Evonish: Difference between revisions
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'''Evonish''' is a [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]] of the Evonen language branch. It is based on [[w:General American pronunciation|General American phonology]] and uses grammar that descends directly, but far from Common Germanic. The wordstock has many influences of [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic languages]] and [[a priori]] conlangs. Despite this, the alphabet is a modified Latin one. The elder form is the runic Middle Evonish, which was less organized but had featured greater [[w:morphology|morphology]]. The two languages split on 25 May 2012 and will differentiate more over time. The objective of Evonish is to preserve old features of Germanic, preserve Celtic vocabulary, as well as eliminate any need for interpretation by context. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 860px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "| | ! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "| | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial | ! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; "| | ! scope="col" style="width: 90px; "| | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Front | ! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Front | ||
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|} | |} | ||
===Rhotic=== | ===Rhotic=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 860px; " | ||
!R vowels | !R vowels | ||
!IPA | !IPA | ||
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==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||
Personal pronouns feature a combination of the Germanic, h-stem, i-stem, and s-stem in third person. The sole relative pronoun is [TBD]. | Personal pronouns feature a combination of the Germanic, h-stem, i-stem, and s-stem in third person. The sole relative pronoun is [TBD]. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; " | ||
! scope="row"|Person | ! scope="row"|Person | ||
! scope="col"|# / Gender | ! scope="col"|# / Gender | ||
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==Determiners== | ==Determiners== | ||
The negative article is understood as indefinite; there is no negative definite article so the verb of the sentence is negated instead. | The negative article is understood as indefinite; there is no negative definite article so the verb of the sentence is negated instead. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; " | ||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Determiners | ! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Determiners | ||
! colspan="3"|Article | ! colspan="3"|Article | ||
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===Noun=== | ===Noun=== | ||
Nouns in Evonish are declined to indicate their grammatical role in the sentence. Their declension depends upon case, gender, and number. Gender is a special factor in Evonish; a word does not determine a gender, rather a selected gender determines a different word. For example, a stone in common gender may be an igneous rock while a stone in neuter may be a sedimentary rock. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings. | Nouns in Evonish are declined to indicate their grammatical role in the sentence. Their declension depends upon case, gender, and number. Gender is a special factor in Evonish; a word does not determine a gender, rather a selected gender determines a different word. For example, a stone in common gender may be an igneous rock while a stone in neuter may be a sedimentary rock. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; " | ||
! colspan="2"|Class I | ! colspan="2"|Class I | ||
!Vocative | !Vocative | ||
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===Verb=== | ===Verb=== | ||
The infinitives of the frequentative aspects are -eln and -ern. The primary aspects are simple(with gnomic), perfect, progressive, habitual, and frequentative. Further aspects are formed by nonstandard ways or purely by context. | The infinitives of the frequentative aspects are -eln and -ern. The primary aspects are simple(with gnomic), perfect, progressive, habitual, and frequentative. Further aspects are formed by nonstandard ways or purely by context. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; " | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Aspects | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Aspects | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The use of the prefix ne- on any verb's form implies negation. Alternatively add the particle "nict" after the main verb, this is especially useful when a different prefix is already attached to the verb. | The use of the prefix ne- on any verb's form implies negation. Alternatively add the particle "nict" after the main verb, this is especially useful when a different prefix is already attached to the verb. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; " | ||
! colspan="3"|Weak I | ! colspan="3"|Weak I | ||
|- | |- | ||
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===Comparisons=== | ===Comparisons=== | ||
Comparative forms use the particle "ðann" followed by the noun(s) being compared to. Depending on that noun's case will determine which noun is first making the comparison. For example: | Comparative forms use the particle "ðann" followed by the noun(s) being compared to. Depending on that noun's case will determine which noun is first making the comparison. For example: | ||
*"He jumped quicker than '''I'''" would yield "than I | *"He jumped quicker than '''I'''" would yield "than I <u>jumped</u>" (in this example the compared noun is in the nominative). | ||
*"He jumped quicker than '''me'''" would yield "than | *"He jumped quicker than '''me'''" would yield "than <u>he jumped</u> me" (in this example the compared noun is in the accusative). | ||
===Word Order=== | ===Word Order=== | ||
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====Verb List==== | ====Verb List==== | ||
This is not formatted, I will fix it soon | This is not formatted, I will fix it soon | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
!Verb | !Verb | ||
!English | !English | ||
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[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Germanic]] | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:A posteriori]] | ||
[[Category:Evonen languages]] | [[Category:Evonen languages]] | ||
[[Category:Evonish]] | [[Category:Evonish]] | ||
[[Category:Improvement]] | [[Category:Improvement]] |
Revision as of 18:50, 22 June 2013
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Person | Number | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tense | Aspect |
Evonish is a Germanic languages of the Evonen language branch. It is based on General American phonology and uses grammar that descends directly, but far from Common Germanic. The wordstock has many influences of Celtic languages and a priori conlangs. Despite this, the alphabet is a modified Latin one. The elder form is the runic Middle Evonish, which was less organized but had featured greater morphology. The two languages split on 25 May 2012 and will differentiate more over time. The objective of Evonish is to preserve old features of Germanic, preserve Celtic vocabulary, as well as eliminate any need for interpretation by context.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Labio-velar | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | (ŋ) | ||||||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | |||||
Fricative | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ (ʒ) | ç | x (ɣ) | h | ||
Approximant | ɹ | j | ʍ w | ||||||
Flap/Tap | ɾ | ||||||||
Lateral | l |
Vowels
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |||
Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |||
Close-mid | e | o | |||
Mid | ə | ||||
Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ ɔ | |||
Near-open | æ | ||||
Open | ɑ |
Rhotic
R vowels | IPA | General American Examples |
---|---|---|
ar | /ɑ˞/ | mark, dark |
er | /ɛ˞ː/ | air, bear |
ir | /e˞ː/ | deer and fear |
or | /ɔ˞ː/ | or and cord |
ur | /ɝː/ | fur and her |
Palatalization
This sound change creates related pairs of words with c, k, and x. Occurrences:
- lorem
- ipsum
Writing
Allophones & Alphabet
See IPA for Evonish for the pronunciations of the letters. It is a 28 letter alphabet as follows: a, p, b, c, j, t, d, þ, ð, e, f, v, k, g, h, i, y, l, m, n, o, r, s, z, u, ƕ, w, x.
N is pronounced /ŋ/ before k or g. "Hr" which appears in the initial position of some words is pronounced /ɾ/, although it is oft mistakenly pronounced /hɹ/.
Diacritics & Digraphs
Certain letters with the diaeresis will be used to express umlaut. The umlauts can be rewritten as the standard vowel with an e after. These can be entered with an international keyboard, or copied. aa - /a/, ee - /e/, ii - /i/, oo - /o/, uu - /u/, yy - /ai/
Pronouns
Personal pronouns feature a combination of the Germanic, h-stem, i-stem, and s-stem in third person. The sole relative pronoun is [TBD].
Person | # / Gender | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Singular | ||||
Plural | |||||
Second | Singular | ||||
Plural | |||||
Third | Common | ||||
Neuter | |||||
Plural | |||||
Indefinite | Reflexive | ||||
Interrogative | Common | ||||
Neuter |
Determiners
The negative article is understood as indefinite; there is no negative definite article so the verb of the sentence is negated instead.
Determiners | Article | Demonstrative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Definite | Indefinite | Negative | Proximal | Distal | ||
Singular | Common | |||||
Neuter | ||||||
Plural | Common | |||||
Neuter |
Morphology
Adjective
Certain adjectives decline only in an attributive position; they do not in a predicative position. Cf. German die schwarze Magd vs die Magd ist schwarz. Some adjectives undergo umlaut, such as old, ölder, and öldest. Furthermore, there are many common affixes which form adjectives, whose list will be available in time.
- Comparative: -err
- Superlative: -est
Mutation
Ablaut
coming soon...
Umlaut
Occurrences:
- Certain plurals of strong nouns
- Genitive and dative singular of some nouns
- Second and third person singular indicative of some verbs
- Comparatives and superlatives
- Derivative verbs (of nouns)
- Abstract nouns with the -þ suffix
- Nouns with the -enn feminine suffix
Noun
Nouns in Evonish are declined to indicate their grammatical role in the sentence. Their declension depends upon case, gender, and number. Gender is a special factor in Evonish; a word does not determine a gender, rather a selected gender determines a different word. For example, a stone in common gender may be an igneous rock while a stone in neuter may be a sedimentary rock. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings.
Class I | Vocative | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Instrumental | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Common | ||||||
Neuter | |||||||
Plural | Common | ||||||
Neuter | |||||||
Class I | Vocative | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Instrumental | |
Singular | Common | ||||||
Neuter | |||||||
Plural | Common | ||||||
Neuter |
Verb
The infinitives of the frequentative aspects are -eln and -ern. The primary aspects are simple(with gnomic), perfect, progressive, habitual, and frequentative. Further aspects are formed by nonstandard ways or purely by context.
Aspects | Modal Verb | Main verb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple | conjugation | ||||
Perfect | (to have) | passive participle | |||
Progressive | (to be) | active participle | |||
Habitual | (to do) | infinitive | |||
Frequentative | -eln conjugation (above) |
Future is generally expressed by giving a time, or is implied in context with the simple present tense. There are auxiliary verbs that are standard as well. These are conjugated for the indicative mood.
Auxiliary verbs | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
First Person | "I shall" | "we shall" |
Second Person | "thou wilt" | "ye will" |
Third Person | "he goes" | "we go" |
The use of the prefix ne- on any verb's form implies negation. Alternatively add the particle "nict" after the main verb, this is especially useful when a different prefix is already attached to the verb.
Weak I | ||
---|---|---|
Infinitive | ||
Gerund | ||
Supine | ||
Imperative | -eþ | |
Tense | Present | Past |
Participle | -end | ge- -ed |
1st singular | -e | |
2nd singular | -est | |
3rd singular | -eþ | -ed |
Plural | ||
Subjunctive Singular | ||
Subjunctive Plural | -en |
Syntax
Comparisons
Comparative forms use the particle "ðann" followed by the noun(s) being compared to. Depending on that noun's case will determine which noun is first making the comparison. For example:
- "He jumped quicker than I" would yield "than I jumped" (in this example the compared noun is in the nominative).
- "He jumped quicker than me" would yield "than he jumped me" (in this example the compared noun is in the accusative).
Word Order
The standard word order is V2. Questions without interrogative pronouns(yes or no) have verb first and subject second. Dependent clauses have this special word order: Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object - Instrument - Verb. Relative clauses have their own, to come soon.
Dictionary
Kinship
soon...
Kinship | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grandmother | Grandfather | Grandmother | Grandfather | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | Father | Mother | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Uncles Wife | Uncle | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | Aunts husband | Aunt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | Male Cousin | Female Cousin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Twin Sisters Husband | Twin Sister | Little Sisters Husband | Little Sister | Big Sisters Huband | Big Sister | Wife | Self | Husband | Big Brother | Big Brothers Wife | Little Brother | Little Brothers Wife | Twin Brother | Twin Brothers Wife | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew | Son | Daughter | Son | Daughter | Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew | Niece | Nephew |
To add
Soon to be added to contionary after a little management:
- brinnen - to be afire
- graven - to sculpture
- ingraven - to engrave
- kwellen - to torment (with umlaut)
- taken - to reach, to lay hold of(related to touch, to take, and to tuck)
- wacen - to keep watch
- wecken - to wake up (transitive)
- waken - to awaken (intransitive)
- wrýten - to write, to scribe, to shrive
Verb List
This is not formatted, I will fix it soon
Verb | English | Etymology | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
fegen | to add | Old English "fegan", Dutch "voegen", German "fügen" | |
to bring forth | |||
been | to be | Old English "beon" | one of two forms of "to be" |
to dwell, to occupy | Old English "buan" | shares roots with beeon | |
burnen | to ignite | Old English "baernan" and "beornan", Dutch "branden", German "brennen", Modern English "burn" | |
breken | to break | Old English "brecan", Dutch "breken", German "brechen", Pgmc *brekan | CG |
deemen | to judge | Old English "deman", Modern English "to deem" | |
don | to do | Old English "don", Dutch "doen", Ger "tun", Wgmc *don | This also is used as an auxilary with infinitives. |
ðanken | to thank | c. f. English "thanks" German "danke" | |
efttellen | to retell, recount | from eft + tellan, literally meaning re + tell | |
enden | to end, to discontinue | Old English "endian" | |
eten | to eat | Old English "etan" | |
to journey, to travel | Old English "faran" Dutch "varen" German "fahren" | ||
follen | to fall | Old English "feallan" | |
fillen | to fill, to replenish, to restock | Old English "fyllon", Dutch "vullen" | |
folgen | to follow | Old English "fylgan", German "folgen", Dutch "volgen" | |
feogen | to hate | Old English "feogan", compare "foe" and "fiend" | |
fregen | to like, to favor | Old English "freogan", related to "friend" | |
forstanden | to understand | Old English "understandan", "forstanden", German "verstehen" | English's is of the idea of standing admist objects, others use the idea of standing before |
gabinden | to combind | "ga-" + "bindan"" | |
to gather, to unite | Old English "gaderian" | ||
to compare | "ga-" + "seekan" | ||
to recall | Old English "feoh" | ||
to terrify, to leave agast | Old English "gæstan" | gæst means ghost | |
to equip | Old High German "garawen " meaning "to make ready" | related to gear | |
haven | to have | Old English "habban" | irregular, forms the perfect aspect |
holden | to care for, to foster | Anglian "haldan", West Saxon "healdan" | same root as "hold" |
to hold, to grasp | |||
heeden | to heed | Old English "hedan", Modern English "heed" | |
to throw outward | Old Norse "kasta" | is used to translate "cast" in English sense "cast a spell" | |
to agree | Old English "beclencan" | sense change from to hold onto | |
to draw near | Old English "cuman", German "kommen" | ||
to knife | noun "kneif" from Old Norse "knifr" | ||
to be able | Old English "cunnan" and German "kennen" | only sense is "to be able", followed by an infinitive | |
to know | |||
to moisten | Old English "leccan" | c. f. "leekan", "lake" | |
to allow | |||
to leak | Middle Dutch "leken", Modern English "to leak" | ||
to live | |||
to be like | Old English "lic" | ||
to like | Old English "lician" | directly related to leican and suffix "lic" common germanic | |
to lift | |||
to love | |||
magen | to be permitted | Old English "magan" | irregular, with cognates of both may and might in its inflections |
to "must" | Old English "motan" Dutch "moeten" | irregular, with cognates of both mote and must in its inflections | |
to mind | see "mund" | ||
needen | to need | Mercian "ned", Old Norse "nauðr" | noun influenced by Mercian, verb influenced by Norse |
nimen | to take | Old English "niman", German "nehmen" | strong |
to split | Old norse "rifa", mod eng "rive" | ||
reken | to reason | c. f. reckon | |
renden | to tear, to cur | Old English "rendon", Modern English "rend" | Neuter |
to cross | Old English "rood" | rood means cross (Old Eng) | |
to strike | Old English "slean" to slay, German "schlagen" to slay, to strike | common germanic | |
to be | Old English "seeon" | one of two forms of "to be" | |
to say | Old English "secgan" | object is words, not languages | |
to slay | Old English "slean" to slay, German "schlagen" to slay, to strike | ||
to strike a spark | Old English "slean" to strike a spark | ||
seeken | to seek | strong | |
scaven | to shave | strong | |
scowen | to show | strong | |
to dispute, to argue | |||
spreken | to speak | object is languages, not words, strong | |
standen | to stand | ||
swelten | to die | Old English, Old Saxon "sweltan" | |
to discard | ut + þreowan | English phrasal verb "throw out" | |
to absorb | paralleled with Modern English "take in" | ||
to count | Old English "tellan", Dutch "tellen" | for recount see "efttellan" | |
to toss, to pass | Modern English "toss" thought to be from a scandinavian source | ||
to think | Old English "þencan" | related to "to think" | |
to throw | Old English "þrawan" | ||
to seem, appear as | Old English "þyncan", Early Modern English "methinks" (it seems to me, not I think) | related to "to think" This word was historically confused with Old English "þencan" and merged in Middle English | |
to wane, fade | Old English "wanian" | used of lunar phases, but also power, intensity, degree, ect | |
to twist, to coil | Old English "windon" | from root of "wind" | |
wenden | to move | Old English "wendon" | irregular, from root of "wind" |
to want, to will for | Old English "willan", "wyllon" | ||
to wander | Old English "wandrian" | from root of "wind" | |
to warp, to distort | Old English "weorpan" | ||
to wone, reside | Old English "wunian" |