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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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→Verbs - Daradhūvī
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Interior verbs only have six voices, as they do not have an agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called '''common voice'''. | Interior verbs only have six voices, as they do not have an agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called '''common voice'''. | ||
Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for four different '''tense-aspect combinations''' (simply ''tenses''): the '''present''' and '''future''', both imperfective, and ''' | Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for four different '''tense-aspect combinations''' (simply ''tenses''): the '''present''' and '''future''', both imperfective, and '''past''' and '''perfect''', both perfective; other distinctions may be built periphrastically (most notably ''imperfect'', ''pluperfect'' and ''future perfect''). Tenses are the “basic unit” verbs conjugate in: all tenses conjugate for nine persons (1st-2nd-3rd in singular, dual and plural; note though that 3rd singular and 3rd plural are identical in the perfect). Note that some moods do only distinguish between imperfective and perfective aspect. | ||
Some pronouns [[Chlouvānem#Personal pronouns|have a clitic form]] in accusative and ergative case which may be added to specify other arguments - e.g. ''mešėça'' "he sees" + ''-æl'' (clitic 1sg acc.) > ''mešėçæl'' "he sees me" - equivalent to ''læl mešėça''. | Some pronouns [[Chlouvānem#Personal pronouns|have a clitic form]] in accusative and ergative case which may be added to specify other arguments - e.g. ''mešėça'' "he sees" + ''-æl'' (clitic 1sg acc.) > ''mešėçæl'' "he sees me" - equivalent to ''læl mešėça''. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== | ===Past Indicative=== | ||
====Regular==== | ====Regular==== | ||
In the | In the past indicative, -ah verbs are not distinguished as a conjugation, behaving instead like root verbs. -nā/nī verbs have no root extension in the singular exterior and interior, and -nā- in all other forms.<br/> | ||
Ablauting verbs always have their base grade, except for inverse ablaut roots which use the reduced vowel, and plural interior forms. | Ablauting verbs always have their base grade, except for inverse ablaut roots which use the reduced vowel, and plural interior forms. | ||
Exterior forms: | Exterior forms: | ||
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===The optative and propositive moods=== | ===The optative and propositive moods=== | ||
Optative and propositive moods are made starting from the same stem; these stem use the same terminations as regular (a-type verbs) present for the imperfective aspect and regular | Optative and propositive moods are made starting from the same stem; these stem use the same terminations as regular (a-type verbs) present for the imperfective aspect and regular past for the perfective; propositive mood uses the imperative ones. | ||
The stem is formed by taking the root with vowel lengthening and adding '''-eina-''' after consonants ('''-ouna-''' after '''l''') and '''-vūna-''' after vowels. Note that, while adding terminations, a is deleted between a single sonorant and a single non-sonorant consonant (e.g. 1sg propositive causative ''-einxhiṣam'' < ''-ein-a-xhiṣam'') | The stem is formed by taking the root with vowel lengthening and adding '''-eina-''' after consonants ('''-ouna-''' after '''l''') and '''-vūna-''' after vowels. Note that, while adding terminations, a is deleted between a single sonorant and a single non-sonorant consonant (e.g. 1sg propositive causative ''-einxhiṣam'' < ''-ein-a-xhiṣam'') | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Present !! | ! !! Present !! Past !! Perfect !! Future | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1SG || pūn'''itasu''' || pūn'''itto''' || upūn'''itenim''' || pūn'''išenim''' | | 1SG || pūn'''itasu''' || pūn'''itto''' || upūn'''itenim''' || pūn'''išenim''' | ||
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The endings are (in patient-trigger/common voice): | The endings are (in patient-trigger/common voice): | ||
* Present: exterior '''-susas''', ''-susam'', ''-susah'' — interior '''-sūnis''', ''-sūnim'', ''-sūneh'' | * Present: exterior '''-susas''', ''-susam'', ''-susah'' — interior '''-sūnis''', ''-sūnim'', ''-sūneh'' | ||
* | * Past: exterior '''-kyas''', ''-kyam'', ''-kyah'' — interior '''-kinis''', ''-kinim'', ''-kineh'' | ||
* Perfect: exterior '''-cās''', ''-cām'', ''-cāh'' — interior '''-cænas''', ''-cænam'', ''-cænah'' | * Perfect: exterior '''-cās''', ''-cām'', ''-cāh'' — interior '''-cænas''', ''-cænam'', ''-cænah'' | ||
* Future: exterior '''-iṣvas''', ''-iṣvam'', ''-iṣvah'' — interior '''-iṣunis''', ''-iṣunim'', ''-iṣuneh'' | * Future: exterior '''-iṣvas''', ''-iṣvam'', ''-iṣvah'' — interior '''-iṣunis''', ''-iṣunim'', ''-iṣuneh'' | ||
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'''Adverbials''' are formed just like participles by adding a set of endings to the stem. There are two types of adverbials: '''homofocals''', used when the trigger of the adverbial and of the main verb are the same, and '''heterofocals''', used when they are different. | '''Adverbials''' are formed just like participles by adding a set of endings to the stem. There are two types of adverbials: '''homofocals''', used when the trigger of the adverbial and of the main verb are the same, and '''heterofocals''', used when they are different. | ||
* Present: homofocal '''-lie''' (ext), '''-līne''' (int) — heterofocal '''-nikai''' (ext), '''-ninėk''' (int) | * Present: homofocal '''-lie''' (ext), '''-līne''' (int) — heterofocal '''-nikai''' (ext), '''-ninėk''' (int) | ||
* | * Past: homofocal '''-lūte''' (ext), '''-lūnde''' (int) — heterofocal '''-nakte''' (ext), '''-nalget''' (int) | ||
* Perfect: homofocal '''-līse''', (ext) '''-līmen''' (int) — heterofocal '''-nikṣe''' (ext), '''-nikñe''' (int) | * Perfect: homofocal '''-līse''', (ext) '''-līmen''' (int) — heterofocal '''-nikṣe''' (ext), '''-nikñe''' (int) | ||
* Future: homofocal '''-iṣre''' (ext), '''-iṣrāṇi''' (int) — heterofocal '''-iṣṇei''' (ext), '''-iṣāṇin''' (int). | * Future: homofocal '''-iṣre''' (ext), '''-iṣrāṇi''' (int) — heterofocal '''-iṣṇei''' (ext), '''-iṣāṇin''' (int). | ||
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===Irregular verbs=== | ===Irregular verbs=== | ||
Chlouvānem has eight major irregular verbs, plus other three with peculiar irregularities. The eight major irregular verbs all have different stems in either | Chlouvānem has eight major irregular verbs, plus other three with peculiar irregularities. The eight major irregular verbs all have different stems in either past and perfect or both; the verb ''gyake'' (to be) is extremely irregular due to suppletion.<br/>The other seven major suppletive verbs are (regular stems are <small>in smaller size</small>): | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Verb !! Present stem (without ablaut) !! | ! Verb !! Present stem (without ablaut) !! Past stem !! Perfect stem | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''einerke'' (to float (multidir.)) || einer- || paiṇṣ- || iʔīneṣ- | | ''einerke'' (to float (multidir.)) || einer- || paiṇṣ- || iʔīneṣ- | ||
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| ''yahike'' (to read; <small>''arch.:'' to understand</small>) || yahь- || taiši- || ašahь- | | ''yahike'' (to read; <small>''arch.:'' to understand</small>) || yahь- || taiši- || ašahь- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Note that ''paiṇṣ-'', ''māṃṣ-'', ''paṃšy-'', ''pañc-'', and ''taiši-'' all use the '''present''' endings instead of the ''' | Note that ''paiṇṣ-'', ''māṃṣ-'', ''paṃšy-'', ''pañc-'', and ''taiši-'' all use the '''present''' endings instead of the '''past''' ones. | ||
Further irregularities are found in the present indicative and subjunctive for a total of five verbs: | Further irregularities are found in the present indicative and subjunctive for a total of five verbs: | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Person !! Present !! | ! Person !! Present !! Past !! Perfect !! Future | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1SG || valu || mos || egyam || mavū | | 1SG || valu || mos || egyam || mavū | ||
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===Analytic constructions and auxiliary verbs=== | ===Analytic constructions and auxiliary verbs=== | ||
Chlouvānem uses many analytic constructions - including auxiliary and compound verbs - in order to convey some shades of meaning. Most of these use either a participle or the infinitive as the form of the lexical verb: | Chlouvānem uses many analytic constructions - including auxiliary and compound verbs - in order to convey some shades of meaning. Most of these use either a participle or the infinitive as the form of the lexical verb: | ||
* ''perfect participle'' in the needed voice + ''gyake'' in the | * ''perfect participle'' in the needed voice + ''gyake'' in the past or future tense: compound construction used for pluperfect and future perfect. It is not wrong to use it with a present tense, but the meaning does not change from the bare perfect.<br/> Note that, for the pluperfect, the bare perfect is often used instead, both in literature as in common speech. | ||
** ''uyųlcąça mos'' "I had eaten" | ** ''uyųlcąça mos'' "I had eaten" | ||
** ''uyųlcąça mavū'' "I will have eaten" | ** ''uyųlcąça mavū'' "I will have eaten" | ||
* ''present participle'' in the needed voice + ''gyake'' in the needed tense: compound construction used for the progressive aspect in the three tenses (present, past | * ''present participle'' in the needed voice + ''gyake'' in the needed tense: compound construction used for the progressive aspect in the three tenses (present, past, future). In the present, the form of ''gyake'' is omitted for the third person, or for all persons if a pronoun is present. | ||
** ''yųlasusąça valu'' "I am eating" | ** ''yųlasusąça valu'' "I am eating" | ||
** ''yųlasusąça mos'' "I was eating" | ** ''yųlasusąça mos'' "I was eating" | ||