User:Ceige/SEA Inspired: Difference between revisions

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= Ancient stage=
= Ancient stage=
== Phonology ==
== Phonology (Younger, 19XX) ==
=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Bolded consonants can also be finals.
Bolded consonants can also be finals.
Line 65: Line 65:
|}
|}


<!-- Alternative approach, not sure which is best, also just padding this comment out to act as a visual section break -->
== Phonology (Elder, 20XX) ==
=== Consonants ===
==== Initials ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p || t || k || ʔ
|-
! Pre-nasalised Plosives
| ⁿp || ⁿt || ⁿk ||
|-
! Nasals
| m || n || ŋ ||
|-
! Voiceless Nasals
| hm || hn || hŋ ||
|-
! Fricatives
| f || s || x || h
|}
====Glides====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Labial Semivowel !! Dental Lateral !! Retroflex Rhotic !! Palatal Semivowel !! Guttural Rhotic
|-
| w || l || r || y || ʀ
|}
==== Prominent Initial-Glide combinations and common outcomes ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! ʔ- !! p- !! t- !! k- !! m- !! n- !! ŋ- !! mp- !! nt- !! ŋk- !! f- !! s- !! x- !! h-
! style="background: #fff;" | Notes
|-
! +w
| w || p || t || k || '''m, w''' || n, m || ŋ, m || b || d || g || f || s || '''x, f''' || '''hw, f'''
| style="background: #fff;" | Only the Velar series and guttural fricatives are (minimally) affected
|-
! +l
| l || p || '''ty''' || k || m, n || '''n, l''' || ŋ, n || b || '''dy''' || g || hl || '''sy, hl''' || hl || hl
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
|-
! +r
| r || p || '''tʂ''' || k || m, ɳ || '''ɳ, r''' || ŋ, ɳ || b || '''dʐ''' || g || hr || '''ʂ, hr''' || hr || hr
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
|-
! +y
| y || p || '''tɕ '''|| '''c''' || m, ɲ || '''ɲ, n''' || '''ɲ, ŋ''' || b || '''dʑ''' || '''ɟ''' ||  hy || '''ɕ, hy''' || '''ç, hy''' || hy
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental and Velar series are equally affected
|-
! +ʀ
| ʀ || p || t || '''k, q''' || m, ŋ || n, ŋ || '''ŋ, ʀ''' || b || d || '''g, ɢ''' || hʀ, f || hʀ, s || hʀ, x || hʀ
| style="background: #fff;" | Only the Velar series is affected; overall this is the least impactful glide.
|}
====Finals====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p || t || ʈ || c || k || ʔ
|-
! Nasals
| m || n || ɳ || ɲ || ŋ ||
|-
! Voiceless Nasals (1)
| m̊ || n̊ || ɳ̊ || ɲ̊ || ŋ̊ ||
|-
! Sonorants
| w || l || r || y || ʀ ||
|-
! Voiceless Sonorants (2)
| ẘ || l̥ || r̊ || ẙ || ʀ̊ ||
|-
! Fricatives (2)
| colspan=6 | h
|}
'''Notes'''
* (1): These are commonly reconstructed as simple plosives, as there is scant evidence for a full final voiceless nasal series
* (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages.
=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Height
! y- !! +y
! l- !! +l
! Ø- !! +Ø
! r- !! +r
! ʀ- !! +ʀ
! w- !! +w
|-
! Closed /ɨ/
| i || i
| ɪ || ɪ
| ɨ || ɨ
| ǝ || ǝ
| i || ɪ || '''ɨ''' || ə || ɯ || u
|-
! Mid /ǝ/
| ie || ei
| iæ || æ
| ǝ || ǝ
|
| e || ɜ || '''ǝ''' || ə || ʌ || o
|-
! Open /a/
| iæ || æi
| iæ || æ
| a || a
| æ || æ || '''a''' || a || ɑ || ɑ
|}
<!-- This is for parts of the phonologies that are shared -->
== Phonology (Shared) ==
=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
==== Syllable structure ====
==== Syllable structure ====

Revision as of 09:04, 28 January 2018

Ancient stage

Phonology (Younger, 19XX)

Consonants

Bolded consonants can also be finals.

Manner Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Notes
Plosive p t ʈ c k Some reconstruct additional voiced plosives.
Pre-nasalised Plosives ⁿp ⁿt ⁿʈ ⁿc ⁿk ɴC or (m,n..)C is another valid style of transcription, as is C̃
Nasals m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Voiceless Nasals m̊ n̊ ɳ̊ ɲ̊ ŋ̊ qC or hC is another valid style of transcription
Sonorants w l r y ʀ These are also sometimes analysed as appearing between initials and vowels.*
Voiceless Sonorants ẘ l̥ r̊ ẙ ʀ̊
Fricatives h* s* ʂ ç x

Notes

  • *In analyses where the sonorants are seen as possible glides between initials and the nucleus, the distribution of initials changes quite heavily.
  • There is also a glottal stop, sometimes written as <q>.
  • <h> represents would-be /ɸ/, but this sound, when constructed, is meant to suggest a sound change before the voiceless labial sonorant arose. Some do not reconstruct it at all.
  • <s> is argued by some to be /θ/.

Vowels

There are considerably less vowels than consonants, but these have a large number of environmental allophones.

Height +y +l +Ø +r +ʀ +w
Closed i ɪ ɨ ə ɯ u
Mid e ɜ ǝ ə ʌ o
Open æ æ a a ɑ ɑ


Phonology (Elder, 20XX)

Consonants

Initials

Manner Labial Dental Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k ʔ
Pre-nasalised Plosives ⁿp ⁿt ⁿk
Nasals m n ŋ
Voiceless Nasals hm hn hŋ
Fricatives f s x h

Glides

Labial Semivowel Dental Lateral Retroflex Rhotic Palatal Semivowel Guttural Rhotic
w l r y ʀ

Prominent Initial-Glide combinations and common outcomes

ʔ- p- t- k- m- n- ŋ- mp- nt- ŋk- f- s- x- h- Notes
+w w p t k m, w n, m ŋ, m b d g f s x, f hw, f Only the Velar series and guttural fricatives are (minimally) affected
+l l p ty k m, n n, l ŋ, n b dy g hl sy, hl hl hl The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
+r r p tʂ k m, ɳ ɳ, r ŋ, ɳ b dʐ g hr ʂ, hr hr hr The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
+y y p tɕ c m, ɲ ɲ, n ɲ, ŋ b dʑ ɟ hy ɕ, hy ç, hy hy The Dental and Velar series are equally affected
+ʀ ʀ p t k, q m, ŋ n, ŋ ŋ, ʀ b d g, ɢ hʀ, f hʀ, s hʀ, x hʀ Only the Velar series is affected; overall this is the least impactful glide.

Finals

Manner Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t ʈ c k ʔ
Nasals m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Voiceless Nasals (1) m̊ n̊ ɳ̊ ɲ̊ ŋ̊
Sonorants w l r y ʀ
Voiceless Sonorants (2) ẘ l̥ r̊ ẙ ʀ̊
Fricatives (2) h

Notes

  • (1): These are commonly reconstructed as simple plosives, as there is scant evidence for a full final voiceless nasal series
  • (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages.

Vowels

Vowels

Height y- +y l- +l Ø- +Ø r- +r ʀ- +ʀ w- +w
Closed /ɨ/ i i ɪ ɪ ɨ ɨ ǝ ǝ i ɪ ɨ ə ɯ u
Mid /ǝ/ ie ei iæ æ ǝ ǝ e ɜ ǝ ə ʌ o
Open /a/ iæ æi iæ æ a a æ æ a a ɑ ɑ

Phonology (Shared)

Phonotactics

Syllable structure

Each syllable has a structure of CVC, better described as Initial-Nucleus-Final.

Disallowed roots

Generally, the retroflex coronals cannot appear together in the Initial and Finals lots of the syllable, unless it is the exact same consonant (which is essentially analysed as vestigial reduplication). Thus, a retroflex initial or final should generally be paired with a dental initial or final.

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