Scellan: Difference between revisions
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| ''-a'' (Netagin female suffix)<br/>''-wŋ'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument)<br/>''-i'' (diminutive)<br/>''-óm'' (augmentative)<br/>''-emb'' (female suffix)<br/>''ni-'' (non-)<br/>''ir-'' (un-) | | ''-a'' (Netagin female suffix)<br/>''-wŋ'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument)<br/>''-i'' (diminutive)<br/>''-óm'' (augmentative)<br/>''-emb'' (female suffix)<br/>''ni-'' (non-)<br/>''ir-'' (un-) | ||
| ''-ach'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-ev'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-wŋ'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument) | | ''-ach'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-ev'' (verbal noun)<br/>''-wŋ'' (agentive)<br/>''-os'' (instrument) | ||
| ''-e'' (abstract noun)<br/>''-ev'' (abstract noun)<br/>''- | | ''-e'' (abstract noun)<br/>''-ev'' (abstract noun)<br/>''-íra''(abstract noun) | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- |
Revision as of 16:00, 16 August 2017
Scellan-English lexicon
Swadesh list
Names
Phrasebook
A fir mi d'Eevo (This page in Eevo)
Scellan | |
---|---|
brits Eevo | |
Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|brits ɛivɔ]] |
Created by | IlL |
Setting | Verse:Tricin |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | qee |
Scellan (/ˈɛivɔ/; English: /ˈeɪvoʊ/; from the word ébhó for "common, shared") is a Talmic language belonging to the Eevoic branch; as its name suggests, it was originally a koiné spoken in the Smewlan Peninsula and across northern Mainland Talma. Eevo is now the most dominant modern language in Tricin.
Eevo is official in three Talman countries: Smewla, Nøøvr and Phormatin.
It's inspired by Icelandic, Welsh and (literally read) Hmong.
Todo
- Goal: Duolingo course
- Old Eevo prefixes remain productive.
- -att = forms adjectives
- tus = to wish
- Formal Eevo has possessive suffixes
- silent leniting prefix
- Toiréir Grughaid > Tører Grwid
- Note to self: nd != nn in Eevo!!!
- Need more Netagin
- adjectives might be verbs
- Dyrring a bunym armi dy ynang = the living fish swims in water
Diachronics
-n > -m (at least after w)
- a > a
- á > aw
- ae > ai
- ai > e
- aei, ái > ee
- ao, aoi > øø
- e > y /ə/
- é > ee
- éi > oi > wa
- eó, éu > ew
- ei, i > e
- i > i
- iu > y
- iú > iw
- o > o
- oi > ø
- ó > oo
- ói, ua > wa
- u, io > w
- ui > y
- ú > u /y/
- úi > wi
- rb, rd, rg > rv, rð, rj
Background
- See also: Proto-Talmic.
Phonology
Consonants
m n~l ŋ tn̥~tɬ kŋ m̥ n̥~l̥~ɬ ŋ̊ (m n ŋ nn ŋŋ hm hn hŋ)
ʁ r χ r̥ (l r ll/hl rr/hr)
ph th kh (p t c)
hp ht hk (pp tt cc)
p t k (b d g)
f θ s ʃ ç h (f þ s x ch h)
ts tʃ (ts tx)
v ð z j (v ð z j)
/n n̥ tn/ are pronounced [l ɬ tl~tɬ] before vowels.
l r can be syllabic.
Vowels
/a ɛ i ɔ u œ y ə ai au eu iu ei øy ou iə uə ui/
a e i o w ø u y ai aw ew iw ee øø oo ia wa wi
Diaereses (ä ë ï ö ø̈ ẅ) can be used on stressed vowels to distinguish them from diphthongs.
Vowels in pausa are breathy-voiced or followed by a final [h] in many doalects.
Stress
Non-initial stress is marked with an acute accent in the romanized orthography.
Intonation
Diaphonology
Peninsular
See above.
Rrend Ew
- ee øø oo ia wa are all monophthongs: [e: ø: o: i: u:]
- i u w are lowered and lax.
Cdam Sre
- ee øø oo = [əi əy əu]
- /χ/ = pharyngeal h
Early Modern Eevo
Middle Eevo
Orthography
In-universe, Eevo uses the Clofabic script, unlike other Talmic languages (except Roshterian).
Morphology
Eevo morphology tends to be simpler than most other Talmic languages; for example, it has no grammatical gender and no construct state.
Nouns
Eevo uses a singulative-collective-plurative system. Singulative and plurative (called "singular" and "plural" below for convenience) refer to one resp. more than one specific instances of the noun. Collective refers to "[noun] in general" or "the set of all [noun]".
The plural is usually marked by -ar for nouns ending in consonants and -r for nouns ending in vowels. Nouns of Netagin origin in -ǿø may use an -ǿøv plural.
The collective is marked by -an for nouns ending in consonants and -n for nouns ending in vowels.
There is no marking for possessors or possessed nouns.
- brits "language" > britsar "languages", britsan "all languages"
- chamna "woman" > chamnar "women", chamnan "all women"
Definite marker = -m or -ym (not needed with collective)
- a brits = a language
- a britsym = the language; a britsarym = the languages
- a chamna = a woman
- a chamnam = the woman; a chamnarym = the women
- a swarym = the house
- a swarym vosde = the blue house
Pronouns
- naw = I
- fiar, iar, 'r = you
- av = he
- ee = she
- e = it
- cawv = we (exc.)
- gwad = we (inc.)
- swad = youse
- hawr = they
genitive pronouns: ren, rys, reev, ree, rec, riav, ryg, ryd, ryr
dative pronouns: llen, llys, lleev, llee, llec, lliav, llyg, llyd, llyr
Demonstratives
- mi, mend = near 1 (adnominal), (pronominal)
- si, send = near 1+2 (adnominal), (pronominal)
- ci, cend = near 2 (adnominal), (pronominal)
Prepositions
Adjectives
Adjectives are essentially verbs that can take degree inflection.
Adjectives usually follow nouns; they may precede nouns in poetry.
Degree: -te = comparative; -ws = superlative
Derivational morphology
From... | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Noun | Verb | Adjective | Adverb | ||
To... | Noun | -a (Netagin female suffix) -wŋ (agentive) -os (instrument) -i (diminutive) -óm (augmentative) -emb (female suffix) ni- (non-) ir- (un-) |
-ach (verbal noun) -ev (verbal noun) -wŋ (agentive) -os (instrument) |
-e (abstract noun) -ev (abstract noun) -íra(abstract noun) |
|
Verb | (verbing?) | ar- (applicative) as- (telic) ee- (co-, with) for- (causative) fw- (back, re-) gol- (up) oc- (from, out) ro- (down) so- (towards) sen- (well) mi- (mis-) |
|||
Adjective | -att -on -o (origin) -ín (Netagin) |
-i -in (-ee) -gon (-able, but ergative) |
ci- (non-) ir- (un-) |
||
Adverb | - |
Syntax
Eevo is strongly head-initial (with exceptions in poetry). It usually uses VSO word order; the focused constituent can be fronted.
Eevo is split-ergative, the split being conditioned by tense.
Noun phrase
a(ð) and to are used as specified and unspecified determiners before the noun phrase (like Lushootseed ti and kʷi). Determiners are not used with prepositions or when the noun is used as a predicate.
to is used with questions, conditionals and negated clauses. Example:
- Es to brits mend?
- Q TO language this
- Is this a language?
- Twm to lennos mend.
- NEG TO smoking_pipe this
- This is not a pipe.
Compare:
- Lennos mend.
- smoking_pipe this
- This is a pipe.
Determiners can be omitted in elevated language.
Predicates are fronted
Eevo has no copula. Instead, the "predicate" or the focused constituent is fronted:
e.g. D'eell naw ee. = I love her; Ee a fa d'eell ren. = It's her that I love
In some tenses (progressive, perfect) the particle fa can be used after the a when fronting.
- D'iant a duvwŋym.
- The teacher is sleeping.
- Duvwŋym a (fa) d'iant.
- It's the teacher who is sleeping.
- Oos twm dy dysg av to matto.
- even NEG PROG eat 3sg.m TO anything
- He's not even eating anything.
TAM marking
Verbs have little inflection, and the bulk of verbs are completely regular.
Eevo is split-ergative, with imperfective tenses using accusative morphosyntax and perfective tenses using ergative morphosyntax.
Imperfect
The imperfect uses the unmarked form of the verb followed by the subject. For example, Mol naw a duvwŋym means "I thank the teacher" or "I used to thank the teacher".
Progressive/Stative
To form the progressive, the particle dy is used before the verb.
Verbs referring to emotional states, as well as adjectives referring to states, commonly use the progressive. For example, D'eell naw'r means "I love you."
Preterite
The preterite forces ergative morphosyntax.
- Iantin naw. = I slept.
- Vesin rw naw að attynem. = I painted the pictures.
Perfect
Perfect: Yv iant naw. = I have slept.
Perfect progressive: Yv fatt dy VERB SUBJECT
Future imperfective
The future imperfective uses the -t affix inherited from Old Eevo.
Future perfective
The future perfective tense is formed with ly + VERB. It is ergative.
Relative clauses
- no relativizer is used when the head is the subject in the relative clause
- re is used otherwise
Complement clauses
If... then...
- I yv tøøch to barach, (coþ) gias a cnoom.
- If it has rained, (then) the grass is wet.
Modal expressions
- Byð ren a... = I have to (lit. it is my part to)
- Cwlli llen a... = I can (lit. it is open for me to)
- Orr llen a... = I should...
Vocabulary
Eevo's basic vocabulary is largely Talmic. However, a large portion of Eevo vocabulary (comparable to English) is borrowed, for example from Netagin, Clofabic languages (including Tamil) or other Talmic languages.