat (noun) dhjamë, maj
67 egg ve, vezë
68 horn bri
69 tail bisht
70 feather pupël
71 hair flok, qime, lesh
72 head kokë, krye, krenë
73 ear vesh
74 eye sy
75 nose hundë
76 mouth gojë
77 tooth dhëmb
78 tongue gjuhë
79 fingernail thua
80 foot shputë
81 leg këmbë
82 knee gju
83 hand dorë
84 wing krah, flatër
85 belly bark, stomak
86 guts zorrë
87 neck qafë, zverk
88 back kurriz, shpinë
89 breast gji, sisë
90 heart zemër
91 liver mëlçi
92 to drink pi
93 to eat ha
94 to bite kafshoj
95 to suck thith
96 to spit pështyj
97 to vomit vjell
98 to blow fryj
99 to breathe marr frymë
100 to laugh qesh
101 to see shoh
102 to hear dëgjoj
103 to know di
104 to think mendoj
105 to smell nuhas
106 to fear druaj
107 to sleep fle
108 to live jetoj
109 to die vdes
110 to kill vras
111 to fight luftoj, përleshem
112 to hunt gjuaj
113 to hit godas
114 to cut pres
115 to split ndaj, daj
116 to stab ther
117 to scratch kruaj
118 to dig gërmoj
119 to swim notoj
120 to fly fluturoj
121 to walk eci
122 to come vij
123 to lie (as in a bed) shtrihem
124 to sit ulem
125 to stand rri
126 to turn (intransitive) kthej
127 to fall bie
128 to give jap
129 to hold mbaj
130 to squeeze shtrydh
131 to rub ledhatoj
132 to wash laj
133 to wipe fshij
134 to pull tërheq
135 to push shtyj
136 to throw hedh
137 to tie lidh
138 to sew qep
139 to count numëroj, njeh (Gheg: njef)
140 to say them
141 to sing këndoj
142 to play luaj
143 to float pluskoj
144 to flow rrjedh
145 to freeze ngrij
146 to swell enjtem
147 sun diell
148 moon hënë
149 star yll
150 water ujë
151 rain shi
152 river lumë
153 lake liqen
154 sea det
155 salt kripë
156 stone gur
157 sand rërë
158 dust pluhur
159 earth dhe, tokë
160 cloud re, shtëllungë
161 fog mjegull
162 sky qiell
163 wind erë
164 snow borë, dëborë
165 ice akull
166 smoke tym
167 fire zjarr
168 ash hi
169 to burn djeg
170 road udhë, rrugë
171 mountain mal
172 red i kuq
173 green blerë, blertë
174 yellow verdhë
175 white bardhë
176 black zi
177 night natë
178 day ditë
179 year vit, mot
180 warm i ngrohtë
181 cold ftohtë
182 full i mbushur, i plotë
183 new ri
184 old plak, i moshuar
185 good mirë
186 bad keq
187 rotten kalbur
188 dirty i pistë
189 straight drejt, ping
190 round rrumbullakët
191 sharp (as a knife) i mprehtë
192 dull (as a knife) i pamprehtë
193 smooth i lëmuar
194 wet i lagur
195 dry i thatë
196 correct i djathtë
197 near afër
198 far larg, tutje
199 right djathtë,
200 left majtë,
201 at te, tek
202 in në
203 with me
204 and dhe, e
205 if nëse, në qoftë se, vallë
206 because sepse, se
207 name emër, (Gheg:emën)
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