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There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].


{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Ris cases'''
|+'''Ris cases'''
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage
Line 852: Line 852:
| colspan="2"|Poor '''me'''! Wretched '''life'''!
| colspan="2"|Poor '''me'''! Wretched '''life'''!
|-
|-
|}
====Core cases====
The Ris language is an active-stative language with fluid subjects, dependent upon semantic volition or control. This means that it marks the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a intransitive verb with the same '''patientive''' case, and marks the agent of the transitive verbs separately, with the '''agentive''' case.
In the fluid subtype however, the subject of an intransive verb may be marked like the agent of the transitive, if the subject has sufficient control over the action.
=====Patientive=====
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}})  is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''gina{{blue|nn}}'''
!
| colspan="4"| '''amn{{red|va}} gina{{blue|nn}}'''
!
| colspan="6"|'''eta anth{{red|va}} atn{{blue|a}} mina'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|  /ˈɡinanː/
!
| colspan="4"|/a'ŋ͡ma ˈɡinanː/
!
| colspan="6"|/ɛtˈa anˈθwa atˈna ˈŋina/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>gina</small>
|<small>{{blue|-nn}}</small>
!
|<small>amn</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>gina</small>
|<small>{{blue|-nn}}</small>
!
|<small>eta</small>
|<small>anth</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>atn</small>
|<small>{{blue|-a}}</small>
|<small>mina</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|trip/{{sc|ind.dyn.1.f.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.1.sg}}
!
|you/{{sc|1.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
|trip/{{sc|ind.dyn.1.f.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.1.sg}}
!
|this/{{sc|prox.sg.m}}
|man/{{sc|m.sg.}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
|dog/{{sc|m.sg.}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|pat}}}}
|see/{{sc|ind.dyn.1.m.sg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"| ''I trip''
!
| colspan="4"| ''You trip me''
!
| colspan="6"|''This man sees a dog''
|}
Using just the patientive with mediopassive verbs gives a reflexive or passive meaning. The verb is normally implied as reflexive when used with the mediopassive, and the subject is the patient. In colloquial speech however, the distinction between passive and reflexive is most often blurred.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''thuna{{blue|nn}}'''
!
| colspan="4"| '''g{{red|va}} thuna'''
!
| colspan="4"|'''ta mya{{blue|yu}} dune'''
!
| colspan="4"|'''ta mya{{red|u}} dune'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|  /ˈθunanː/
!
| colspan="3"|/ˈɡwa  ˈθuna/
!
| colspan="4"|/ŋjaju ˈdune/
!
| colspan="4"|/ˈŋjau̩ ˈdune/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>thuna</small>
|<small>{{blue|-nn}}</small>
!
|<small>g</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>thuna</small>
!
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>mya</small>
|<small>{{blue|-yu}}</small>
|<small>dune</small>
!
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>mya</small>
|<small>{{red|-u}}</small>
|<small>dune</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|speak/{{sc|med.gn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.1.sg}}
!
|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
|speak/{{sc|med.gn.m.sg}}
!
|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|cat/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.3.sg}}
|eat/{{sc|med.dyn.n.sg}}
!
|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|cat/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.{{red|agt}}}}
|eat/{{sc|med.dyn.n.sg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|''I speak of myself'' or ''I am being spoken of
!
| colspan="3"|''I am being spoken of''
!
| colspan="4"|''The cat is eating itself''
!
| colspan="4"|''The cat is being eaten''
|}
=====Agentative=====
[[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Ris language's distinction on control and volition, there is a slight intentional distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives through the agentative argument.
Confer the difference between the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Ris, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb.
Being a fluid-S language, however, the simple "He tripped", might be marked with the agentative, should he intentionally have done so. Most often, this conveys a slight semantic shift, and "He tripped" might be interpreted as "He's faking a fall". Some verbs are are inherently high control, for example, the dynamic action "to cook" can hardly be performed unintentionally, likewise is the word for "to talk" somewhat difficult to perform involuntarily, except for sleep-talking.
The semantic shift is illustrated below with the word "''to breathe''", which may be interpreted differently, depending on whether marked with the patientive enclitic pronoun, or the agentive personal.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"| '''hima{{blue|mn}}'''
!
| colspan="3"|'''amn{{red|va}} hima'''
!
| colspan="2"|'''ham{{blue|amn}}!'''
!
| colspan="3"|'''amn{{red|va}} ham!'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|  /ˈhiŋ͡møŋ͡m/
!
| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa ˈhiŋ͡mø/
!
| colspan="2"|/ˈhaŋ͡møŋ͡m/
!
| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa haŋ/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>hima</small>
|<small>{{blue|-mn}}</small>
!
|<small>amn</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>hima</small>
!
|<small>ham</small>
|<small>-{{blue|amn}}</small>
!
|<small>amn</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>ham</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|breath/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.2.sg}}
!
|you/{{sc|.2.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
|breathe/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
!
|breathe/{{sc|dir.pos.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.2.sg}}
!
|you/{{sc|.2.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
|breathe/{{sc|dir.pos.m.sg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|''You are breathing.'' <br/><small>(involuntarily, subconciously)</small>
!
| colspan="3"|''You are breathing.''<br/><small>(intentionally, "breathing heavily")</small>
!
| colspan="2"|''Breathe!'' <br/><small>(as in "to start breathing")</small>
!
| colspan="3"|''Breathe!''<br/><small>(as in "calm down")</small>
|}
When high-control intransitives are marked with the agentive case - as in the case "''to cook''" - the direct object may be left unmentioned, granted that the gnomic aspect is used. This implies the cooking of something, instead of directly mentioning it. If there is doubt whether an action is performed intentionally or involuntarily, the agentive is generally used.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''{{red|minim}} azmim'''
!
| colspan="5"|'''{{red|minim}} ta mithr{{blue|a}} izmim'''
!
| colspan="4"| '''ta ram{{red|va}} aramia'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"| /ˈŋiniŋ azˈŋiŋ/
!
| colspan="5"|/ˈŋiniŋ ta ˈŋiθr̥a izˈŋiŋ/
!
| colspan="4"|/ta ˈraŋ͡ma ˈr̥iŋej/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>{{red|minim}}</small>
|<small>azmim</small>
!
|<small>{{red|minim}}</small>
|<small>va</small>
|<small>mithr</small>
|<small>-{{blue|a}}</small>
|<small>izmim</small>
!
|<small>va</small>
|<small>ram</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>rimey</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
| you/{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.c.pl}}
|cook/{{sc|ind.neu.c.pl}}
!
| you/{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.c.pl}}
|the{{sc|.def.n}}
|squirrel/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|pat}}}}
|cook/{{sc|ind.dyn.c.pl}}
!
|the{{sc|.def.n}}
|bird/{{sc|n.sg.}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
|fly/{{sc|ind.stat.n.sg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|''You cook (something)''
!
| colspan="5"|''You are cooking a squirrel''
!
| colspan="4"|''The bird flies''
|}
====Instrumental====
=====Instrumental proper=====
The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Ris language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"| '''gva va gramma genn{{blue|an}} gira'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"| /ɡwa wa ˈkr̥aŋ͡mø ˈk͡pœœnːan ˈɡira/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>va</small>
|<small>gramm-</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>kvenn</small>
|<small>{{blue|-an}}</small>
|<small>gira</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|the.{{sc|def.n}}
| letter.{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
|pen.{{sc|m.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}
|write/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="8"| ''I write the letter with a pen''
|}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''atva {{blue|u}}tagav{{blue|un}} aggim'''
!
| colspan="4"|'''inaratr{{blue|in}} nurimni'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|/atˈwa utˈaɡøwun aɡˈɡiŋ/
!
| colspan="4"|/inˈaratr̥in ˈnuriŋ͡mi/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>at</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>⟨{{blue|u}}⟩tagav⟨{{blue|un}}⟩</small>
|<small>aggim</small>
!
|<small>inaratra</small>
|<small>{{blue|-in}}</small>
|<small>nurimn</small>
|<small>-mni</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|we/{{sc|1.c.pl}}
| {{sc|m.agt}}
|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩boat/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
| go/{{sc|ind.gn.c.pl}}
!
|happiness/{{sc|f.sg}}
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|ins}}.sg}}
|gladden/{{sc|med.dir.c.pl}}
| -{{sc|2.pat.f.pl}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="4"| ''We go by boat''
!
| colspan="4"|''Let happiness make you glad!'' - Attian saying.
|}
=====Inanimate subjective instrumental=====
On subject of control in the Ris verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence ''"The knife slices the bread"'' could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used.
Of course if desired, the agent can be reintroduced, which means a switch from passive to active.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"|'''gva rega {{blue|a}}magv{{blue|an}} gava'''
!
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|u}}van{{blue|un}} tutann'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"|/ˈɡwa ˈr̥ɛɡa aŋˈaɡwan ˈɡøwa/
!
| colspan="3"|/uˈwana ˈtutanː/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>ury</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>{{blue|a}}-</small>
|<small>magv</small>
|<small>-{{blue|an}}</small>
|<small>gava</small>
!
|<small>⟨{{blue|u}}⟩vaun⟨{{blue|un}}⟩</small>
|<small>tuta</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|bread/{{sc|col.n.}}
| -{{sc|n.pat}}
| {{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}-
|knife/{{sc|col.m.}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}
| cut/{{sc|ind.neu.m.sg}}
!
|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-pat.1.sg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="7"| ''I cut bread with knifes''
!
| colspan="3"|''I am hit with stones''
|}
Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] language is supposed to have made the distinction.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''''{{red|vanev}}'' ittimann'''
!
| colspan="4"|'''vanun tutinn'''
!
| colspan="5"|'''yatva vanum titann'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|/ˈwanɛw itˈtiŋanː/
!
| colspan="4"|/ˈwanun ˈtutinː/
!
| colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa ˈwanuŋ ˈtitanː/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>vana</small>
|<small>-ev</small>
|<small>ittim</small>
|<small>-ann</small>
!
|<small>vana</small>
|<small>-un</small>
|<small>tuti</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
!
|<small>yat</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>vana</small>
|<small>-um</small>
|<small>tita</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|stone/{{sc|n.pl.}}
| -{{sc|n.pl.agt}}
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.n.pl}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
!
|stone/{{sc|n.pl}}
| -{{sc|n.pl.ins}}
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
!
|someone/{{sc|m.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|stone/{{sc|n.pl}}
| -{{sc|n.pl.ins}}
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="4"|''*Stones hit me''
!
| colspan="4"|''I am hit with stones''
!
| colspan="5"|''Some guy hits me with stones''
|}
=====Comitative instrumental=====
The Ris instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses, indicating actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking:
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|'''amnayya g{{blue|an}}?'''
!
| colspan="6"|'''gva amn{{blue|an}} imgimna'''
!
| colspan="6"|'''gvayya yarm{{blue|un}}an'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="5"|/aˈŋ͡majːa ɡøn/
!
| colspan="6"|/ɡwa aˈŋ͡man iŋˈɡiŋ͡ma/
!
| colspan="6"|/ˈɡwajːa ˈjar̥ŋunan/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>amn</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>{{blue|-an}}</small>
!
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>amn</small>
|<small>-{{blue|an}}</small>
|<small>imgim</small>
|<small>-na</small>
!
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|<small>yarm</small>
|<small>-{{blue|un}}</small>
|<small>-an</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|you/{{sc|2.sg.c}}
| -{{sc|c.pat.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
| I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}
!
| I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt.sg}}
|you/{{sc|2.sg.c}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}
|make/{{sc|act.ind.dyn.c.pl}}
| -{{sc|-pat.3.n.sg}}
!
| I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
|hair/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}
| -{{sc|n.neg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="5"| ''Are you with me?''
!
| colspan="6"|''I make it with you.''
!
| colspan="6"|''I am with no hair.'' or ''I have no hair.''
|}
=====Animate subjective instrumental=====
The last use of the instrumental, similarly to [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and in part to [[w:English language|English]] is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause, very similarly to the adpositional phrase "by me" in English, as in ''"He was killed"'', and later; ''"He was killed by me"''. Using the instrumental with a reflexive mediopassive gives a reinforced statement, confer the Spanish disjunct prepositional pronouns:
*''Me lavo'' - «I wash myself»
*''A mí me lavo'' - «As for myself, I wash myself»
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|'''gva muni min{{blue|an}}?'''
!
| colspan="3"|'''mumnayyiz g{{blue|an}}'''
!
| colspan="4"| '''ethunann g{{blue|an}}'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="5"|/ɡwa ˈŋ͡muni ˈŋinan/
!
| colspan="3"|/ˈmuŋ͡majːiz ˈɡøn/
!
| colspan="4"|/ˈθunanː ɡøn/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>muni</small>
|<small>min</small>
|<small>{{blue|-an}}</small>
!
|<small>mumnayyiz</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>{{blue|-an}}</small>
!
|<small>thuna</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>{{blue|-an}}</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
| I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt.sg}}
|see/{{sc|med.ind.dyn.c.sg}}
|you/{{sc|2.pl.c}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}
!
|discover/{{sc|medpcp}}
| I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}
!
|talk/{{sc|med.ind.dyn.c.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
| I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="5"| ''I'm seen by you''
!
.
| colspan="3"|''Discovered by me''
!
| colspan="4"|''Me, I speak of myself.''
|}
====Locative====
=====Locative proper=====
:''See also: [[Ris#Possession|Ris possession]]''
The locative case ({{sc|loc}}) vaguely corresponds to the English spatial prepositions of "by", "at", "in", and "on". However, the Ris locative also bears a temporal usage, similarly to English "in an hour", "today", "after three o'clock".
The Ris language does have [[w:adpositions|adpositions]] in the traditional sense, to control the exact location of the locative.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''Amnayya azim{{blue|at}}'''?
!
| colspan="5"|'''ʔineyna {{green|en}}azam{{blue|ut}}'''.
!
| colspan="3"|'''{{green|am}}agy{{blue|at}}'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|/aˈŋ͡majːa azˈiŋ͡mat/
!
| colspan="5"|/ˈʔinɛjna ɛnˈazaŋut/
!
| colspan="3"|/aŋaɡˈjat/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>amna</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|<small>azima</small>
|<small>{{blue|-t}}</small>
!
|<small>ʔiney</small>
|<small>-na</small>
|<small>{{green|en}}-</small>
|<small>azama</small>
|<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small>
!
|<small>{{green|am}}-</small>
|<small>agy</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|you/{{sc|2.sg.c.pat}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|loc}}}}
!
| lie/{{sc|act.ind.stat.n.sg}}
| -it/{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}}
| below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-
|house/{{sc|2.sg.c}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|loc}}}}
!
|  after/behind.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-
| hour/{{sc|f.sg}}
|  -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="4"| ''Are you at home?''
!
| colspan="5"|''It lies below the house''.
!
| colspan="3"|''In an hour''
|}
=====Lative locative=====
Related to location is movement, and the locative can through a construction with the lative particle ‹''a''› /a/, transform the locative meaning to a lative or translative one. Before a null-onset, it is pronounced /aɦ/.
The particle and the proclitic adpositions will be marked green.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''Gam {{green|a}} azim{{blue|at}}!'''
!
| colspan="6"| '''ʔinena {{green|a}} {{green|en}}azam{{blue|ut}}'''.
!
| colspan="4"|'''{{green|A}}nn erʔ{{blue|it}}'''.
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|/ɡøŋ aɦazˈiŋat/
!
| colspan="6"|/ˈʔinɛna aɦ ɛnˈazaŋut/
!
| colspan="4"|/anː erˈʔit/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>gam</small>
|<small>{{green|a}}</small>
|<small>azima</small>
|<small>{{blue|-t}}</small>
!
|<small>ʔine</small>
|<small>-na</small>
|<small>{{green|a}}</small>
|<small>{{green|en}}-</small>
|<small>azama</small>
|<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small>
!
|<small>{{green|a}}-</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|<small>erʔi</small>
|<small>-{{blue|t}}</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|come/{{sc|act.dir.pos.m}}
| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}}
| home/{{sc|sg.f}}
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}
!
| lay/{{sc|act.ind.dyn.n.sg}}
| -it/{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}}
| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}}
| below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-
|house/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|loc}}}}
!
| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}}
| -{{sc|m.pat.1.sg}}
|anger/{{sc|f.sg}}
|  -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="4"| ''Come home!''
!
| colspan="6" |''Put it below the house''.
!
| colspan="4"|''I am getting angry''.
|}
=====Possessive locative=====
The third purpose of the locative case is that it is also the main tool to express [[Ris#Possession|possession]], a construction very close to the [[w:Celtic|Celtic]] and [[w:Finnish|Finnish]] equivalents, confer:
*'''Minulla on talo''' - ''I have a house'' (literally: ''There is a house at me'')
This is the one of the ways of expressing [[Attian#Alienable|alienable possession]] in Ris, and it is as such never used for inalienable constructions.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''g{{blue|at}} azamayya'''
!
| colspan="5"| '''Manim g{{blue|at}} azamayya!'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|/ˈɡ͡bøt aˈzaŋajːa/
!
| colspan="5"|/ˈŋ͡mønin ˈɡ͡bøt aˈzaŋajːa/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>
|<small>azama</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
!
|<small>emin</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-{{blue|āt}}</small>
|<small>azama</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
|  -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
!
| see/{{sc|act.dir.pos.c.pl}}
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
|  -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="4"| ''My house''
!
| colspan="5"|''Behold my house!''
|}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="6"|'''azamayya g{{blue|at}} ta trasino'''
| colspan="7"|'''Atnvayya g{{blue|at}} girgemn.'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="6"|/ aˈzaŋajːa ˈɡ͡bøt wa taˈtr̥asino/
| colspan="7"|/ atˈŋ͡majːa ˈɡ͡bøt ˈɡirɡemn/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>azama</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>
|<small>ta</small>
|<small>trasino</small>
!
|<small>atn</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>-yya</small>
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>
|<small>girge</small>
|<small>-mn</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
| home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
|  -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}
| {{sc|def art.n}}
| green({{sc|n.sg.pat}})
!
| dog/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|agt.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
|  -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}
| see/{{sc|act.ind.dyn.n.sg}}
| -you.{{sc|m.pat.2.sg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="6"|''My green house''
!
| colspan="7"|''My dog barks at you''.
|}
|}


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