Tigol/Morphology

Old Bhadhagha is a highly inflected fusional language, much more so than modern Bhadhagha. Much of Proto-Talmic morphology survives in Old Bhadhagha. However, Old Bhadhagha is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.

Nouns

Nouns fall into one of masculine, feminine and neuter genders and inflect for singular and plural numbers, inherited from the Thensarian singulative and plurative.

The definite article, inherited from the Thensarian demonstrative inom, is in for singular nouns and na for plural nouns; they trigger mutations based on gender.

Nouns are also inflected for construct state and take possessive suffixes, inherited from Thensarian.

ɮoirom 'bird'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	ɮoirom	ɮeɮoirom	ɮoirīs
Definite	ɮoirai	ɮeɮoirai	ɮoirinnə

Possessed forms of ' - 'bird'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	ɮoirot	ɮoirinnət
1sg possessor	ɮoiron	ɮoirinnən
2sg.m possessor	ɮoirossi	ɮoirinnəssi
2sg.f possessor	ɮoirossiu	ɮoirinnəssiu
3sg.m possessor	ɮoirotiu	ɮoirinniu
3sg.f possessor	ɮoirotī	ɮoirinnī
3sg.n possessor	ɮoirota	ɮoirinna
1exc possessor	ɮoirosmə	ɮoirinnəsmə
1inc possessor	ɮoiroswi	ɮoirinnəswi
2pl possessor	ɮoiroka	ɮoirinnəka
3pl possessor	ɮoirotōr	ɮoirinnətōr

Verb prefixes

Object prefixes

Object prefixes are inherited from Proto-Quihum and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.

Verb TAMs

Old Bhadhagha inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Old Bhadhagha displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:

• Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. túsaiṁ /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ní·tús /niːˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern tús)
• Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. soṁaiṁ /somʰai̯mʰ/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ní·soṁa /niːˈsomʰa/ 'he does not find' (modern somh)
• Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. as·tóċ /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ní·assaċ /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove' (modern stóch)
• Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. de·arcoḃ /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< de-ar-cobym 'at-on-bear'), ní·dérb /niːˈdeːrb/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern déarb)

In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.

Present

Person	túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting)	soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting)	as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting)	dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting)
1SG	túsain < tússanis ní·tús < nīs tússan	soṁain < somynis ní·soṁ < nīs somyn	as·tóċan < astósācon ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācon	dor·coḃ ní·dérb
2SG	túsair < tússaris ní·túsar < nīs tússar	soṁair < somyris ní·soṁar < nīs somyr	as·tóċar < astósācor ní·assaċar < nīs ástosācor	dor·coḃar ní·dérbar
3SG.M	túsaiṁ < tússamis ní·tús < nīs tússam	soṁaiṁ < somymis ní·soṁ < nīs somym	as·tóċ < astósācom ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācom	dor·coḃ ní·dérb
3SG.F	túsaé < tússasis ní·túsaé < nīs tússasi	soṁaé < somysis ní·soṁaé < nīs somysi	as·tóċaé < astósācosi ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācosi	dor·coḃaé ní·dérbaé
3SG.N	tús < tússas ní·tús < nīs tússa	soiṁ < somis ní·soṁ < nīs somy	as·tóċ < astósācos ní·assaċ < nīs ástosāco	dor·coḃ ní·dérb
1EX	túsmae < tússamēs ní·túsaiṁ < nīs tússamē	sommae < somymēs ní·soṁaiṁ < nīs somymē	as·tóċaiṁ < astósācomē ní·assaċaiṁ < nīs ástosācomē	dor·coḃaiṁ ní·dérbaiṁ
1IN	túsait < tússantis ní·túsat < nīs tússant	soṁait < somyntis ní·soṁat < nīs somynt	as·tóċat < astósācont ní·assaċat < nīs ástosācont	dor·coḃat ní·dérbat
2PL	túsaisc < tússasces ní·túsaisc < nīs tússasce	soṁaisc < somysces ní·soṁasc < nīs somysce	as·tóċaisc < astósācosce ní·assaċaisc < nīs ástosācosce	dor·coḃaisc ní·dérbaisc
3PL	túsaiḋ < tússatis ní·túsaḋ < nīs tússat	soṁaiḋ < somytis ní·soṁaḋ < nīs somyt	as·tóċaḋ < astósācot ní·assaċaḋ < nīs ástosācot	dor·coḃaḋ ní·dérbaḋ

Imperfect

The imperfect is its own principal part, from reduplication in Thensarian.

Person	túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting)	soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting)	as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting)	dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting)
1SG	téussain < tétussanis ní·téuss < nīs tétussan	séṁain < sésomynis ní·séṁ < nīs sésomyn	as·tecc ní·astóċ	dor·coġḃ ní·dercob
2SG	téussair < tétussaris ní·téussar < nīs tétussar	séṁair < somyris ní·séṁar < nīs sésomyr	as·teccar ní·astóċar	dor·coġḃar ní·dercobar
3SG.M	téussaiṁ < tétussamis ní·téuss < nīs tétussam	séṁaiṁ < sésomymis ní·séṁ < nīs sésomym	as·tecc ní·astóċ	dor·coġḃ ní·dercob
3SG.F	téussaé < tétussasis ní·téussaé < nīs tétussasi	séṁaé < sésomysis ní·séṁaé < nīs sésomysi	as·teccaé ní·astóċaé	dor·coġḃaé ní·dercobaé
3SG.N	téuss < tétussas ní·téuss < nīs tétussa	séṁ < sésomis ní·séṁ < nīs sésomy	as·tecc ní·astóċ	dor·coġḃ ní·dercob
1EX	téussaiṁ < tétussamēs ní·téussaiṁ < nīs tétussamē	sémmae < sésomymēs ní·séṁaiṁ < nīs sésomymē	as·teccaiṁ ní·astóċaiṁ	dor·coġḃaiṁ ní·dercobaiṁ
1IN	téussait < tétussantis ní·téussat < nīs tétussant	séṁait < sésomyntis ní·séṁat < nīs sésomynt	as·teccat ní·astóċat	dor·coġḃat ní·dercobat
2PL	téussaisc < tétussasces ní·téussaisc < nīs tétussasce	séṁaisc < sésomysces ní·soṁasc < nīs sésomysce	as·teccaisc ní·astóċaisc	dor·coġḃaisc ní·dercobaisc
3PL	téussaiḋ < tétussatis ní·téussaḋ < nīs tétussat	séṁaiḋ < sésomytis ní·séṁaḋ < nīs sésomyt	as·teccaḋ ní·astóċaḋ	dor·coġḃaḋ ní·dercobaḋ

Preterite

Person	túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting)	soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting)	as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting)	dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting)
1SG	túsnaim < tússannemis ní·túsainn < nīs tússannem	siṁnim < siminnemis ní·siṁinn < nīs siminnem	as·tóċainn < astósāconnem ní·assaċainn < nīs ástosāconnem	dor·ciḃinn ní·déirbinn
2SG	túsaí < tússavȳs ní·túsaí < nīs tússavȳ	siṁí < simivȳs ní·siṁí < nīs simivȳ	as·tóċaí < astósācovȳ ní·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovȳ	dor·ciḃí ní·déirbí
3SG.M	túsaim < tússasmis ní·túsaim < nīs tússasmi	siṁim < simismis ní·siṁim < nīs simismi	as·tóċaim < astósācosmi ní·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi	dor·ciḃim ní·déirbim
3SG.F	túsais < tússastis ní·túsais < nīs tússasti	siṁis < simistis ní·siṁis < nīs simisti	as·tóċais < astósācosti ní·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti	dor·ciḃis ní·déirbis
3SG.N	túsá < tússasos ní·túsá < nīs tússaso	siṁeo < simisos ní·siṁeo < nīs simiso	as·tóċá < astósācoso ní·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso	dor·ciḃeo ní·déirbeo
1EX	túsmair < tússameris ní·túsmar < nīs tússamer	simmir < simimeris ní·simmer < nīs simimeris	as·tóċmar < astósācomer ní·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer	dor·ciḃmer ní·déirbmer
1IN	túsdair < tússanteris ní·túsdar < nīs tússanter	siṁdir < siminteris ní·siṁder < nīs siminteris	as·tóċdar < astósāconter ní·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter	dor·ciḃder ní·déirbder
2PL	tússcair < tússasceris ní·tússcar < nīs tússascer	siṁscir < simisceris ní·siṁscer < nīs simisceris	as·tóċscar < astósācosceris ní·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer	dor·ciḃscer ní·déirbscer
3PL	túsṫair < tússateris ní·túsṫar < nīs tússater	siṁṫir < simiteris ní·siṁṫer < nīs simiteris	as·tóċṫar < astósācoter ní·assaċṫar < nīs ástosācoter	dor·ciḃṫer ní·déirbṫer

Future

Person	túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting)	soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting)	as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting)	dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting)
1SG	túsṫain < tússatēnis ní·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēn	sóitin < sontēnis ní·sóit < nīs sontēn	as·tóċtan ní·assaċt	dor·coċtan ní·derċtan
2SG	túsṫair < tússatēris ní·túsṫar < nīs tússatēr	sóitir < sontēris ní·sóiter < nīs sontēr	as·tóċtar ní·assaċtar	dor·coċtar ní·derċtar
3SG.M	túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmis ní·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēm	sóitiṁ < sontēmis ní·sóit < nīs somym	as·tóċt ní·assaċt	dor·coċt ní·derċt
3SG.F	túsṫaé < tússatēsis ní·túsṫaé < nīs tússatēsi	sóité < sontēsis ní·sóité < nīs somysi	as·tóċtaé ní·assaċtaé	dor·coċtaé ní·derċtaé
3SG.N	túsaiḋ < tússatēs ní·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatē	sóit < sontēs ní·sóit < nīs sontē	as·tóċt ní·assaċt	dor·coċt ní·derċt
1EX	túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmēs túsṫaiṁ < nīs tússatēmē	sóitiṁ < sontēmēs ní·sóiteṁ < nīs sontēm	as·tóċtaiṁ ní·assaċtaiṁ	dor·coċtaiṁ ní·derċtaiṁ
1IN	túsṫait < tússatēntis ní·túsṫat < nīs tússatēnt	sóitit < sontēntis ní·sóitet < nīs sontēnt	as·tóċtat ní·assaċtat	dor·coċtat ní·derċtat
2PL	túsṫaisc < tússatēsces ní·túsṫaisc < nīs tússatēsce	sóitisc < sontēsces ní·sóitisc < nīs sontēsce	as·tóċtaisc ní·assaċtaisc	dor·coċtaisc ní·derċtaisc
3PL	túsṫaiḋ < tússatētis ní·túsṫaḋ < nīs tússatēt	sóitiḋ < sontētis ní·sóiteḋ < nīs sontēt	as·tóċtaḋ ní·assaċtaḋ	dor·coċtaḋ ní·derċtaḋ