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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Ris consonants''' | |+'''Ris consonants'''|-! colspan="9"|Consonants | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="9"|Consonants | |||
|- | |-! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | |||
! rowspan="2"| Bilabial | ! rowspan="2"| Bilabial | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"| Denti-alveolar | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"| Denti-alveolar | ||
! rowspan="2"| Palatal | ! rowspan="2"| Palatal | ||
! rowspan="2"| Velar | ! rowspan="2"| Velar | ||
! rowspan="2"| Glottal | ! rowspan="2"| Glottal | ||
|- | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small> | |-! <small>plain</small> | ||
|- align="center" | |||
!Nasals | |||
! <small>advanced</small> | |||
|- align="center"!Nasals | |||
!<small>plain</small> | !<small>plain</small> | ||
|'''m''' /m/ | |'''m''' /m/ | ||
|'''n '''/n/ | |'''n '''/n/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|[ŋ] | |[ŋ] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"|Plosives | |||
|-! rowspan="3"|Plosives | |||
!<small>aspirated</small> | !<small>aspirated</small> | ||
|'''ph''' /pʰ/ | |'''ph''' /pʰ/ | ||
|'''th''' /tʰ/ | |'''th''' /tʰ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''kh''' /kʰ/ | |'''kh''' /kʰ/ | ||
| colspan="1" rowspan="3"| [ʔ] | | colspan="1" rowspan="3"| [ʔ] | ||
|- | |||
!<small>unvoiced</small> | |||
|-!<small>unvoiced</small> | |||
|'''p''' /p/ | |'''p''' /p/ | ||
|'''t''' /t/ | |'''t''' /t/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''k''' /k/ | |'''k''' /k/ | ||
|- | |||
!<small> | |||
|'''b''' / | |-!<small>ejective</small> | ||
|'''d''' / | |||
|'''b''' /pʼ/ | |||
|'''d''' /tʼ/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''g''' / | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives | |'''g''' /kʼ/ | ||
|-! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives | |||
!<small>unvoiced</small> | !<small>unvoiced</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''s''' / | |||
|'''s''' /s ~ ʂ/ | |||
| colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /ç ~ x ~ h/ | | colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /ç ~ x ~ h/ | ||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
|-!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| | | | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''z''' /d͡z ~ | |||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''z''' /d͡z ~ d͡ʐ ~ z ~ ʐ/ | |||
|[ʝ] | |[ʝ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|Trills | |||
|-! rowspan="2"|Trills | |||
!<small>aspirated</small> | !<small>aspirated</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r̥ʰ/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|-!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|-! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants | |||
|'''ou, u''' /w/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|''' | |'''i''' /j/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|-! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals | |||
| | | | ||
|'''l''' /ʎ/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | ||} | ||
| | |||
====Consonant allophony==== | ====Consonant allophony==== | ||
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|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|ἒ}} | | colspan="5"|'''{{blue|ἒ}}ντρο''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|h}} | | colspan="5"|'''{{blue|h}}entro''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| /ˈ{{blue|h}} | | /ˈ{{blue|h}}ɛntrɔ/ | ||
! = | ! = | ||
| /ˈ{{blue|x}} | | /ˈ{{blue|x}}ɛntrɔ/ | ||
! = | ! = | ||
|/ˈ{{blue|ç}} | |/ˈ{{blue|ç}}ɛntrɔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translation --> | <!-- Translation --> | ||
| colspan="5"| ''normal, okay'' | | colspan="5"| ''I am normal, okay'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue| | | colspan="4"|'''{{blue|ὐ}}ο''' | ||
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue| | | colspan="3"|'''{{blue|ἠ}}στιμι''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|h}} | | colspan="4"|'''{{blue|h}}yo''' | ||
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|h}} | | colspan="3"|'''{{blue|h}}éstimi''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
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=====Palatalisation===== | =====Palatalisation===== | ||
[[w:Palatalisation|Palatalisation]] occurs due to two main factors: | [[w:Palatalisation|Palatalisation]] applies to velar consonants and occurs due to two main factors: | ||
* '''Internally''': Front vowels tend to palatalise preceding consonants if the syllable is stressed. | * '''Internally''': Front vowels and the palatal approximant, /j/, tend to palatalise preceding consonants if the syllable is stressed. | ||
**C[-pal, | **C[-pal, +velar] → C[+pal, -velar] / _V[+front, +stress] | ||
* '''Externally''': A final near-close near-front vowel, /ɪ/, palatalises the initial consonant of the following word. | * '''Externally''': A final near-close near-front vowel, /ɪ/, palatalises the initial consonant of the following word. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Script--> | <!-- Script--> | ||
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|ρ}} | | colspan="3"| '''{{blue|ρ}}ακι''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|τ}} | | colspan="3"| '''{{blue|τ}}η''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue| | | colspan="3"| '''{{blue|ἠ}}στιμι''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|τ}} | | colspan="3"|'''{{blue|τ}}ι {{blue|κ}}ατέρριστουας?''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="3"| ''' | | colspan="3"| '''ra{{blue|k}}i''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|t}} | | colspan="3"| '''{{blue|t}}é''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|h}} | | colspan="3"| '''{{blue|h}}éstimi?''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|t}} | | colspan="3"|'''{{blue|t}}i {{blue|k}}atérristouas?''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
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! → | ! → | ||
|[ | |[ˈteː] | ||
! | ! | ||
|/ | |/ˈheːstɪmɪ/ | ||
! → | ! → | ||
| [ | | [ˈçeːstɪmɪ] | ||
! | ! | ||
| /ˈtɪ | | /ˈtɪ kaˈtɛrrɪstwas/ | ||
! → | ! → | ||
| [ | | [ˈtɪ caˈtɛrrɪstwas̟] | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translation --> | <!-- Translation --> | ||
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! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|'' | | colspan="3"|''What are you writing?'' | ||
|} | |} | ||