Ris/Morphology

The Ris morphology is mainly morphologically fusional with a few agglutinative characteristics. Ris tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle.

Verbal

Conjugation

Main article: Ris conjugation

The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice.

First paradigm

The first paradigm is in the active voice. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with a suffixed "-o".

káter - to write
	Supine	kátremas
	Participle	katrántas
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Jussive	Imperative
Perfective	kátero	katérra	katerévo	káterra
Imperfective	káterto1	katérratha	kateréutho2	katérratha
Inceptive	hékatro	hékatra	hékatrevo	hékatra
Cessative	kateráskho	katérraskha	katerépso	katérraskha
Causative	kátrizo	katérraza	kátreuzo	katérraza
Iterative	kékatro	hékhatra	kékatrevo	hékhatra

thýo - to want
	Supine	thýemas
	Participle	thyantás
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Jussive	Imperative
Perfective	thýo	thýna	thýevo	thýnta
Imperfective	thýgio1	thýnagia	thyéugio2	thýnagia
Inceptive	héthyo	héthyna	héthynevo	héthynta
Cessative	thýaskho	thynáskha	thýepso	thynáskha
Causative	thýazo	thýnaza	thýeuzo	thýnaza
Iterative	téthyo	héthyna	héthyo	héthynta

rásto - to destroy
	Supine	rástmas
	Participle	rástantas
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Jussive	Imperative
Perfective	rásto	rástna	rástevo	rástna
Imperfective	rástēo1	rástnēa	rástēvo2	rástnēa
Inceptive	herástēo	herástnēa	herástēvo	herástnēa
Cessative	rástaskho	rástnaskha	rástepso	rástnaskha
Causative	rástizo	rástniza	rástneuzo	rásniza
Iterative	rerásto	hérrasta	rerástevo	hérrasta

Pronouns

Declension

Independent

Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a pro-drop language. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 numbers, and 7 cases.

Enclitic

Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject and object of the verb. The object is only marked if it is not an apellative noun.

The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the core cases, the patientive and agentive.

• If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the agentive. If it is not, it gets the patientive.
• The object is always in the patientive.

The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the indicative or jussive moods, and the subjunctive when it is in the subjunctive or imperative.

Ris pronominal enclitics
		singular			dual			plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Indicative (and jussive)
Subject	Patientive	-o	-i	-a	-on	-in	-an	-ouna	-ia	-asi
	Agentive	-ōn	-īn	-en	-ōne	-īne	-ene	-ounen	-ien	-asīn
Object	Patientive	-mi	-s	-i	-min	-ns	-in	-mou	-tsa	-as
Subjunctive (and imperative)
Subject	Patientive	-a	-ei	-ai	-an	-ēn	-en	-ouna	-ia	-asi
	Agentive	-en	-ēn	-ēn	-ene	-ēne	-ēne	-ounen	-ien	-asīn
Object	Patientive	-mi	-s	-i	-min	-ns	-in	-mou	-tsa	-as

Nominal

The nominal morphology is split into a number of classes.

Declension

Main article: Ris declension

Declension of gýtē

Animate marked collective
ma.an	gýtē - fish
	singulative	dual-collective	plurative
Patientive	gýtē	gytḗn	gytḗr
Agentive	gytḗr	gytḗrne	gytḗra
Dative	gytḗs	gytḗnse	gytḗi
Instrumental	gytḗn	gytḗnne	gytḗs
Genitive	gýtēa	gýtēan	gytēái
Locative	gýtēia	gýtēian	gýtēiar
Vocative	gýta	gýtan	gytár

Number

Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called collective-singulative distinction.

The distinction infers that the basic form of a noun is the collective, which is indifferent to the number and unmarked. However, in Ris, the collective form has an additional meaning, and can also signify duals. It is thus the singulative that most often goes unmarked.

Singulative

The singulative (sg) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of singular. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.

thýo trḗma					mnío klī́ta mna					íntrai pákima ḗs?
/ˈtʰʉ̩ɔ ˈtreːma/					/ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ ˈklɪːta mna/					/ˈɪntraɪ̯ ˈpakɪma eːs/
thý	-o	trḗ	-ma		mní	-o	klī́ta	mna		ín-	-trai	paki-	-ma	ḗs
to want	-ind.prfv.1.sg.m	wheat.unm.inan	-pat.sg		to see	-ind.prfv.1.sg.m	wolf.ma.an.pat.sg	one		to be	-subj.prfv.1.sg.m	time.unm.inan	-pat.sg	you.2.dat.sg.an.
I want a grain of wheat.					I see a wolf.					Do you have a minute?