Skyrdagor: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 188: Line 188:
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| hszez || [xsɛz] || hszak || [xsak] || xszejnydh || [xsɛjnɯ(ð)]
| hszez || [xsɛz] || hszak || [xsak] || hszejnydh || [xsɛjnɯ(ð)]
|-
|-
! 7
! 7

Revision as of 17:09, 23 September 2017

Skyrdagor
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|ɧɯ˞ˈdeːan ˈmɒʃt]]
Created byLili21
DateFeb 2017
SettingCalémere
EthnicitySkyrdagoreans (Skyrdegankot)
Native speakers13,000,000 (2312 / 4E 133)
Skyrdagor languages
  • Skyrdagor
Official status
Official language in
Skyrdagor, Gorjan, Arkjatar, Aksalbor, Karynaktja, Askand, Tulfasysz, Ylvostydh

The Skyrdagor language (native name Skyrdegan mast [ɧɯ˞deːan mɒʃt]) is the language of Greater Skyrdagor ([ɧɯ˞dɒː˞]), a plurinational area on the planet of Calémere, in northeastern Márusúturon, once part of the Skyrdagor Empire. It is the official language in all eight countries of this area — Skyrdagor, Gorjan, Arkjatar, Aksalbor, Karynaktja, Askand, Tulfasysz, and Ylvostydh — as well as a minority language in Brono, Ikalurilut, and the Inquisition.

While written Skyrdagor is the same throughout all of the Skyrdagor-speaking world, there is no standard spoken dialect, and some of them vary widely in pronunciation. The written language reflects Middle Skyrdagor, but while the most conservative varieties - like Ylvostyzdor - do not diverge much in pronunciation, many others do, like the most commonly heard and studied one, Skyrdegan Skyrdagor, based on the dialect of Tol Sakszyv [tɔl ʃɒksɯʊ̯], former imperial capital and modern-day capital of the Republic of Skyrdagor. As an example, the name “Skyrdagor” was most likely pronounced in Middle Skyrdagor as [ʃkɨɽˈdagoɽ] like in modern Ylvostyzdor, but in the three most spoken varieties it is [ɧɯ˞ˈdɒː˞] (Skyrdegan Skyrdagor), [ɧɨɽˈɖɔwɽ] (Karynaktjur), and [ʂɨɖˈɖaɣʊː] (Arkjatrur).

Unless otherwise noted, all transcriptions in this article refer to Skyrdegan Skyrdagor.

Greater Skyrdagor

Skyrdagor ([ɧɯ˞dɒː˞]) proper is an archipelago nation, made up of the islands in the Skyrdagor Inner Sea. The central and largest island, Tuf Kjegesmeth [tuf ˈɕeːʃmeθ], is the most populated and the cradle of Skyrdagor civilization. On it lies Tol Sakszyv [tɔl ˈʃɒksɯʊ̯], the former imperial capital, the present-day capital of Skyrdagor, and the largest city of Greater Skyrdagor. Almost all islands are divided in two large areas: a narrow northwestern coast, usually cold and windy due to polar winds flowing south and reaching them, and a much more vast southeastern plain where most of each island’s population lie.

The mainland countries, from north to south, are:

Askand (Sk.: [ˈaʃkɒnd]; locally [ˈɔʃkaːt]) is the northernmost country of Greater Skyrdagor and, due to its location, also the least populated. Most of the country lies above the 60th parallel north and 90% of its population lies along the Zyszovkes (loc.: [zɯˈsɔːkɪʃ]) river in the south of the country. It has, however, more than 70% of the total human population on Calémere living above 60ºN.

Aksalbor (Sk.: [aˈkʃalbu˞]; locally [æˈkʃawbo]), the third-northernmost country (the northernmost islands of Skyrdagor reach 65ºN, three degrees north of Aksalbor’s northernmost point), is the largest country of Greater Skyrdagor by area, and the second least densely populated (after Askand). Most of its population lies in the southwestern corner of the country, on the north side of the large Gepten (loc.: [ˈɣeften]) estuary, which is shared with neighboring Arkjatar. Most of the rest of the country is taiga, and the climate is in large areas marked by bitter cold winters, like in most of northern Márusúturon (still not as cold as the areas to its north and east).

Arkjatar (Sk.: [ɚˈɕatɚ]; locally [ɛɽˈçatəɽ]) is a peculiar country as, apart from the markedly oceanic coast, its interior sees the border between the subarctic taiga and the temperate biomes (decidual forests closer to the coast, but also some grasslands farther away). The Gdaron (loc.: [ˈgdɛɽon]) river, the main one of the country, is somewhat a boundary as north and east of it the taiga predominates while south and west the temperate biome is dominant.

Karynaktja (Sk.: [karɯˈnɒtʃa]; locally [kaɽˈnaktˢa]) is the most populated country of Greater Skyrdagor, thanks to the large alluvial plain of the Gitran (loc.: [ˈɟiʈɽɒŋ]) river that makes up most of the country, apart for the Ratszan [ˈɽatsɒŋ] mountains in the north (just south and parallel to the 50th parallel north) and the colder coast north of it. The climate in Karynaktja has more in common with the central and southern islands of Skyrdagor (Tol Sakszyv being roughly on the same latitude as central Karynaktja) and the southern countries than to the subarctic ones to the north, being markedly mediterranean on the coast and continental inland (central-southern France being the closest example on Earth).

Tulfasysz (Sk.: [ˈtulfəʃɯs]; locally [ˈtuwɸaʃuʃ]) is the only landlocked country in Greater Skyrdagor, and it is made up by three different river basins - one draining in the northern Inner Sea through Arkjatar, another into the southern Inner Sea through Karynaktja, and the third into the endorheic Plezyth [ˈplɛzus] inland lake, shared with Gorjan and the Chlouvānem Inquisition. It has the driest climate of all Skyrdegan countries, with many grasslands, but the abundant freshwater still supports a relatively large population.

Gorjan (Sk.: [ˈgɔ˞ʒɒn]; locally [ˈgorʒɔn]) is the southernmost of the adjacent countries of Greater Skyrdagor (and containing the southernmost point of the whole area, including Ylvostydh), and the homonymous river (that begins in Southern Gorjan, a diocese of the Inquisition) that runs all the way through it, south to north, is the main geographical feature of the country. It is the third most populated country of the region, and due to its close proximity with culturally Bronic areas, as well as having been the first area to be contacted by the Chlouvānem cultures, it is culturally peculiar in Greater Skyrdagor, for example for being the only country in the area where up to 37% of the population is Yunyalīlti.

Ylvostydh (Sk.: [uˈwoːʃtɯθ]; locally [ɨlˈvɔʃtɨð]) is the geographical outlier of Greater Skyrdagor, being located on the other side of the Inner Sea, divided from the other mainland countries by the Bronic-speaking areas. It was historically the last area to be colonized by Skyrdagor peoples, and it also has a peculiar culture due to being nestled between the Bronic culture space to the southeast and the Kalurilut one to the southwest. It has the warmest climate of all Greater Skyrdagor, as it is surrounded by the sea on two sides and, apart from the northernmost tip, the whole of the country lies south of the 40th parallel north.

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Labials Dentals Palatoalveolars Palatals Velars
Nasals m n (ŋ)
Stops and affricates p b t d k g
Non-sibilant fricatives f v θ ð ç⁓ɕ ʝ x (ɣ)
Sibilants s z ʃ ʒ ɧ
Approximants l r j

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i ɯ ɯ˞ u
Mid ɛ (ə) ɚ ɔ
Low (a) ɒ

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Orthography

[TBA]

Romanization

In all of the present article, sound transcriptions are from Skyrdegan Skyrdagor unless noted. Its romanization mostly follows IPA letters, but:

  • y represents /ɯ/;
  • The fricatives /s z ʃ ʒ x θ ð/ are represented, respectively, sz z s zs h th dh. /ç~ɕ ʝ/ appear in different places, but most commonly they are written kj gj (they are both unvoiced in most Skyrdegan dialects, excluding notably the capital's); /ɧ/ is also written in various ways, most commonly sk before /i ɛ ɯ/ or another consonant.
  • Many sequences are not read literally, as notably g has the tendency to disappear (c.f. kogyzsda "they see it" [ˈkoːʒdɒ]) and influence neighboring sounds, which often influence their neighboring ones in a chain (note the -agor in the word Skyrdagor, which is pronounced [ɒː˞], in a chain like *[agɔɽ] > *[aɣɔɽ] > *[ɑɔ̯˞] > [ɒː˞]). Final -eg (which is, amongst others, the 1SG past tense indefinite ending) is also pronounced [a]. lv is pronounced [w], and shifts neighboring y to [u], neighboring i to [ɪ], and neighboring e to [ə].

Morphology

Verbs

Skyrdagor verbs inflect for person (subject and object), gender, definiteness, tense, and mood. Two of the main notable features of Skyrdagor is that there are two different conjugation patterns for definite and indefinite objects and aspects are not distinguished morphologically at all. Gender is marked sporadically in subjects, namely in 2nd and 3rd singular and 3rd plural in the indefinite conjugation and in 3rd persons in the definite one, while it is marked in all persons except the 1st singular and plural inclusive for objects.

Present indefinite

Skyrdagor verbs are mostly conjugated agglutinatively, but there are hints to a former system of vowel harmony. The 1st person singular indefinite is the citation form, as it is the most unmarked form of the verb. Non-3rd person objects do not exist in present indefinite, as they're intrinsecally definite.

kog (to see)
→ Subjects
↓ Objects
1S 2S Masc. 2S Fem. 3S Masc. 3S Fem. 1P Incl. 1P Excl. 2P 3P Masc. 3P Fem.
kog kogob kogybe kogs kogyth kogbjel kogt kogvot kogst kogthyt
3S Masc. szykog szykogob szykogybe szykogs szykogyth szykogbjel szykogt szykogvot szykogst szykogthyt
3S Fem. edhkog edhkogob edhkogybe edhkogs edhkogyth edhkogbjel edhkogt edhkogvot edhkogst edhkogthyt
3P Masc. tszykog tszykogob tszykogybe tszykogs tszykogyth tszykogbjel tszykogt tszykogvot tszykogst tszykogthyt
3P Fem. thtekog thtekogob thtekogybe thtekogs thtekogyth thtekogbjel thtekogt thtekogvot thtekogst thtekogthyt

Vowel harmony traces are present in the 2S masculine and 2P subjects, as verbs whose roots have as last vowel e or i use -eb and -veb, e.g. szlek "to drive" → szlekeb "you (sg) drive", szlekvet "you (pl) drive"; fkin "to throw" → fkineb "you (sg) throw", fkinvet "you (pl) throw".
Note that no gender distinction in 2nd person singular is present in all Tulfasyzdor dialects, most Gorjanor ones, and southern Karynaktjor. The 2nd person plural is archaic in Askandor, where the 3rd person forms are used (as in pronouns, where the courtesy (V) forms have replaced the T ones).

Present definite

kog (to see)
→ Subjects
↓ Objects
1S 2S 3S Masc. 3S Fem. 1P Incl. 1P Excl. 2P 3P Masc. 3P Fem.
koge kogjol kogyzso kogyszy kogetjel kogette kogult kogyzsda kogysztu
1S (avkog) vkogjol vkogyzso vkogyszy vkogetjel vkogette vkogult vkogyzsda vkogysztu
2S Masc. kykoge kykogjol kykogyzso kykogyszy kykogetjel kykogette kykogult kykogyzsda kykogysztu
2S Femm. zekoge zekogjol zekogyzso zekogyszy zekogetjel zekogette zekogult zekogyzsda zekogysztu
3S Masc. szykoge szykogjol szykogyzso szykogyszy szykogetjel szykogette szykogult szykogyzsda szykogysztu
3S Fem. edhkoge edhkogjol edhkogyzso edhkogyszy edhkogetjel edhkogette edhkogult edhkogyzsda edhkogysztu
1P Incl. jokoge jokogjol jokogyzso jokogyszy jokogetjel jokogette jokogult jokogyzsda jokogysztu
1P Excl. Masc. dhokoge dhokogjol dhokogyzso dhokogyszy dhokogetjel dhokogette dhokogult dhokogyzsda dhokogysztu
1P Excl. Femm. zsokoge zsokogjol zsokogyzso zsokogyszy zsokogetjel zsokogette zsokogult zsokogyzsda zsokogysztu
2P Masc. kythkoge kythkogjol kythkogyzso kythkogyszy kythkogetjel kythkogette kythkogult kythkogyzsda kythkogysztu
2P Femm. sztekoge sztekogjol sztekogyzso sztekogyszy sztekogetjel sztekogette sztekogult sztekogyzsda sztekogysztu
3P Masc. tszykoge tszykogjol tszykogyzso tszykogyszy tszykogetjel tszykogette tszykogult tszykogyzsda tszykogysztu
3P Fem. thtekoge thtekogjol thtekogyzso thtekogyszy thtekogetjel thtekogette thtekogult thtekogyzsda thtekogysztu

The same observations made with the indefinite forms about uses apply here (and in all other forms): Tulfasyzdor, most of Gorjanor, and SE Karynaktjor do not distinguish 2Sm and 2Sf; Askandor does not use 2P forms.
The 1S object affix is va-, but assumes the form v- before single consonants (apart v itself); in many dialects, including Skyrdegan Skyrdagor, it is often pronounced as [u] before voiceless consonants, e.g. vkogjol [uˈkɔʝɔl] (Skyrdegan), [uˈkɔdʒoː] (Karynaktjor) "you see me". avkog is the reflexive.

Numerals

Skyrdagor numerals are decimal and fairly regularly formed, but their complexity lies in having different forms for counting people, non-people, and general numbers. Another complexity is the orthography, as the numbers are written fully but pronunciation has often considerably modified them.

Digit Disjunctive Pronunciation Non-human Pronunciation Human Pronunciation
0 gozd [gɔzd]
1 yszp [ɯsp] rjaka [rjakə] or [rjag] kjodh [ɕɔð]
2 skeg [ɧɛː] or [ɧa] skejsa [ɧɛjʃ] ylvop [uːˈwɔp]
3 thus [θuʃ] thus [θuʃ] thusnydh [θuʃnɯ(ð)]
4 thlegdhen [θlɛðən] thlogek [θlɔjk] thlegdhnydh [θlɛðnɯ(ð)]
5 arsz [ɚs] arsk [ɚʃ(k)] arsnydh [ɚʃnɯ(ð)]
6 hszez [xsɛz] hszak [xsak] hszejnydh [xsɛjnɯ(ð)]
7 noth [nɔθ] noth [nɔθ] nodhnydh [nɔðnɯ(ð)]
8 nyski [nɯɧ] nyski [nɯɧ] nysknydh [nɯʃnɯ(ð)]
9 kjorsth [ɕɚʃ(ː)] kjorsk [ɕɚʃk] kjethnydh [ɕɛθnɯ(ð)]
10 skid [ɧid] skid [ɧid] skatszka [skatska]

These are the basic digits used: numbers inside tens are formed by using one of these followed by el (over) and the combining form of the multiple of ten (replace -id with -a). For example, if "two", "two apples", "two women" are skeg, skejsa vzsok, and ylvop lezsa respectively, "twelve", "twelve apples", "twelve women" are skeg el ska, skejsa vzsok el ska, and ylvop lezsa el ska. All of these forms, however, are very varying in pronunciation:

Digit Number Pronunciation
11 yszp el ska [ɯsfəlʃkə]
12 skeg el ska [ɧɛlʃkə]
13 thus el ska [θuʃəlʃkə]
14 thlegdhen el ska [θlɛðləʃkə]
15 arsz el ska [ɚsəlʃkə]
16 hszez el ska [xsɛʃʃkə]
17 noth el ska [nɔθləʃkə]
18 nyski el ska [nɯɧilɕkə]
19 kjorsth el ska [ɕɚʃəlʃkə]
20 szrogy [ɧrɔː]
21 yszp el szroga [ɯsfəlɧrɔː]
30 thusatskid [θuɕːid]
31 yszp el thusatska [ɯsfəlθuʃʃə]
40 thlegskid [θlɛɧid]
50 arsskid [ɚɧid]
60 hszezsskid [xsɛʒid]
70 nothskid [nɔɧid]
80 nyskskid [nɯɧid]
90 kjorsthskid [ɕɚɧid]
100 prog [prɔ]

Numbers above 100 are simply made by using the 1-99 one followed by zy prog (and hundred [zɯˈprɔ]). The hundreds are simply prog skeg, prog thus, prog thlegdhen and so on. Similarly, 1000 is melbryk [mɛlbrɯk], 1001 is yszp zy melbryk, 2000 is melbryk skeg etc.

As an example, 2743 translates as thus el thlegska zy prog noth zy melbryk skeg, pronounced [ˈθuʃəlθlɛʃkə zɯprɔˈnɔθ zɯˈmɛlbrɯˌɧa]. "2743 women" is thusnydh lezsa el thlegska zy prog noth zy melbryk skeg [θuʃnɯ(ð) ˈlɛʒa‿lˈθlɛʃkə zɯprɔˈnɔθ zɯˈmɛlbrɯˌɧa].


Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources