User:Waahlis/Hrasic: Difference between revisions
(→Vowels) |
No edit summary |
||
Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Hrasú múng''', /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing. | '''Hrasú múng''', /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, '''Hrasú''' or '''Hrasic''' /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing. | ||
The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:nominative-accusative]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections. | The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:nominative-accusative]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections. | ||
Line 570: | Line 570: | ||
====Declension==== | ====Declension==== | ||
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" | {| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú''''' | |+'''Declension of ''hrasú''''' | ||
|- | |- |
Revision as of 19:26, 20 May 2013
Hrasic | |
---|---|
Hrasú múng | |
Pronunciation | [/ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/] |
Created by | – |
Native to | Azerbaijan, Russia; Republic of Dagestan |
Native speakers | 301,486 (2012) |
Menmer languages
| |
Early form | Proto-Men
|
Official status | |
Regulated by | Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | hr |
ISO 639-2 | hr |
ISO 639-3 | qhr |
Hrasú múng, /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, Hrasú or Hrasic /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the Eastern Caucasus, by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of Dagestan in Russia, as well as the area around Baku in Azerbaijan. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing.
The language is a language isolate, and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of allophony. It is a fusional language and is morphosyntactically w:nominative-accusative. The morphology is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
Background
The Hrasic language, or Hrasú, is a constructed language, but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
Phonology
Consonants
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Hrasú language. There are 20 contrastive consonants.
Consonants | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Denti-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
apical | laminal | |||||||
Nasals | plain | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
Plosives | aspirated | bh /pʰ/ | th /t̺ʰ/ | ch /kʰ/ | ||||
unvoiced | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /k/ | |||||
voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
Fricatives | unvoiced | sh /s̺ʰ/ | s /s/ | h /ç ~ x ~ h/ | ||||
voiced | z /z/ | y /ʝ/ | ||||||
Trills | r /r/ | |||||||
Approximants | hu /w/ | |||||||
Laterals | l /l ~ ɬ/ |
Consonant allophony
Allophony is common to many consonants, and sandhi forces them to be realised different in different environments.
The glottal fricative
The phoneme /h/, the so called glottal fricative, is in free variation with the unvoiced palatal fricative /ç/ as well as the unvoiced velar fricative /x/.
hlá | ||||
/ˈhɬæ/ | = | /ˈxɬæ/ | = | /ˈçɬæ/ |
---|---|---|---|---|
good; well |
The velar fricative is the most common one, but the phones are all affected by palatalisation, producing the palatal fricative [ç]. If followed by a rhotic trill /r/, the pronunciation becomes uvular.
hyó | hrasú | |||||
/ˈhʝə/ | → | [ˈçə] | /ˈhrɑsɯ/ | → | [ˈχrʌsɯ] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
to leave.subj | pride |
Palatalisation
Palatalisation occurs due to many factors:
- The phonemes /ʝ/ and /ɪ/, the voiced palatal fricative and the near-close near-front vowel, tend to palatalise adjacent consonants internally.
- Externally, a final voiced velar stop, /g/, palatalises the initial consonant of the following word.
All post-bilabial consonants are affected, except the rhotic /r/ and the aspirated apical fricative /s̺ʰ/. As such, the allophony is rather extensive:
Plain | /n/ | /t/ | /d/ | /s/ | /z/ | /l/ | /ŋ/ | /k/ | /g/ | /kʰ/ | /t̺ʰ / | /h/ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palatalised | [ɲ] | [t͡ʃ] | [d͡ʒ] | [ʃ] | [ʒ] | [ʎ] | [ɲ]1 | [t͡ʃ] | [d͡ʒ] | [k] | [t] | [ç] |
- Realised as /ŋg/ when non-initial. This grants /ŋg/ → [ɲd͡ʒ].
hráni | tian | átzi? | móngi | |||||||||||
/ˈhrænɪ/ | → | [ˈχræɲɪ] | /ˈtɪɑn/ | → | [ˈt͡ʃɪan] | /ˈætzɪ/ | → | [ˈætʃɪ] | /ˈməŋgɪ/ | → | [ˈməɲd͡ʒɪ] | |||
spider, hand | friend | now.int | to go.subj. |
Voicedness
Some phonemes are susceptible to voicedness sandhi. These are the sibilants and the voiced lateral approximant /l/. When preceded by a phoneme differing in voicedness, the above mentioned phonemes assimilate.
hlá | gyáng-sóm | átzi? | méngshi | |||||||||||
/ˈçlæ/ | → | /ˈçɬæ/ | /ˈgʝæŋgsəm/ | → | /ˈgʝæŋgzəm/ | /ˈætzɪ/ | → | /ˈætsɪ/ | /ˈmiŋɡs̺ʰɪ/ | → | /ˈmiŋɡz̺ʱɪ/ | |||
good; well; happy | to say.subj-you.1.p.pl.acc.inf | now.int | to dance.subj.caus |
The voicedness assimilation is included in broad transcriptions, as such, it is enclosed by slashes, //.
Vowels
There are 10 vowel phonemes in the Hrasic language. In addition to these, the open mid-back unrounded vowel, /ʌ/, is an allophone of /ɑ/.
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | é /i/ | í /ɨ/ | ú /ɯ/ | ||
Near-close | i /ɪ/ | u /ʊ/ | |||
Close-mid | |||||
Mid | e /ə/ | ||||
Open-mid | ó /ɞ/ | a /ʌ/ · o /ɔ/ | |||
Near-open | á /æ/ | ||||
Open | a /ɑ/ |
Vowel allophony
The open mid-back unrounded vowel, /ʌ/, is an allophone of /ɑ/ when it precedes the close back unrounded vowel, /ɯ/, or the open mid-back rounded vowel, /ɔ/.
Morphophonology
Metaphony
Hrasic has a system of regressive metaphony similar to the I- and U-mutation in the Germanic languages. It is a kind of vowel harmony, rather than mutation.
It is a long distance metaphony which affects the preceding vowels in a whole word.
pre-assimilation | post-assimilation | ||
---|---|---|---|
CVbCVbCVa | → | CVaCVaCVa | (Va = type-a vowel, Vb = type-b vowel, C = consonant) |
In the diagram above, the Va (type-a vowel) causes the preceding Vb (type-b vowel) to assimilate and become the same type of vowel (and thus they become, metaphorically, "in harmony").
In Hrasic, these types of vowels are defined by their frontness. There are three different types; ming, rán and bhún, where the rán vowel is neutral and can appear with both front and back vowels.
- ming - narrow, meaning front vowel.
- rán - perfect, signifying the mid-central /ə/, the schwa.
- bhún - broad vowels are back vowels.
Front | Neutral | Back |
---|---|---|
i /ɪ/ | e /ə/ | í /ɨ/ |
á /æ/ | a /ɑ/ | |
u /ʊ/ | ú /ɯ/ | |
ó /ɞ/ | o /ɔ/ | |
é /i/ |
As it happens, ming-mutation, or front mutation, is much more common than the bhún-mutation. Please note that the orthography is highly arbitrary, and the accent marks do not reflect frontness.
Grammar
Morphology
Nominal
Number
Gender
Case
Declension
1.inan | hrasú - pride | ||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
Nominative | hrasú | ahrasú | hrasún |
Accusative | hrasúm | ahrasúm | hrasúm |
Dative | hrási | ehrási | hrásin |
Instrumental | hrásin | ehrásin | hrásin |
Genitive | ihrási | ehrási | ihrásin |
Vocative | ahrasú | ahrasú | ahrasún |
Sample phrases
- Thún sóm hyó-ác?
- Thún ác gyáng-sóm téngi!
- Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.