Oxman: Difference between revisions
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{{ | {{private}} | ||
{{ClassMeter | {{ClassMeter | ||
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=General informations= | =General informations= | ||
[[File: | [[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']] | ||
'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France. | '''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France. | ||
| Line 154: | Line 154: | ||
Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters: | Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters: | ||
{| | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
|'''Letters''' | |'''Letters''' | ||
|'''Pronunciation''' | |'''Pronunciation''' | ||
| Line 268: | Line 268: | ||
Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes: | Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "| | ! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "| | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial | ! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial | ||
| Line 288: | Line 288: | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"|ŋ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 300: | Line 300: | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|k g | | style="text-align: center;"|k g | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative | ! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative | ||
| Line 308: | Line 308: | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|s z | | style="text-align: center;"|s z | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ | | style="text-align: center;"|ʃ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|ç | |||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"|χ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|h | | style="text-align: center;"|h | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 328: | Line 328: | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ | | style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"|j | | style="text-align: center;"|j | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"|w | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
| Line 346: | Line 346: | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| | | style="text-align: center;"| | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Vocalic phonemes== | ==Vocalic phonemes== | ||
| Line 352: | Line 351: | ||
Oxman shows the following vowels: | Oxman shows the following vowels: | ||
{| | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes''' | ! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes''' | ||
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short''' | ! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short''' | ||
| Line 366: | Line 365: | ||
|ʊ | |ʊ | ||
|i: | |i: | ||
|u: | |y: u: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Mid-closed''' | !'''Mid-closed''' | ||
| Line 386: | Line 385: | ||
|ɑ: | |ɑ: | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Diphthongs and digraphs== | ==Diphthongs and digraphs== | ||
| Line 392: | Line 390: | ||
Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are: | Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are: | ||
{| | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
|'''Diphthongs''' | |'''Diphthongs''' | ||
|'''Pronunciation''' | |'''Pronunciation''' | ||
| Line 411: | Line 409: | ||
|[ɛɪ] | |[ɛɪ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ue | |uo, ue | ||
|[y:ə] | |[y:ə] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 417: | Line 415: | ||
|[o:ʊ] | |[o:ʊ] | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Stress== | ==Stress== | ||
| Line 425: | Line 422: | ||
* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately; | * In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately; | ||
* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: '' | * In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''yemæke'', "to make up", is read as [jə'ma:kə]. | ||
=Grammar= | =Grammar= | ||
| Line 453: | Line 449: | ||
The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives. | The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives. | ||
{| | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
|'''Strong singular''' | |'''Strong singular''' | ||
|'''Strong plural / Weak''' | |'''Strong plural / Weak''' | ||
| Line 487: | Line 483: | ||
===Comparative=== | ===Comparative=== | ||
The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.: | The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or, -rX'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.: | ||
* ''Ean | * ''Ean yebow hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree. | ||
Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English. | Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English. | ||
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Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative: | Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative: | ||
{| | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
|'''Positive''' | |'''Positive''' | ||
|'''Strong comparative''' | |'''Strong comparative''' | ||
| Line 517: | Line 513: | ||
|luttol | |luttol | ||
|smallor | |smallor | ||
| | |smallre | ||
|- | |- | ||
|weney | |weney | ||
| Line 554: | Line 550: | ||
===Superlative=== | ===Superlative=== | ||
The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st'). | The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost, -stX' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st'). | ||
* ''Thie | * ''Thie sconste blœm thiere werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world. | ||
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The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form: | The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form: | ||
{| | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
|'''Positive''' | |'''Positive''' | ||
|'''Strong superlative''' | |'''Strong superlative''' | ||
| Line 621: | Line 617: | ||
Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100: | Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100: | ||
{| | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
|'''Number''' | |'''Number''' | ||
|'''Cardinal''' | |'''Cardinal''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!'''Subject''' | !'''Subject''' | ||
|colspan=2| | |colspan=2|ick | ||
|colspan="2"|wie | |colspan="2"|wie | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Object''' | !'''Object 1''' | ||
|colspan="2"|my | |||
|colspan="2"|us | |||
|- | |||
!'''Object 2''' | |||
|colspan="2"|my | |colspan="2"|my | ||
|colspan="2"|us | |colspan="2"|us | ||
| Line 782: | Line 782: | ||
|colspan="2"|yie | |colspan="2"|yie | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Object''' | !'''Object 1''' | ||
|colspan="2"|thy | |||
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew* | |||
|- | |||
!'''Object 2''' | |||
|colspan="2"|thy | |colspan="2"|thy | ||
|colspan="2"|yow | |colspan="2"|yow* | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Possessive''' | !'''Possessive''' | ||
|colspan="2"|thain | |colspan="2"|thain | ||
|colspan="2"|yore | |colspan="2"|yore* | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan="2"|'''Case''' | !rowspan="2"|'''Case''' | ||
| Line 804: | Line 808: | ||
|hea | |hea | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Object''' | !'''Object 1''' | ||
|hine, him** | |||
|sie, hir** | |||
|him, hit** | |||
|hea, heam** | |||
|- | |||
!'''Object 2''' | |||
|him | |him | ||
|hir | |hir | ||
|hit | |hit | ||
|heam | |heam | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''Genitive''' | !'''Genitive''' | ||
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|hiere | |hiere | ||
|} | |} | ||
* Dialectal or archaic forms. | |||
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language | |||
== Verbs == | == Verbs == | ||
| Line 823: | Line 835: | ||
Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning: | Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning: | ||
{| | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
|'''Infinitive''' | |'''Infinitive''' | ||
|'''1st person''' | |'''1st person''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|hebbe | |hebbe | ||
|heb | |heb | ||
|hæst | |hæst | ||
|hæth | |hæth | ||
|hebbeth | |hebbeth | ||
| | |hadde | ||
|hadden | |hadden | ||
|ehad | |ehad | ||
| Line 852: | Line 864: | ||
|sind | |sind | ||
|was | |was | ||
| | |waren | ||
|ewesen | |ewesen | ||
|wese | |wese | ||
| Line 875: | Line 887: | ||
|iede | |iede | ||
|ieden | |ieden | ||
|egæn | |egæn, egongen | ||
|wese | |wese | ||
|''to go'' | |''to go'' | ||
| Line 907: | Line 919: | ||
|sieth | |sieth | ||
|say | |say | ||
| | |sayen | ||
|esien | |esien | ||
|hebbe | |hebbe | ||
| Line 927: | Line 939: | ||
|mœst | |mœst | ||
|mœt | |mœt | ||
| | |mœteth | ||
|mœste | |mœste | ||
|mœsten | |mœsten | ||
| | |— | ||
|hebbe | |hebbe | ||
|''to may, must'' | |''to may, must'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |kume | ||
| | |kum | ||
| | |komst | ||
| | |komth | ||
| | |kumeth | ||
|quam | |quam | ||
| | |quamen | ||
| | |ekumen | ||
|wese | |wese | ||
|''to come'' | |''to come'' | ||
| Line 949: | Line 961: | ||
|kanst | |kanst | ||
|kan | |kan | ||
| | |kunneth | ||
|kuthe | |kuthe | ||
|kuthen | |kuthen | ||
| Line 982: | Line 994: | ||
|weast | |weast | ||
|weat | |weat | ||
| | |witeth | ||
|wiste | |wiste | ||
|wisten | |wisten | ||
| Line 1,015: | Line 1,027: | ||
|scalt | |scalt | ||
|scall | |scall | ||
| | |sculleth | ||
|scolde | |scolde | ||
|scolden | |scolden | ||
| | | — | ||
|hebbe | |hebbe | ||
|''to shall, must'' | |''to shall, must'' | ||
| Line 1,027: | Line 1,039: | ||
|stirfth | |stirfth | ||
|sterveth | |sterveth | ||
| | |storf | ||
| | |storven | ||
|estorven | |estorven | ||
|wese | |wese | ||
|''to die'' | |''to die'' | ||
| Line 1,040: | Line 1,052: | ||
|mækte | |mækte | ||
|mækten | |mækten | ||
| | |emækod | ||
|hebbe | |hebbe | ||
|''to make'' | |''to make'' | ||
| Line 1,047: | Line 1,059: | ||
|eat | |eat | ||
|eatst (older itst) | |eatst (older itst) | ||
| | |eatth (older itth) | ||
|eteth | |eteth | ||
|at | |at | ||
| | |aten | ||
| | |eëten | ||
|hebbe | |hebbe | ||
|''to eat'' | |''to eat'' | ||
| Line 1,057: | Line 1,069: | ||
|muye | |muye | ||
|may | |may | ||
| | |maist | ||
|may | |may | ||
| | |muyeth | ||
|moghte | |moghte | ||
|moghten | |moghten | ||
| | | — (emoght) | ||
|hebbe | |hebbe | ||
|''to may'' | |''to may'' | ||
|- | |||
|halde | |||
|hald | |||
|heldst | |||
|heldth | |||
|haldeth | |||
|hield, heald | |||
|hielden, healden | |||
|ehalden | |||
|hebbe | |||
|''to hold'' | |||
|- | |||
|wirce | |||
|wirc | |||
|wircest | |||
|wirceth | |||
|wirceth | |||
|wroghte | |||
|wroghten | |||
|ewroght | |||
|hebbe | |||
|''to work'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Germanic]] | [[Category:West Germanic languages]] | ||
Latest revision as of 09:43, 20 January 2017
 | This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
| Oxman Oxmansc | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Progress: 91% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Type | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mixed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alignment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominative-Accusative | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Head direction | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Initial | Mixed | Final | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary word order | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subject-verb-object | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tonal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Declensions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| No | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conjugations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genders | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General informations
Oxman is a Germanic language spoken in the Duché du Héron (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France. This language has evolved from Old Oxman which evolved from Old Auregan which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England. Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.
Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:
| Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Nouns | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Adjectives | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Participles | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No |
| Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Pronouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
| Adpositions | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Article | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
| Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Phonology
Alphabet
Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:
| Letters | Pronunciation | Further information |
| a | [a] | short 'a' |
| b | [b] | like in English |
| c | [tʃ] | like the English 'ch' in 'church' |
| d | [d] | like in English |
| e | [ɛ] / [e:] | in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced |
| f | [f] | like in English |
| g | [g] | it is always pronunced as in the English word "get" |
| h | [h] | like in English |
| i | [ɪ] | short 'i' |
| j | [j] | like English 'y' |
| k | [k] | like in English |
| l | [l] | like in English |
| m | [m] | like in English |
| n | [n] | like in English |
| o | [ɔ] / [oʊ:] | like in English |
| p | [p] | like in English |
| q | [k] | often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu' |
| r | [r] | trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian |
| s | [s] | can be either voiced or voiceless |
| t | [t] | like in English |
| u | [œ] | short 'u' in 'but' |
| v | [v] | like in English |
| w | [ʋ] | between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch |
| y | [j] | between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English); |
| æ | [ɑ:] | long 'a' |
| œ | [u] | as 'oo' in 'boot' |
Consonantic phonemes
Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Labio-Velar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ||||||
| Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ | ç | χ | h | ||
| Affricate | ts dz | tʃ dʒ | |||||||
| Approximant | r ɹ | j | w | ||||||
| Lateral | l |
Vocalic phonemes
Oxman shows the following vowels:
| Phonemes | Short | Long | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |
| Closed | ɪ | ʊ | i: | y: u: |
| Mid-closed | e: | o: | ||
| Mid-open | ɛ | ɔ | ||
| Open | a | ɑ: | ||
Diphthongs and digraphs
Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:
| Diphthongs | Pronunciation |
| ai | [ɑ:ɪ] |
| au | [ɑ:ʊ] |
| ea | [e:ɪ] |
| eo | [e:ʊ] |
| ei | [ɛɪ] |
| uo, ue | [y:ə] |
| ou | [o:ʊ] |
Stress
The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:
- In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;
- In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: yemæke, "to make up", is read as [jə'ma:kə].
Grammar
Nouns, gender and number
Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.
Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:
- All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;
However a few nouns show irregular endings.
Articles
Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.
The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: ean. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.
The definite article is thie for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is that. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.
Adjectives
The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single -e ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.
| Strong singular | Strong plural / Weak | Meaning |
| gœd | gœde | good |
| ald | alde | old |
| yung | yunge | young |
| road | rode* | red |
| long | longe | long |
| heat | hete* | hot |
- long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (to live) but 'ic leaf' (I live).
Comparative
The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or, -rX'. The second term of comparation is introduced by thon and is in the same case of the first, ex.:
- Ean yebow hoyor thon ean trie - A building higher than a tree.
Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.
Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative
Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:
| Positive | Strong comparative | Weak comparative |
| gœd | betor | betre |
| uvol (bad) | wierse | wierse |
| uvol (inferior) | sambor (rare) | sambre (rare) |
| luttol | smallor | smallre |
| weney | mindor | mindre |
| ald | eldor | eldre |
| yung | yongor | yongre |
| strong (strict) | strengor | strengre |
| long | lengor | lengre |
| foar (fore) | furmor | furmre |
| fer (far) | ferthor | ferthre |
| mæney/micol (many, much) | mear | mere |
Superlative
The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost, -stX' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').
- Thie sconste blœm thiere werold - The most beautiful flower in the world.
Adjectives with an irregular superlative
The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:
| Positive | Strong superlative | Weak superlative |
| gœd | best | beste |
| uvol (bad) | wierst | wierste |
| uvol (inferior) | sambost (rare) | sambste (rare) |
| luttol | smallost | smalste |
| weney | minst | minste |
| ald | eldost | eldste |
| yung | yongost | yongste |
| fer | ferthost | ferthste |
| strong | strengost | stengste |
| long | lengost | lengste |
| foar | furmost | furmste |
| mæney/micol (many, much) | meast | measte |
Numerals
Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:
| Number | Cardinal | Ordinal |
| 0 | nieght | - |
| 1 | ene | earst (time), furst (place) |
| 2 | twea | tweathe |
| 3 | thrie | therde |
| 4 | fier | fierthe |
| 5 | faif | fifthe |
| 6 | sex | sexthe |
| 7 | sevon | sevonthe |
| 8 | aght | aghtthe |
| 9 | neyon | neyonthe |
| 10 | tien | tenthe |
| 11 | elvon | elfthe |
| 12 | twelf | twelfthe |
| 13 | thertien | thertenthe |
| 14 | fiertien | fiertenthe |
| 15 | fiftien | fiftenthe |
| 16 | sextien | sextenthe |
| 17 | sevontien | sevontenthe |
| 18 | aghttien | aghttenthe |
| 19 | neyontien | neyontenthe |
| 20 | twintey | twinteythe |
| 21 | ean-ond-twintey | ean-ond-twinteythe |
| 22 | twea-ond-twintey | twea-ond-twinteythe |
| 30 | thertey | therteythe |
| 40 | fiertey | fierteythe |
| 50 | fiftey | fifteythe |
| 60 | sextey | sexteythe |
| 70 | sevontey | sevonteythe |
| 80 | aghttey | aghtteythe |
| 90 | neyontey | neyonteythe |
| 100 | hundrod | hundrodthe |
Personal pronouns
| Case | 1st person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Subject | ick | wie | ||
| Object 1 | my | us | ||
| Object 2 | my | us | ||
| Possessive | main | ure | ||
| Case | 2nd person | |||
| Singular | Plural | |||
| Subject | thu | yie | ||
| Object 1 | thy | yow, yiew* | ||
| Object 2 | thy | yow* | ||
| Possessive | thain | yore* | ||
| Case | 3rd person | |||
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | |
| Subject | hie | sie | hit | hea |
| Object 1 | hine, him** | sie, hir** | him, hit** | hea, heam** |
| Object 2 | him | hir | hit | heam |
| Genitive | his | hir | his | hiere |
- Dialectal or archaic forms.
- Common errors, often found in vulgar language
Verbs
Inflections
Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:
| Infinitive | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | plural persons | singular preterit | plural preterit | past participle | Auxiliary | Meaning |
| hebbe | heb | hæst | hæth | hebbeth | hadde | hadden | ehad | hebbe | to have |
| wese | bie | bist | is | sind | was | waren | ewesen | wese | to be |
| dœ | dœ | dost | doth | dœth | dead | deden | edæn | hebbe | to do |
| gæ | gæ | gast | gath | gæth | iede | ieden | egæn, egongen | wese | to go |
| fære | fær | farst | farth | færeth | fœr | fœren | efæren | wese | to go |
| flieye | fliey | flieyst | flieyth | flieyeth | floay | floyen | efloyen | wese | to fly |
| sie | sie | siest | sieth | sieth | say | sayen | esien | hebbe | to see |
| leye | ley | leyst | leyth | leyeth | leide | leiden | eleid | hebbe | to lay |
| mœte | mœt | mœst | mœt | mœteth | mœste | mœsten | — | hebbe | to may, must |
| kume | kum | komst | komth | kumeth | quam | quamen | ekumen | wese | to come |
| kunne | kan | kanst | kan | kunneth | kuthe | kuthen | ekuth | hebbe | can |
| seye | sey | seyst | seyth | seyeth | seide | seiden | eseid | hebbe | to say |
| fortelle | fortell | fortelst | fortelth | fortelleth | fortelde | fortelden | forteld | hebbe | to tell |
| wite | weat | weast | weat | witeth | wiste | wisten | ewiten | hebbe | to know |
| knæwe | knæw | knawst | knawth | knæweth | kniew | kniewen | eknowen | hebbe | to recognise |
| wille | will | wilt | will | willeth | wolde | wolden | ewild | hebbe | to want to |
| sculle | scall | scalt | scall | sculleth | scolde | scolden | — | hebbe | to shall, must |
| sterve | sterf | stirfst | stirfth | sterveth | storf | storven | estorven | wese | to die |
| mæke | mæk | mækst | mækth | mæketh | mækte | mækten | emækod | hebbe | to make |
| ete | eat | eatst (older itst) | eatth (older itth) | eteth | at | aten | eëten | hebbe | to eat |
| muye | may | maist | may | muyeth | moghte | moghten | — (emoght) | hebbe | to may |
| halde | hald | heldst | heldth | haldeth | hield, heald | hielden, healden | ehalden | hebbe | to hold |
| wirce | wirc | wircest | wirceth | wirceth | wroghte | wroghten | ewroght | hebbe | to work |
Indefinites
Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:
| Indefinite | Meaning |
|---|---|
| evenman | somebody |
| evenean | someone |
| evending | something/anything |
| evenwær | somewhere |
| neaman | nobody |
| newær | nowhere |
| nene (also neëne) | none |
| neding | nothing |
| enyman | anybody |
| enyene | anyone |
| enyding | anything |
| enywær | anywhere |
| theyene | the one (who) |
| thatean | that one (which) |
| elc | each |
| all | all |
| othor | other |