Northeadish: Difference between revisions

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Northeadish (view source)

Revision as of 22:53, 27 October 2016

92 bytes added ,  27 October 2016
→‎Correlatives & Pro-Forms
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! PIE !! !! PGmc !! !! Nth
! P.I.E. !! !! P.Gmc. !! !! Nthd.
|-
|-
| *''k-'' || → || *''h-'' || → || ''h-'' (proximal)
| *''k-'' || → || *''h-'' || → || ''h-'' (proximal)
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| *''kʷ-'' || → || *''hw-'' ||rowspan=2| →<br />↘ || ''ƕ-'' (interrogative)
| *''kʷ-'' || → || *''hw-'' ||rowspan=2| →<br />↘ || ''ƕ-'' (interrogative)
|-
|-
| || || || ''q-'' (relative)
| || || || ''q-''<sup>i</sup> (relative)
|-
|-
| *''n-'' || → || *''n-'' || → || ''n-'' (negative)
| *''n-'' || → || *''n-'' || → || ''n-'' (negative)
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! !! Proximal (h-) !! Medial (þ-) !! Distal (i-)
! !! Proximal (h-) !! Medial (þ-) !! Distal (i-)
|-
|-
|align="right"| place: -''ar'' || har ‘here’   || þar ‘there’   || iar ‘yonder, elsewhere’
|align="right"| place: -''ar'' || har ‘here’ || þar ‘there’ || iar ‘yonder, elsewhere’
|-     
|-     
|align="right"| to a place: -''aðra'' || haðra ‘hither’ || þaðra ‘thither’ || iaðra ‘yonder’
|align="right"| to a place: -''aðra'' || haðra ‘hither’ || þaðra ‘thither’ || iaðra ‘yonder’
|-     
|-     
|align="right"| from a place: -''arɴ'' || harɴ ‘hence’ || þarɴ ‘thence’ || iarɴ ‘“yence”, from yonder’
|align="right"| from a place: -''arɴ'' || harɴ ‘hence’ || þarɴ ‘thence’ || iarɴ ‘“yence”, from yonder’
|-     
|-     
|align="right"| time: -''an'' || han ‘now’   || þan ‘then’   || ian ‘yore, elsewhen’
|align="right"| time: -''an'' || han ‘now’ || þan ‘then’ || ian ‘yore, elsewhen’
|-     
|-     
|align="right"| thing: -''at'' || hat ‘this’ || þat ‘that’   || iat ‘something else’
|align="right"| thing: -''at'' || hat ‘this’ || þat ‘that’ || iat ‘something else’
|-   
|-   
|align="right"| person<sup>i</sup>: -''er'' || her ‘her’   || þer ‘they (sg.)’   || ier ‘someone else’
|align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || her<sup>iii</sup> ‘her’ || þer<sup>iv</sup> ‘they (sg.)’ || ier ‘someone else’
|-     
|-     
|align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || hū ‘like this’   || þū ‘thou’   || iū ‘yes*’
|align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || hū ‘like this’ || þū<sup>vi</sup> ‘thou’ || iū<sup>vii</sup> ‘yes’
|-     
|-     
|align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || hī ‘herefore, he’ || þī ‘therefore’   || iī ‘elsewhy’
|align="right"| reason: -''ī'' || hī<sup>v</sup> ‘herefore, he’ || þī ‘therefore’ || iī ‘elsewhy’
|-     
|-     
|align="right"| result: -''us'' || hus ‘herewith’   || þus ‘thus’   || ius ‘elsewith’
|align="right"| result: -''us'' || hus ‘herewith’ || þus ‘thus’ || ius ‘elsewith’
|-     
|-     
|align="right"| abstract: -''et'' || het ‘it’   || þet ‘the’   || iet ‘yet*’
|align="right"| abstract: -''et'' || het ‘it’ || þet ‘the’ || iet<sup>viii</sup> ‘yet’
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|align="right"| thing: -''at'' || ƕat ‘what’ || qat ‘what’ || nat ‘nothing’
|align="right"| thing: -''at'' || ƕat ‘what’ || qat ‘what’ || nat ‘nothing’
|-   
|-   
|align="right"| person<sup>i</sup>: -''er'' || ƕer ‘who’ || qer ‘who’ || ner ‘noöne’
|align="right"| person<sup>ii</sup>: -''er'' || ƕer ‘who’ || qer ‘who’ || ner ‘noöne’
|-     
|-     
|align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || ƕū ‘how’ || qū ‘how’ || nū ‘in now way, now*’
|align="right"| manner: -''ū'' || ƕū ‘how’ || qū ‘how’ || nū ‘in now way, now*’
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|}
|}


Northeadish ''q-'' is believed to have developed from a stressed ''ƕ-'', and is used exclusively for relatives.  This is one piece of evidence that the Northeadish people may have lived for a time in proximity to a Uralic-speaking population which preserves the distinction between interrogative and relative adverbs and pronouns, though others argue that Proto-Norse may have borrowed heavily from Sami and Finnic (and vice versa), yet it did not assimilate this sort of distinction.
<sup>i</sup> Northeadish ''q-'' is believed to have developed from a stressed ''ƕ-'', and is used exclusively for relatives.  This is one piece of evidence that the Northeadish people may have lived for a time in proximity to a Uralic-speaking population which preserves the distinction between interrogative and relative adverbs and pronouns, though others argue that Proto-Norse may have borrowed heavily from Sami and Finnic (and vice versa), yet it did not assimilate this sort of distinction.


*''Her'' has been replaced by the dative and accusative inflection of the third person singular feminine pronoun ''ſī'' in Northeadish (‘her’, from *''hėzō''), though if the correlative were assimilated, it would have meant something like ‘this person’. Similarly, the inflections which would have been extrapolated from this form would have been occupied by the third person singular masculine pronoun: genitive ''hes'' ‘his’, dative ''hem'' ‘him’, and accusative ''hen'' ‘him’.
<sup>ii</sup> These pronouns also decline in regular ways. See Pronouns.
*The medial version of the above, ''þer'' (‘that person’), has come to be used as a non-specific third person singular pronoun, much like we use ''they'', ''them'', or ''their'' in (prescriptively-incorrect-but descriptively-happening-whether-you-like-it-or-not) English to refer to someone whose gender is unknown, e.g. “Someone left ''their'' book here.”
*''Hī'' shares a space with the third person masculine singular pronoun (‘he’, from *''hėz''), though ''hī'' does still appear occasionally with the meaning ‘for this reason.’
*''Þū'' has been replaced entirely by the second person singular nominative pronoun (‘thou’, from *''þū'').
*''İū'' has been replaced entirely by the “affirmative rebuke” (‘yes, it is’, ‘“yuh-huh”’, from *''jō''?).
*''İet'' has been replaced entirely by the adverb ‘yet’ (from *''juta'').


<sup>i</sup> These pronouns also decline in regular ways. See Pronouns.
<sup>iii</sup> ''Her'' has been replaced by the dative and accusative inflection of the third person singular feminine pronoun ''ſī'' in Northeadish (‘her’, from *''hėzō''), though if the correlative were assimilated, it would have meant something like ‘this person’. Similarly, the inflections which would have been extrapolated from this form would have been occupied by the third person singular masculine pronoun: genitive ''hes'' ‘his’, dative ''hem'' ‘him’, and accusative ''hen'' ‘him’.
 
<sup>iv</sup>The medial version of the above, ''þer'' (‘that person’), has come to be used as a non-specific third person singular pronoun, much like we use ''they'', ''them'', or ''their'' in (prescriptively-incorrect-but descriptively-happening-whether-you-like-it-or-not) English to refer to someone whose gender is unknown, e.g. “Someone left ''their'' book here.”
 
<sup>v</sup>''Hī'' shares a space with the third person masculine singular pronoun (‘he’, from *''hėz''), though ''hī'' does still appear occasionally with the meaning ‘for this reason.’
 
<sup>vi</sup>''Þū'' has been replaced entirely by the second person singular nominative pronoun (‘thou’, from *''þū'').
 
<sup>vii</sup>''İū'' has been replaced entirely by the “affirmative rebuke” (‘yes, it is’, ‘“yuh-huh”’, from *''jō''?).
 
<sup>viii</sup>''İet'' has been replaced entirely by the adverb ‘yet’ (from *''juta'').
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