Sharqi: Difference between revisions

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**''C'': second root consonant (for geminated or quadriliteral verbs, this represents the middle two consonants)
**''C'': second root consonant (for geminated or quadriliteral verbs, this represents the middle two consonants)
**''L'': third root consonant
**''L'': third root consonant
**(''vowel''): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics
**(''vowel''): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics.
**Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the penultimate ''a'' in the present and past affirmative is dropped (if possible).
*Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the ''a'' in ''-aL'' in the perfect and imperfect is dropped (if applicable and allowed). This is represented with square brackets (i.e. ''[a]'').
:e.g. ''sabar'' "he broke" + ''-ag'' "you (object)" → ''sabrag'' "he broke you" (not *''sabarag'')
:e.g. ''sabar'' "he broke" + ''-ag'' "you (object)" → ''sabrag'' "he broke you" (not *''sabarag'')
::BUT ''baddal'' "he changed" + ''-ag'' → ''baddalag'' "he changed you" (*''baddlag'' violates phonotactics).
::BUT ''baddal'' "he changed" + ''-ag'' → ''baddalag'' "he changed you" (*''baddlag'' violates phonotactics).
*Some verbs have ''aa'' after the first root consonant instead of ''a'' - e.g. ''baarag'' "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to ''a'' are applied to the second ''a'' of ''aa'' (i.e. ''aá'').
*Some verbs have ''aa'' after the first root consonant instead of ''a'' - e.g. ''baarag'' "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to ''a'' are applied to the second ''a'' of ''aa'' (i.e. ''aá'').
*The infinitive takes the form ''FáCLi'' if the cluster ''CL'' is not forbidden. If it is forbidden, the infinitive takes the form ''FáCaL''.
('''Note:''' The tones in the perfect and imperfect will most likely be removed, but I'm leaving them here for now in case I decide to keep them)
('''Note:''' The tones in the perfect and imperfect will most likely be removed, but I'm leaving them here for now in case I decide to keep them)
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|+ Stem 1
|+ Stem 1
! colspan="5" | Infinitive || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FáC(a)Li'''''</span></center> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qádli''</span></center>
! colspan="5" | Infinitive (''m.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FáC(a)L(i)'''''</span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qádli''</span></center>
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''máF(a)CaL''''' </span></center> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''máqdal''</span></center>
! colspan="5" | Verbal Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''máF(a)CaL/FaCLíd''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''máqdal/qadlíd''</span></center>
|-
|-
!  !! colspan="2" | Imperfect !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Perfect !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Gerundive!! colspan="2" | Imperative Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Imperative Negative
! colspan="5" | Agent Noun (''m.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FaCaáli''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qadaáli''</span></center>
|-
|-
| <center>1S</center> || <center>'''''iFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''iqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''iF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''iqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCáLku'''''</center> || <center>''qadálku''</center>|| rowspan="8" | <center>'''''FaC(a)Lán'''''</center> || rowspan="8" | <center>''qadlán''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLay'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilay''</center>|| <center>'''''íF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''íF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdil''</center>
! colspan="5" | Agent Noun (''f.'') || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">'''''FaCaalíd''''' </span></center> || colspan="4" style="background: none" | <center><span style="font-weight:normal">''qadaalíd''</span></center>
|-
|-
| <center>2S</center> || <center>'''''tiFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaCáLka'''''</center> || <center>''qadálka''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLag'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilag''</center>|| <center>'''''FíCiL'''''</center> || <center>''qídil''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(i)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center>
! !! colspan="2" | Imperfect !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Perfect !! colspan="2" | Gerundive !! colspan="2" | Imperative !! colspan="2" | Jussive
|-
|-
| <center>3SM</center> || <center>'''''yiFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''yiqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''qádal''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLaw'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilaw''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdil''</center>
| <center>1S</center> || <center>'''''iFáC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''iqád[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''iF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''iqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCáLku'''''</center> || <center>''qadálku''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCiiLay'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilay''</center>||<center>'''''íF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdil''</center> || <center>'''''íF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdil''</center>
|-
|-
| <center>3SF</center> || <center>'''''tiFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> ||  <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaC(a)Lád'''''</center> || <center>''qadlád''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLaa'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilaa''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center>
| <center>2S</center> || <center>'''''tiFáC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''tiqád[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> ||  <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaCáLka'''''</center> || <center>''qadálka''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLag'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilag''</center>|| <center>'''''FíCiL'''''</center> || <center>''qídil''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(i)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center>
|-
|-
| <center>1P</center> || <center>'''''niFáCaL'''''</center> || <center>''niqádal''</center>|| <center>'''''niF(i)CíL'''''</center> ||  <center>''niqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCáLna'''''</center> || <center>''qadálna''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLan'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilan''</center>|| <center>'''''níF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''níqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''níF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''níqdil''</center>
| <center>3SM</center> || <center>'''''yiFáC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''yiqád[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FáC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''qád[a]l''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLaw'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilaw''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdil''</center>
|-
| <center>3SF</center> || <center>'''''tiFáC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''tiqád[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> ||  <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaC(a)Lád'''''</center> || <center>''qadlád''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLaa'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilaa''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdil''</center>
|-
| <center>1P</center> || <center>'''''niFáC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''niqád[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''niF(i)CíL'''''</center> ||  <center>''niqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCáLna'''''</center> || <center>''qadálna''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLan'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilan''</center>|| <center>'''''níF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''níqdil''</center>|| <center>'''''níF(a)CiL'''''</center> || <center>''níqdil''</center>
|-
|-
| <center>2P</center> || <center>'''''tiFaC(a)Luú'''''</center> || <center>''tiqadluú''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CiLuú'''''</center> ||  <center>''tiqdiluú''</center>||<center>'''''FaCaLkuú'''''</center> || <center>''qadalkuú''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLkun'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilkun''</center>|| <center>'''''FíC(i)Luu'''''</center> || <center>''qídluu''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíLuu'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíluu''</center>
| <center>2P</center> || <center>'''''tiFaC(a)Luú'''''</center> || <center>''tiqadluú''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CiLuú'''''</center> ||  <center>''tiqdiluú''</center>||<center>'''''FaCaLkuú'''''</center> || <center>''qadalkuú''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLkun'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilkun''</center>|| <center>'''''FíC(i)Luu'''''</center> || <center>''qídluu''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíLuu'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíluu''</center>

Revision as of 18:03, 28 January 2017

Sharqi (native: Af Sharqi) is an Ethio-Semitic language.

Introduction

Sharqi is basically a Semitic Somali.

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Verbs

Stem 1

Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect.

  • FCL is used as the generic verb (with qadal "kill" as the example verb).
    • F: first root consonant
    • C: second root consonant (for geminated or quadriliteral verbs, this represents the middle two consonants)
    • L: third root consonant
    • (vowel): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics.
  • Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the a in -aL in the perfect and imperfect is dropped (if applicable and allowed). This is represented with square brackets (i.e. [a]).
e.g. sabar "he broke" + -ag "you (object)" → sabrag "he broke you" (not *sabarag)
BUT baddal "he changed" + -agbaddalag "he changed you" (*baddlag violates phonotactics).
  • Some verbs have aa after the first root consonant instead of a - e.g. baarag "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to a are applied to the second a of aa (i.e. ).
  • The infinitive takes the form FáCLi if the cluster CL is not forbidden. If it is forbidden, the infinitive takes the form FáCaL.

(Note: The tones in the perfect and imperfect will most likely be removed, but I'm leaving them here for now in case I decide to keep them)

Stem 1
Infinitive (m.)
FáC(a)L(i)
qádli
Verbal Noun (f.)
máF(a)CaL/FaCLíd
máqdal/qadlíd
Agent Noun (m.)
FaCaáli
qadaáli
Agent Noun (f.)
FaCaalíd
qadaalíd
Imperfect Subjunctive Perfect Gerundive Imperative Jussive
1S
iFáC[a]L
iqád[a]l
iF(i)CíL
iqdíl
FaCáLku
qadálku
FaCiiLay
qadiilay
íF(a)CiL
íqdil
íF(a)CiL
íqdil
2S
tiFáC[a]L
tiqád[a]l
tiF(i)CíL
tiqdíl
FaCáLka
qadálka
FaCiiLag
qadiilag
FíCiL
qídil
tíF(i)CiL
tíqdil
3SM
yiFáC[a]L
yiqád[a]l
yiF(i)CíL
yiqdíl
FáC[a]L
qád[a]l
FaCiiLaw
qadiilaw
yíF(a)CiL
yíqdil
yíF(a)CiL
yíqdil
3SF
tiFáC[a]L
tiqád[a]l
tiF(i)CíL
tiqdíl
FaC(a)Lád
qadlád
FaCiiLaa
qadiilaa
tíF(a)CiL
tíqdil
tíF(a)CiL
tíqdil
1P
niFáC[a]L
niqád[a]l
niF(i)CíL
niqdíl
FaCáLna
qadálna
FaCiiLan
qadiilan
níF(a)CiL
níqdil
níF(a)CiL
níqdil
2P
tiFaC(a)Luú
tiqadluú
tiF(i)CiLuú
tiqdiluú
FaCaLkuú
qadalkuú
FaCiiLkun
qadiilkun
FíC(i)Luu
qídluu
tiF(i)CíLuu
tiqdíluu
3P
yiFaC(a)Luú
yiqadluú
yiF(i)CiLuú
yiqdiluú
FaC(a)Luú
qadluú
FaCiiLun
qadiilun
yíF(i)CiLuu
yíqdiluu
yiF(i)CíLuu
yiqdíluu
IMP
yiFáC(a)Las
yiqádlas
yiF(i)CíLas
yiqdílas
FáC(a)Las
qádlas
FaCiiLays
qadiilays
yíF(a)CiLas
yíqdilas
yíF(a)CiLas
yíqdilas


There are various modifications depending on the root consonants:

  • If F is:-
    • w: i becomes u before w, with iw becoming uu - e.g. yuwadad "he loves" (from *yiwadad).
    • y: iy becomes ii - e.g. al tiibas "she/it does not dry" (from *tiybas).
    • '/Ø: i is dropped - e.g. yaaman "he believes" (from *yi(')aaman).
  • If C is:-
    • w (or w + consonant):
      • aw(a) becomes oo - e.g. koon "he was/became" (from *kawan).
      • wi becomes uu (and makes preceding i into u) - e.g. ay tukuun "do not become" (from *tikwin).
    • y (or y + consonant):
      • ay(a) becomes ee - e.g. keed "he walked/went" (from *kayad).
      • yi becomes ii - e.g. ay tikiid "do not walk/go" (from *tikyid).
  • If L is:-
    • y:
      • (a)ya becomes ay - e.g. sallayd "she prayed" (from *sallayad).
      • iy becomes ii - e.g. sillii "pray" (from *silliy).
      • The gerundive takes the base FaCiy- (FaCii- before a consonant).
    • w:
      • (a)wa becomes aw - e.g. cafawd "she forgave" (from *cafwad).
      • iw becomes uu (and makes preceding i into u) - e.g. cufuu "pray" (from *cifiw).
      • The gerundive takes the base FaCuw- (FaCuu- before a consonant).
  • Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. sallaygu "I prayed" (from *sallay-ku).

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources