Sharqi: Difference between revisions

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**(''vowel''): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics. Sometimes unpredictable.
**(''vowel''): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics. Sometimes unpredictable.
*Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the ''a'' in ''-aL'' in the perfect and imperfect is dropped (if applicable and allowed). This is represented with square brackets (i.e. ''[a]'').
*Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the ''a'' in ''-aL'' in the perfect and imperfect is dropped (if applicable and allowed). This is represented with square brackets (i.e. ''[a]'').
*The ''(a/i)'' after ''F'' is dropped if possible, even if phonotactics require the ''F'' to be changed - e.g. ''katab'' "he wrote", ''ay tigtib'' "do not write". On the other hand, the ''(a/i)'' or ''[a]'' after ''C'' is dropped only if that will lead to no consonant changes - e.g. ''yikatabuu'' "they write" (not ''*yikadbuu'').
*The ''(a/i)'' after ''F'' is dropped if possible, even if phonotactics require the ''F'' to be changed - e.g. ''katab'' "he wrote", ''ay tigtib'' "do not write". On the other hand, the ''(a/i)'' or ''[a]'' after ''C'' is generally dropped only if that will lead to no consonant changes - e.g. ''yikatabuu'' "they write" (not ''*yikadbuu'').
:e.g. ''sabar'' "he broke" + ''-ag'' "you (object)" → ''sabrag'' "he broke you" (not *''sabarag'')
:e.g. ''sabar'' "he broke" + ''-ag'' "you (object)" → ''sabrag'' "he broke you" (not *''sabarag'')
::BUT ''baddal'' "he changed" + ''-ag'' → ''baddalag'' "he changed you" (*''baddlag'' violates phonotactics).
::BUT ''baddal'' "he changed" + ''-ag'' → ''baddalag'' "he changed you" (*''baddlag'' violates phonotactics).

Revision as of 18:51, 21 November 2017

Sharqi (native: Af Sharqi) is an Ethio-Semitic language.

Introduction

Sharqi is basically a Semitic Somali. More accurately, it is an Ethiopian Semitic language heavily inspired by Somali.

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Af Sharqi personal pronouns
Independent Clitic Possessive
Stressed Unstressed Subject Object Independent Dependent
1S
aníga
an(í)
aan
-ni
káy(ga)/táy(da)
-ay/ya
2S
adíga
ad(í)
aad
-(a)g
kág(ga)/tág(ta)
-(a)g
3SM
nisága
nis(á)
uu
-aw/-hu
káw(ga)/táw(da)
-aw/hu
3SF
nisáda
nisá
ay
-(h)aa
káa(ga)/táa(da)
-(h)aa
1P
innága
inná
ayn/aan
-(a)n
kán(na)/tán(na)
-(a)n
2P
idínka
idín
aydin/aad
-kun
kugún(na)/tugún(na)
-kun
3P
nisínka
nisín
uu
-(h)un
kún(na)/tún(na)
-(h)un
IMP
so
REF
nis

Verbs

Stem 1

Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect.

  • FCL is used as the generic verb (with qadal "kill" as the example verb).
    • F: first root consonant
    • C: second root consonant (for geminated or quadriliteral verbs, this represents the middle two consonants)
    • L: third root consonant
    • (vowel): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics. Sometimes unpredictable.
  • Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the a in -aL in the perfect and imperfect is dropped (if applicable and allowed). This is represented with square brackets (i.e. [a]).
  • The (a/i) after F is dropped if possible, even if phonotactics require the F to be changed - e.g. katab "he wrote", ay tigtib "do not write". On the other hand, the (a/i) or [a] after C is generally dropped only if that will lead to no consonant changes - e.g. yikatabuu "they write" (not *yikadbuu).
e.g. sabar "he broke" + -ag "you (object)" → sabrag "he broke you" (not *sabarag)
BUT baddal "he changed" + -agbaddalag "he changed you" (*baddlag violates phonotactics).
  • Some verbs have aa after the first root consonant instead of a - e.g. baarag "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to a are applied to the second a of aa (i.e. ).
  • The infinitive takes the form FáCL(i) if the cluster CL is not forbidden (with the -i inserted if C is not y or w). If it is forbidden, the infinitive takes the form FáCaL.
Stem 1
Infinitive (m.)
FáC(a)L(i)
qádli
Verbal Noun (f.)
máF(a)CaL/FaCLíd
máqdal/qadlíd
Agent (m.)
FaCaáli
qadaáli
Agent (f.)
FaCaalíd
qadaalíd
Imperfect Subjunctive Perfect Gerundive Imperative Jussive
1S
iFáC[a]L
iqád[a]l
iF(i)CíL
iqdíl
FaCáLku
qadálku
FaCiLay
qadilay
íF(a)CaL
íqdal
íF(a)CaL
íqdal
2S
tiFáC[a]L
tiqád[a]l
tiF(i)CíL
tiqdíl
FaCáLka
qadálka
FaCiLag
qadilag
FíCaL
qídal
tíF(i)CaL
tíqdal
3SM
yiFáC[a]L
yiqád[a]l
yiF(i)CíL
yiqdíl
FáC[a]L
qád[a]l
FaCiLaw
qadilaw
yíF(a)CaL
yíqdal
yíF(a)CaL
yíqdal
3SF
tiFáC[a]L
tiqád[a]l
tiF(i)CíL
tiqdíl
FáC(a)Lad
qádlad
FaCiLaa
qadilaa
tíF(a)CaL
tíqdal
tíF(a)CaL
tíqdal
1P
niFáC[a]L
niqád[a]l
niF(i)CíL
niqdíl
FaCáLna
qadálna
FaCiLan
qadilan
níF(a)CaL
níqdal
níF(a)CaL
níqdal
2P
tiFaC(a)Luú
tiqadluú
tiF(i)CiLuú
tiqdiluú
FaCaLkuú
qadalkuú
FaCiLkun
qadilkun
FíC(i)Luu
qídluu
tiF(i)CíLuu
tiqdíluu
3P
yiFaC(a)Luú
yiqadluú
yiF(i)CiLuú
yiqdiluú
FaC(a)Luú
qadluú
FaCiLun
qadiilun
yíF(i)CiLuu
yíqdiluu
yiF(i)CíLuu
yiqdíluu

There are various modifications depending on the root consonants:

  • If F is:-
    • w: i becomes u before w, with iw becoming uu - e.g. yuwadad "he loves" (from *yiwadad).
    • y: iy becomes ii - e.g. al tiibas "she/it does not dry" (from *tiybas).
    • '/Ø: i is dropped - e.g. yaaman "he believes" (from *yi(')aaman).
  • If C is:-
    • w, wC, or Cw:
      • aw(a)/wa becomes oo - e.g. koon "he was/became" (from *kawan).
      • wi becomes uu (and makes preceding i into u) - e.g. ay tukuun "do not become" (from *tikwin).
      • awi becomes oy - e.g. koynaw "him being" (from *kawinaw)
    • y, yC, or Cy:
      • ay(a)/ya becomes ee - e.g. keed "he walked/went" (from *kayad).
      • yi becomes ii - e.g. ay tikiid "do not walk/go" (from *tikyid).
      • ayi becomes ay - e.g. kaydaw "him walking/going" (from *kayidaw).
  • If L is:-
    • y:
      • (a)ya becomes ay - e.g. sallayd "she prayed" (from *sallayad).
      • Final iy becomes ii - e.g. silli "pray" (from *silliy).
      • The gerundive takes the base FaCiy- (FaCii- before a consonant).
    • w:
      • (a)wa becomes aw - e.g. cafawd "she forgave" (from *cafwad).
      • Final iw becomes u (and makes preceding i into u) - e.g. cufu "forgive" (from *cifiw).
      • The gerundive takes the base FaCuw- (FaCuu- before a consonant).
  • Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. sallaygu "I prayed" (from *sallay-ku).
  • For quinquiliteral verbs, replace C with CaCC/CiCC (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. dhamastar, yidhamastar, yidhimistír "complete". If one of the consonants is w or y, the aforementioned simplifications apply and the unnecessary a/i is not added - e.g. targoon, yitargoon, yuturguún "translate" (from *taragwam, *yitaragwam, *yitirigwim). In forms where no simplifications can take place, however, the extra vowel is added - e.g. taragwaámi "translator".

Syntax

Constituent order

Primarily SOV

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources