Ris/Morphology

The Ris morphology is mainly morphologically fusional with a few agglutinative characteristics. Ris tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle.

Verbal

Conjugation

Main article: Ris conjugation

The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice.

First paradigm

The first paradigm is in the active voice. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with a suffixed "-o".

káter - to write
	Supine	kátremas
	Participle	katrántas
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Jussive	Imperative
Perfective	kátero	katérra	katerévo	káterra
Imperfective	kátergo1	katérragia	kateréugo2	katérragia
Inceptive	hékatro	hékatra	hékatrevo	hékatra
Cessative	kateráskho	katérraskha	katerépso	katérraskha
Causative	kátrizo	katérraza	kátreuzo	katérraza
Iterative	kékatro	hékhatra	kékatrevo	hékhatra

thýo - to want
	Supine	thýemas
	Participle	thyantás
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Jussive	Imperative
Perfective	thýo	thýna	thýevo	thýnta
Imperfective	thýgio1	thýnagia	thyéugio2	thýnagia
Inceptive	héthyo	héthyna	héthynevo	héthynta
Cessative	thýaskho	thynáskha	thýepso	thynáskha
Causative	thýazo	thýnaza	thýeuzo	thýnaza
Iterative	téthyo	héthyna	héthyo	héthynta

rásto - to destroy
	Supine	rástmas
	Participle	rástantas
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Jussive	Imperative
Perfective	rásto	rástna	rástevo	rástna
Imperfective	rástēo1	rástnēa	rástēvo2	rástnēa
Inceptive	herástēo	herástnēa	herástēvo	herástnēa
Cessative	rástaskho	rástnaskha	rástepso	rástnaskha
Causative	rástizo	rástniza	rástneuzo	rásniza
Iterative	rerásto	hérrasta	rerástevo	hérrasta

Pronouns

Declension

Independent

Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a pro-drop language. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 numbers, and 7 cases.

Number→	Singular			Dual			Plural			Reflexive
Person→	1st	2nd		1st		2nd	1st		2nd
Case ↓		Animate masculine	Animate feminine	Exclusive	Inclusive		Exclusive	Inclusive
Patientive	ei	ka	kai	ou	nai	káne	our	néra	kéra
Agentive	éu	keu	kau	óuna	nau	kéune	ounár	náura	kéura
Dative	mas	kas	kes	ous	nes	káne	oui	nei	kei
Instrumental	ména	kána	kéna	ouéna	nénas	kánan	ouenár	nénai	kenár
Locative	mou	kou	kiou	ou	niou	kóune	our	nióura	kióura
Genitive	mia	kia		ouia	nias	kiáne	ouiár	niai	kiára
Vocative	me	ka	kei	ou	nei	káne	our	ner	ker

Ris proximal demonstratives
Number→	Singular			Dual	Plural	Reflexive
Person→	3rd			3rd	3rd
Case ↓	Animate masculine	Animate feminine	Inanimate
Patientive			as		ar
Agentive			aus		áuras
Dative			as		ar
Instrumental			ánas		árnas
Locative			au		áura
Genitive			ai		er
Vocative			as		ar

Enclitic

Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject and object of the verb. The object is only marked if it is not an apellative noun.

The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the core cases, the patientive and agentive.

• If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the agentive. If it is not, it gets the patientive.
• The object is always in the patientive.

The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the indicative or jussive moods, and the subjunctive when it is in the subjunctive or imperative.

Ris pronominal enclitics
		singular			dual			plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Indicative (and jussive)
Subject	Patientive	-o	-i	-a	-on	-in	-an	-ouna	-ia	-asi
	Agentive	-ōn	-īn	-en	-ōne	-īne	-ene	-ounen	-ien	-asīn
Object	Patientive	-mi	-s	-i	-min	-ns	-in	-mou	-tsa	-as
Subjunctive (and imperative)
Subject	Patientive	-a	-ei	-ai	-an	-ēn	-en	-ouna	-ia	-asi
	Agentive	-en	-ēn	-ēn	-ene	-ēne	-ēne	-ounen	-ien	-asīn
Object	Patientive	-mi	-s	-i	-min	-ns	-in	-mou	-tsa	-as

Nominal

The nominal morphology is split into a number of classes, and there is a variety of different paradigms. The principal parts of a noun are therefore essential to memorise the paradigm.

There are three principal parts in Ris; the patientive singulative, the agentive singulative, and the agentive plurative. These forms helps you deduce the remaining forms.

Plosive

Arisen due to:

• əs[-stress] > s / C[+plosive]_#
• əis > ei / _#
• əi > e / _#
• əis > ir / C_V

Plosive marked collective animate
	kḗrak-	kḗrax - bird	ma-an
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	keir.ak.əs kḗrax	keir.ak.nəs kḗrakne	keir.ak.ais kḗrakai
Agentive	keir.ak.əis.ə kḗrakir	keir.ak.nəis.ə kḗraknir	keir.ak.əis.əs kerā́kte
Dative	keir.ak.ais kḗrakai	keir.ak.nais kḗraknai	keir.ak.ais.ai kḗrakta
Instrumental	keir.ak.ans kḗrakan	keir.ak.nans kḗraknan	keir.ak.ans.ai kḗrakanta
Genitive	keir.ak.əis kḗraki	keir.ak.nəis kḗrakni	keir.ak.əis.əi kḗrakti
Locative	keir.ak.os kḗrakou	keir.ak.nos kḗraknou	keir.ak.os.əi kḗrakouri
Vocative	keir.ak.əs kḗrax	ker.ak.əs kḗrakne	keir.ak.əs.əi kḗrakti

Plosive marked collective animate
	gȳ́p-	gȳ́ps - friend-to-be	ma-an
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	gup.əs gȳ́ps	gup.nəs gȳ́pne	gup.ais gȳ́pai
Agentive	gup.əis.ə gȳ́pir	gup.nəis.ə gȳ́pnir	gup.əis.əs gȳ́pte
Dative	gup.ais gȳ́pai	gup.nais gȳ́pnai	gup.ais.ai gȳ́pta
Instrumental	gup.ans gȳ́pan	gup.nans gȳ́pnan	gup.ans.ai gȳ́panta
Genitive	gup.əis gȳ́pi	gup.nəis gȳ́pni	gup.əis.əi gȳ́pti
Locative	gup.os gȳ́pou	gup.nos gȳ́pnou	gup.os.əi gȳ́pouri
Vocative	gup.əs goupá	gup.əs gȳ́pne	gup.əs.əi goupéri

Plosive unmarked collective animate
	pā́g-	pā́x - time	unm-an
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	pag.mwəs pā́gma	pag.əs pā́x	pag.ais pā́gai
Agentive	pag.mwəs.ə pā́gmar	pag.əis.ə pā́gir	pag.əis.əs pā́gte
Dative	pag.mw.ais pā́gmai	pag.ais pā́gai	pag.ais.ai pā́gta
Instrumental	pag.mwans pā́gman	pag.ans pā́gan	pag.ans.ai pā́ganta
Genitive	pag.mwəis pā́gme	pag.əis pā́gi	pag.əis.əi pā́gti
Locative	pag.mwos pā́gmau	pag.os pā́gou	pag.os.əi pā́gouri
Vocative	pag.mwəs pā́gma	pag.əs pā́x	pag.əs.əi pā́gti

Plosive marked collective animate
	káukat-	káukas - song bird	ma-an
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	kaw.kat.əs káukas	kaw.kat.nəs káukante	kaw.kat.ais káukatai
Agentive	kaw.kat.əis.ə káukatir	kaw.kat.nəis.ə káukantir	kaw.kat.əis.əs káukathe
Dative	kaw.kat.ais káukatai	kaw.kat.nais káukantai	kaw.kat.ais.ai káukat
Instrumental	kaw.kat.ans káukatan	kaw.kat.nans káukantan	kaw.kat.ans.ai káukatanta
Genitive	kaw.kat.əis káukati	kaw.kat.nəis káukanti	kaw.kat.əis.əi káukathi
Locative	kaw.kat.os káukatou	kaw.kat.nos káukantou	kaw.kat.os.əi káukatouri
Vocative	kaw.kat.əs káukas	kaw.kat.əs káukante	kaw.kat.əs.əi káukathi

Plosive marked collective animate
	pír-	píra- door	ma-inan
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	pir.a píra	pir.na pírna	pir.ais pírai
Agentive	pir.əis.ə pírer	pir.nəis.ə pírnir	pir.əis.əs pírrhe
Dative	pir.ais pírai	pir.nais pírnai	pir.ais.ai pírera
Instrumental	pir.ans píran	pir.nans pírnan	pir.ans.ai píranta
Genitive	pir.əis píri	pir.nəis pírni	pir.əis.əi pírrhi
Locative	pir.os pírou	pir.nos pírnou	pir.os.əi pírouri
Vocative	pir.əs píre	pir.nəs pírne	pir.əs.əi pírrhe

gýtei - fish
	gýt-	gýtei - fish	ma-an
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	gut.əis gýtei	gut.nəs gýnte	gut.ais gýtai
Agentive	gut.əis.ə gýtir	gut.nəis.ə gýtir	gut.əis.əs gýthe
Dative	gut.ais gýtai	gut.nais gýntai	gut.ais.ai gýtha
Instrumental	gut.ans gýtan	gut.nans gýntan	gut.ans.ai gýtanta
Genitive	gut.əis gýti	gut.nəis gýnti	gut.əis.əi gýthi
Locative	gut.os gýtou	gut.nos gýntou	gut.os.əi gýtouri
Vocative	gut.əs gýte	gut.nəs gýnte	gut.əs.əi gýthi

spatī́a - house
	spatəi-	spatī́a - house	ma-inan
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	spa.təi.as spatī́a	spa.təi.nəs spatī́ne	spa.təi.ais spatī́e
Agentive	spa.təi.əis.ə spatḗr	spa.təi.nəis.ə spatīnír	spa.təi.əis.əs spatḗre
Dative	spa.təi.ais spatī́e	spa.təi.nais spatī́nai	spa.təi.ais.ai spatī́era
Instrumental	spa.təi.ans spatī́an	spa.təi.nans spatīnán	spa.təi.ans.ai spatī́anta
Genitive	spa.təi.əis spatḗ	spa.təi.nəis spatī́ni	spa.təi.əis.əi spatḗri
Locative	spa.təi.os spatī́ou	spa.təi.nos spatī́nou	spa.təi.os.əi spatī́ouri
Vocative	spa.təi.əs spatī́e	spa.təi.nəs spatī́ne	spa.təi.əs.əi spatī́ere

Number

Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called collective-singulative distinction.

The distinction infers that the basic form of a noun is the collective, which is indifferent to the number and unmarked. However, in Ris, the collective form has an additional meaning, and can also signify duals. It is thus the singulative that most often goes unmarked.

Singulative

The singulative (sg) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of singular. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.

thýo trḗma					mnío klī́ta mna					íntrai pákima ḗs?
/ˈtʰʉ̩ɔ ˈtreːma/					/ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ ˈklɪːta mna/					/ˈɪntraɪ̯ ˈpakɪma eːs/
thý	-o	trḗ	-ma		mní	-o	klī́ta	mna		ín-	-trai	paki-	-ma	ḗs
to want	-ind.prfv.1.sg.m	wheat.unm.inan	-pat.sg		to see	-ind.prfv.1.sg.m	wolf.ma.an.pat.sg	one		to be	-subj.prfv.1.sg.m	time.unm.inan	-pat.sg	you.2.dat.sg.an.
I want a grain of wheat.					I see a wolf.					Do you have a minute?