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Northeadish: Difference between revisions
→Correlatives & Pro-Forms
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! !! Proximal (h-) !! Medial (þ-) !! Distal (i-) | ! !! Proximal (h-) !! Medial (þ-) !! Distal (i-) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| place: -''ar'' || har ‘here’ || þar ‘there’ || iar ‘yonder, elsewhere’ | |align="right"| place: -''ar'' || ''har'' ‘here’ || ''þar'' ‘there’ || ''iar'' ‘yonder, elsewhere’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| to a place: -''aðra'' || haðra ‘hither’ || þaðra ‘thither’ || iaðra ‘yonder’ | |align="right"| to a place: -''aðra'' || ''haðra'' ‘hither’ || ''þaðra'' ‘thither’ || ''iaðra'' ‘yonder’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| from a place: -''arɴ'' || harɴ ‘hence’ || þarɴ ‘thence’ || iarɴ ‘“yence”, from yonder’ | |align="right"| from a place: -''arɴ'' || ''harɴ'' ‘hence’ || ''þarɴ'' ‘thence’ || ''iarɴ'' ‘“yence”, from yonder’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| time: -''an'' || han ‘now’ || þan ‘then’ || ian ‘yore, elsewhen’ | |align="right"| time: -''an'' || ''han'' ‘now’ || ''þan'' ‘then’ || ''ian'' ‘yore, elsewhen’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| thing: -''at'' || hat ‘this’ || þat ‘that’ || iat ‘something else’ | |align="right"| thing: -''at'' || ''hat'' ‘this’ || ''þat'' ‘that’ || ''iat'' ‘something else’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || her<sup>iii</sup> ‘her’ || þer<sup>iv</sup> ‘they (sg.)’ || ier ‘someone else’ | |align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || ''her''<sup>iii</sup> ‘her’ || ''þer''<sup>iv</sup> ‘they (sg.)’ || ''ier'' ‘someone else’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || hū ‘like this’ || þū<sup>vi</sup> ‘thou’ || iū<sup>vii</sup> ‘yes’ | |align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || ''hū'' ‘like this’ || ''þū''<sup>vi</sup> ‘thou’ || ''iū''<sup>vii</sup> ‘yes’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || hī<sup>v</sup> ‘herefore, he’ || þī ‘therefore’ || iī ‘elsewhy’ | |align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || ''hī''<sup>v</sup> ‘herefore, he’ || ''þī'' ‘therefore’ || ''iī'' ‘elsewhy’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| result: -''us'' || hus ‘herewith’ || þus ‘thus’ || ius ‘elsewith’ | |align="right"| result: -''us'' || ''hus'' ‘herewith’ || ''þus'' ‘thus’ || ''ius'' ‘elsewith’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| abstract: -''et'' || het ‘it’ || þet ‘the’ || iet<sup>viii</sup> ‘yet’ | |align="right"| abstract: -''et'' || ''het'' ‘it’ || ''þet'' ‘the’ || ''iet''<sup>viii</sup> ‘yet’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! !! Interrogative (ƕ-) !! Relative (q-) !! Negative (n-) | ! !! Interrogative (ƕ-) !! Relative (q-) !! Negative (n-) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| place: -''ar'' || ƕar ‘where’ || qar ‘where’ || nar ‘nowhere’ | |align="right"| place: -''ar'' || ''ƕar'' ‘where’ || ''qar'' ‘where’ || ''nar'' ‘nowhere’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| to a place: -''aðra'' || ƕaðra ‘whither’ || qaðra ‘whither’ || naðra ‘to nowhere’ | |align="right"| to a place: -''aðra'' || ''ƕaðra'' ‘whither’ || ''qaðra'' ‘whither’ || ''naðra'' ‘to nowhere’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| from a place: -''arɴ'' || ƕarɴ ‘whence’ || qarɴ ‘whence’ || narɴ ‘from nowhere’ | |align="right"| from a place: -''arɴ'' || ''ƕarɴ'' ‘whence’ || ''qarɴ'' ‘whence’ || ''narɴ'' ‘from nowhere’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| time: -''an'' || ƕan ‘when’ || qan ‘when’ || nan ‘never’ | |align="right"| time: -''an'' || ''ƕan'' ‘when’ || ''qan'' ‘when’ || ''nan'' ‘never’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| thing: -''at'' || ƕat ‘what’ || qat ‘what’ || nat ‘nothing’ | |align="right"| thing: -''at'' || ''ƕat'' ‘what’ || ''qat'' ‘what’ || ''nat'' ‘nothing’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || ƕer ‘who’ || qer ‘who’ || ner ‘noöne’ | |align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || ''ƕer'' ‘who’ || ''qer'' ‘who’ || ''ner'' ‘noöne’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || ƕū ‘how’ || qū ‘how’ || nū ‘in now way, now*’ | |align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || ''ƕū'' ‘how’ || '''qū'' ‘how’ || ''nū'' ‘in now way, now*’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || ƕī ‘wherefore, why’ || qī ‘wherefore, why’ || nī ‘for no reason’ | |align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || ''ƕī'' ‘wherefore, why’ || ''qī'' ‘wherefore, why’ || ''nī'' ‘for no reason’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| result: -''us'' || ƕus ‘wherewith’ || qus ‘wherewith’ || nus ‘-’ | |align="right"| result: -''us'' || ''ƕus'' ‘wherewith’ || ''qus'' ‘wherewith’ || ''nus'' ‘-’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|align="right"| abstract: -''et'' || ƕet ‘which’ || qet ‘which’ || net ‘not’ | |align="right"| abstract: -''et'' || ''ƕet'' ‘which’ || ''qet'' ‘which’ || ''net'' ‘not’ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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<sup>i</sup> Northeadish ''q-'' is believed to have developed from a stressed ''ƕ-'', and is used exclusively for relatives. This is one piece of evidence that the Northeadish people may have lived for a time in proximity to a Uralic-speaking population which preserves the distinction between interrogative and relative adverbs and pronouns, though others argue that Proto-Norse may have borrowed heavily from Sami and Finnic (and vice versa), yet it did not assimilate this sort of distinction. | <sup>i</sup> Northeadish ''q-'' is believed to have developed from a stressed ''ƕ-'', and is used exclusively for relatives. This is one piece of evidence that the Northeadish people may have lived for a time in proximity to a Uralic-speaking population which preserves the distinction between interrogative and relative adverbs and pronouns, though others argue that Proto-Norse may have borrowed heavily from Sami and Finnic (and vice versa), yet it did not assimilate this sort of distinction. | ||
<sup>ii</sup> These pronouns also decline in regular ways. See Pronouns. | <sup>ii</sup> These pronouns also decline in regular ways. See [[Northeadish#Pronouns|Pronouns]]. | ||
<sup>iii</sup> ''Her'' has been replaced by the dative and accusative inflection of the third person singular feminine pronoun ''ſī'' in Northeadish (‘her’, from *''hėzō''), though if the correlative were assimilated, it would have meant something like ‘this person’. Similarly, the inflections which would have been extrapolated from this form would have been occupied by the third person singular masculine pronoun: genitive ''hes'' ‘his’, dative ''hem'' ‘him’, and accusative ''hen'' ‘him’. | <sup>iii</sup> ''Her'' has been replaced by the dative and accusative inflection of the third person singular feminine pronoun ''ſī'' in Northeadish (‘her’, from *''hėzō''), though if the correlative were assimilated, it would have meant something like ‘this person’. Similarly, the inflections which would have been extrapolated from this form would have been occupied by the third person singular masculine pronoun: genitive ''hes'' ‘his’, dative ''hem'' ‘him’, and accusative ''hen'' ‘him’. | ||