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The Latin script has two competing orthographies with the basic distinction originating in the difficulty of representing certain graphemes on early modern computer devices. The most recently standardised orthographic variety is used in this article.  
The Latin script has two competing orthographies with the basic distinction originating in the difficulty of representing certain graphemes on early modern computer devices. The most recently standardised orthographic variety is used in this article.  


The following letters are used: a á b d e é f g h i í j k l m n o p r s t u ú v w.
The following letters are used: a á b d e é g h i í j k l m n o ó p r s t u ú v w z.


The values of these letters usually correspond to their counterparts in the International Phonetic Alphabet with the following major differences:
The values of these letters usually correspond to their counterparts in the International Phonetic Alphabet with the following major differences:
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*⟨i⟩ represents a near-high, near-front unrounded vowel [ɪ].
*⟨i⟩ represents a near-high, near-front unrounded vowel [ɪ].
*⟨j⟩ represents a voiced, palatal fricative [ʝ] after a consonant and [j] elsewhere.
*⟨j⟩ represents a voiced, palatal fricative [ʝ] after a consonant and [j] elsewhere.
*⟨h⟩ represents a voiceless, glottal fricative [h] or a voiceless, velar fricative [x] after a back vowel.
*⟨h⟩ represents either a voiceless, glottal fricative [h] or a voiceless, velar fricative [x] after a back vowel.


Long vowels are marked by an acute accent: ⟨á é í ú⟩. Because there is no short counterpart, the letter ⟨o⟩ is always read long and carries no accent. The long vowel⟨í⟩ differs in quality from its short counterpart and is pronounced noticeably higher [iː].
Long vowels are marked by an acute accent: ⟨á é í ú⟩. The long vowel⟨í⟩ differs in quality from its short counterpart and is pronounced noticeably higher [iː].


The combination ⟨lh⟩ represents a voiced, nasalised labiovelar approximant [w̃]. The combination ⟨wr⟩ represents a long velarised apical trill [rʷː].
The combination ⟨mh⟩ represents a voiced, nasalised labio-velar approximant [w̃], ⟨wr⟩ represents a long velarised apical trill [rʷː], and ⟨hw⟩ represents a voiceless labiovelar approximant [ʍ].


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
The Skájamál vowel inventory is relatively small compared to most of its Germanic siblings with relatively few innovations. The innovations present on the other hand strongly set the language apart from all the other Germanic languages.
The Skájamál vowel inventory is relatively small compared to most of its Germanic siblings with relatively few innovations. The innovations present on the other hand strongly set the language apart from all the other Germanic languages.


There are four pairs of vowels distinguished by length and secondarily, quality: /ɑ e ɪ u/ and /ɑ: e: i: u:/. In addition, there is a lone /o:/ which in Skájamál, like in its direct ancestor Germanic ancestor, lacks a short counterpart. There are three diphthongs in Skájamál: /au/ /ei/, /eu/. Of these, /ei/ and /eu/ contract in stressed syllables to /i:/ and /i̯u/.
There are five pairs of vowels distinguished by length and secondarily, quality: /ɑ e ɪ o u/ and /ɑ: e: i: o: u:/. There are four diphthongs in Skájamál: /ɑi/, /ɑu/, /ei/, /eu/. Of these, /ɑi/, /ei/ and /eu/ contract in stressed syllables to /e:/, /i:/ and /i̯u/.


The mid, front unrounded vowel denoted as /e/ alternates between [ɛ] and [e] with no particular preference noted among speakers.
The mid, front unrounded vowel denoted as /e/ alternates freely between [ɛ] and [e] with no particular preference or conditioning environment seemingly identifiable among speakers.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
|
!colspan="2"|Labial
!colspan="2"|Alveolar
!colspan="2"|Palatal
!colspan="2"|Velar
!colspan="2"|Labiovelar
!colspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!Nasal
|colspan="2"| '''''m''''' {{IPA|/m/}}
|colspan="2"| '''''n''''' {{IPA|/n/}}
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| '''''nk''''', '''''ng''''' {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
|colspan="2"| '''''mh''''' {{IPA|/w̃/}}
|colspan="2"|
|-
!Stop
| '''''p''''' {{IPA|/p/}}
| '''''b''''' {{IPA|/b/}}
| '''''t''''' {{IPA|/t/}}
| '''''d''''' {{IPA|/d/}}
|colspan="2"|
| '''''k''''' {{IPA|/k/}}
| '''''g''''' {{IPA|/g/}}
|colspan="2"| '''''kw''''' {{IPA|/kʷ/}}
|colspan="2"|
|-
!Fricative
|colspan="2"|
| '''''s''''' {{IPA|/s/}}
| '''''z''''' {{IPA|/z/}}
|colspan="2"| '''''j''''' {{IPA|[ʝ]}}
|colspan="2"| '''''h''''' {{IPA|[x]}}
|colspan="2"| '''''hw''''' {{IPA|/ʍ/}}
|colspan="2"| '''''h''''' {{IPA|/h/}}
|-
!Approximant
|colspan="2"| '''''v''''' {{IPA|/ʋ/}}
|colspan="2"| '''''l''''' {{IPA|/l/}}
|colspan="2"| '''''j''''' {{IPA|/j/}}
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| '''''w''''' {{IPA|/w/}}
|colspan="2"|
|-
!Trill
|colspan="2"|'''''wr''''' {{IPA|/rʷː/}}
|colspan="2"|'''''r''''' {{IPA|/r/}}
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}
*The stops, nasals, the lateral approximant and the trill have palatal allophones when preceding a stressed -jV- sequence, as in ''brjúkaná'' [ˈbrʲu:kɑnɑ:].
*Word-final voiceless plosives are heavily aspirated, sometimes to the point of gaining a coarticulated fricative. E.g., ''wit'' 'we two' [wɪt͡θ] or [wɪtʰ], ''wrissájk'' 'I write' [rʷːɪs.sɑːjk͡x]
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress is usually found on root syllables of words (root accentuation principle); usually this is the first syllable in a word, e.g. '''''hwá'''''-''záh'', '''''wan'''''-''sás''. In compounds, the first element receives primary stress regularly according to the root accentuation principle, the following element receives a slightly weaker secondary stress, e.g. '''''hrá'''ri'''wi'''nih''. This is however not true with verbal compounds - the stress falls then on the first syllable of the verbal element.
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
====Productive phonological rules====
====Productive phonological rules====
=====Lowering of short final high vowels=====
The vowels ''i'' and ''u'' are lowered to ''e'' and ''o'' respectively when word final. This leads to visible vowel alternation, primarily when looking at singular and plural forms of words.
:''marí'' 'seas' → ''mare'' 'sea'
:''aluh'' 'ales' → ''alo'' 'ale'
:''ilih'' 'soles' → ''ile'' 'sole'
=====Short vowel deletion=====
A process of reduction and deletion of vowels occurs occasionally in polysyllabic words with any syllable flanking the stressed one being most reduced. This is a highly register-dependent process with the most common daily speech evidencing this heavily (40-60% of speech forms undergoing reduction) when compared to the ritual language where its incidence is near zero. In certain words, the process can take rather extreme forms, such as ''hwarha-hwiwalsá'' → ''hwarhwilsá'' ‘moth’ with both «wa» and «ha» syllables being deleted, aggressively reducing the syllable count down to three.
=====Consonant simplification=====
====Historical phonological rules====
=====Rhotacisation=====
The early Skájamál ''s'' in intervocalic position was voiced to ''z'', which changed to ''r'' except in those cases where an adjacent syllable already contained an ''r'', e.g. MSK. ''ekozana'' → ''ekorana'' but ''mázér'' → ''mázér''.
=====Siever's law=====
==Inflectional morphology==
==Inflectional morphology==
===Case system===
===Case system===
Skájamál is a conservative, richly inflected Indo-European language with several cases and genders. Skájamál has the nominative, accusative, genitive, dative cases and vestiges of an instrumental and vocative case. The three genders are masculine, feminine and neuter, similar to German or Elfdalian. As for number, a distinction between singular and plural is observed.
====Nominative====
The nominative case ({{sc|nom}}) is primarily the case for the agent and subject of a verb.
:''barássa '''raunah'''''
:A '''raven''' bathes.
:smirjanín '''''wélannah''' swersá smirás''
:At (his) smithy, '''Wayland''' forges a sword
By general agreement, it is also used for the predicate complement.
:''ek imme '''énhá'''''
:I am '''alone'''
====Accusative====
The accusative ({{sc|acc}}) typically signifies the direct object of a verb or the complement of certain prepositions. With verbs, it's usually the patient role, while with prepositions it is mostly used for motion towards, as in many Indo-European languages.
:''hurizí '''luvó''' aujá''
:I have love.{{sc|acc}} for you.
Here serving as the accusative of motion to a place
:'''''Anglalanná''' tá hwaris''
:To England.{{sc|acc}} you go.
Finally, it can be used to express spatial and temporal relations.
:''sa búráze Anglalannán '''srinn ménárunn'''''
:He lived in England three months.{{sc|acc}}
====Dative====
The dative is used to denote the second target argument of many verbs and is used for the comparative construction.
The regular use
:''évájk '''astí''' lamhah''
:I give guest.{{sc|dat}} lamb.{{sc|acc}}
:I give the guest a lamb.
The dative of comparison
:''hrárínín aziupirá Wáran '''séma''' wah''
:In wisdom the deeper Odin ''them''.{{sc|dat}} was
:In wisdom the greater of them was Odin
====Genitive====
====Instrumental====
===Nominal inflection===
===Nominal inflection===
====Noun declensions====
====Noun declensions====
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