User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Undo revision 32169 by MIGUELbM (talk))
(Updating infobox)
 
(110 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
== Phonology ==
{{Infobox language
|name          = Muna
|nativename    = [[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x45px]]
|pronunciation = ˈmuna
|familycolor  = Language isolate
|ancestor      = Proto-Muna
|creator      = [[User:MIGUELbM|Miguel Bartelsman]]
|created      = 2015
|setting      = Fantasy world
|scripts      = * Krotan alphabet
* Latin alphabet
}}


=== Inventory ===
==Phonology==


==== Consonants ====
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{{Muna_Consonants}}
! style="width: 80px;" |
===Vowels===
! style="width: 60px;" |Labial
{{Muna_Vowels}}
! style="width: 60px;" |Coronal
===Diphthongs===
! style="width: 60px;" |Dorsal
{{Muna_Dipthongs}}
! style="width: 60px;" |Glottal
===Phonotactics===
|-
{{Muna_Phonotactics}}
!Nasal
 
|m
'''Initial (ι)'''
|n
* Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
* Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
'''Medial (μ)'''
|-
* Medials are optional
!Stop
* Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
|p
* Plosives are only allowed after /s/
|t
* /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
|k
* /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
'''Nucleus (ν)'''
|-
* Nuclei are mandatory
!Fricative
* Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel
|f β
'''Coda (κ)'''
|s ð
* Codas are optional
* Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
|h
* Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
|-
* Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally
!Flap
 
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
===Stress===
Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
 
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
===Allophony===
|-
*Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
!Lateral
:: [βp] → [bː]<br/><br/>
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
 
|l
* Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
:: [ðn] → [dn]
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
:: [tɣ] → [tg]<br/><br/>
|}
 
* A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal
::[nɾ] → [nðɾ]<br/><br/>
 
* The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant
::[ehn] → [e̥n]<br/><br/>
 
* The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
* The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
::[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]<br/><br/>


==== Vowels ====
* The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
::[nj] → [ɲ]<br/><br/>
! style="width: 80px;" |
! style="width: 60px;" |Front
! style="width: 60px;" |Central
! style="width: 60px;" |Back
|-
!Close
|i iː
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|u uː
|-
!Mid
|e eː
|ə̥
|o oː
|-
!Open
|a aː
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|ɒ ɒː
|}


=== Phonotactics ===
* The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
:: [sj] → [ʃ]<br/><br/>


==== Syllable structure ====
* The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
(C<sub>1</sub>)V(C<sub>2</sub>)
::[hj] → [ɧ]<br/><br/>
* C1: Any consonant or one of /pɾ tɾ kɾ βɾ ðɾ ɣɾ/
* C2: One of /n s ɾ l/
* V: Any vowel


==== Consonant Clusters ====
* The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
::[hw] → [ʍ]<br/><br/>
! style="width: 30px;" |
! style="width: 30px;" |pɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |tɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |kɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |βɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |ðɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |ɣɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |m
! style="width: 30px;" |p
! style="width: 30px;" |t
! style="width: 30px;" |k
! style="width: 30px;" |f
! style="width: 30px;" |h
! style="width: 30px;" |β
! style="width: 30px;" |ð
! style="width: 30px;" |ɣ
! style="width: 30px;" |n
! style="width: 30px;" |s
! style="width: 30px;" |ɾ
! style="width: 30px;" |l
|-
!n
|npɾ
|ntɾ
|nkɾ
|nβɾ
|nðɾ
|nɣɾ
|nm
|np
|nt
|nk
|nf
|nh
|nβ
|nð
|nɣ
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|ns
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|-
!s
|spɾ
|ntɾ
|nkɾ
|sβɾ
|sðɾ
|sɣɾ
|sm
|sp
|st
|sk
|sf
|sh
|sβ
|sð
|sɣ
|sn
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|sl
|-
|ɾpɾ
|ɾtɾ
|ɾkɾ
|ɾβɾ
|ɾðɾ
|ɾɣɾ
|ɾm
|ɾp
|ɾt
|ɾk
|ɾf
|ɾh
|ɾβ
|ɾð
|ɾɣ
|ɾn
|ɾs
|ɾɾ
|ɾl
|-
!l
|lpɾ
|ltɾ
|lkɾ
|lβɾ
|lðɾ
|lɣɾ
|lm
|lp
|lt
|lk
|lf
|lh
|lβ
|lð
|lɣ
|ln
|ls
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
| style="background-color:#fdd" |
|}


=== '''Stress''' ===
* The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
::[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]<br/><br/>


=== Allophony ===
* The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
* Voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] become voiced stops [b d g] before [ɾ]
::[∅j] [ʝ]<br/><br/>
* [n] assimilate in place of articulation to following consonants [m n ŋ ɴ]
* [h] become voiced [ɦ] between voiced vowels
* [ə̥] are assimilated into aspiration after stops [p t k]
* [ə̥] become [ʔ] word-initially
* [ə̥] become [ɦ] between vowels
* [ɾɾ] are realized as [r]


== Ortography ==
* The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
::[∅w] → [ʋ]


===Ortography===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:35px" | Rune
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | Krotan
! style="width:35px" | Latin
! colspan="2" | Romanization
! style="width:35px" | IPA
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | IPA
!Name
|-
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_m.png|15px]]
! style="width:60px" |<small>ASCII</small>
|m
! style="width:60px" |<small>Unicode</small>
|/m/
|- style="height:40px" |  
|
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 k.svg|x22px]]
|-
|k
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_n.png|15px]]
|n
|/n/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_p.png|15px]]
|p
|/p/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_t.png|15px]]
|t
|/t/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_k.png|15px]]
|k
|k
|/k/
|/k/
|
|- style="height:40px" |  
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 r.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_f.png|15px]]
|r
|f
|/f/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_b.png|15px]]
|b
|/β/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_s.png|15px]]
|s
|/s/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_d.png|15px]]
|d
|/ð/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_g.png|15px]]
|g
|/ɣ/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_h.png|15px]]
|h
|/h/
|
|-
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_r.png|15px]]
|r
|r
|/ɾ/
|/ɾ/
|
|- style="height:40px" |  
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 o.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_l.png|15px]]
|o
|l
|o
|/l/
|/o/
|
|- style="height:40px" |
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 t.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_a.png|15px]]
|t
|t
|/t/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x22px]]
|a
|a
|a
|/a/
|/a/
|
|- style="height:40px" |  
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_q.png|15px]]
|n
|q
|n
|/ɒ/
|/n/
|
|- style="height:40px" |
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 h.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_e.png|15px]]
|h
|h
|/h/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 e.svg|x22px]]
|e
|e
|e
|/e/
|/e/
|
|- style="height:40px" |
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 s.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_o.png|15px]]
|s
|o
|s
|/o/
|/s/
|
|- style="height:40px" |
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 þ.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_i.png|15px]]
|D
|/θ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 b.svg|x22px]]
|b
|b
|/β/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 w.svg|x22px]]
|w
|w
|/w/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 f.svg|x22px]]
|f
|f
|/ɸ/
|- style="height:40px" |  
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 p.svg|x22px]]
|p
|p
|/p/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ø.svg|x22px]]
|A
|/ɒ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ŋ.svg|x22px]]
|N
|/ŋ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 l.svg|x22px]]
|l
|l
|/l/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 j.svg|x22px]]
|j
|j
|/j/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 d.svg|x22px]]
|d
|d
|/ð/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 i.svg|x22px]]
|i
|i
|i
|/i/
|/i/
|
|- style="height:40px" |
|-
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_u.png|15px]]
|m
|m
|/m/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x22px]]
|u
|u
|u
|/u/
|/u/
|
|- style="height:40px" |
|-
| [[File:MunaScript 2.8 g.svg|x22px]]
| style="height:30px" | [[File:muna_rune_'.png|15px]]
|g
|'
|g
|<nowiki>|V|</nowiki>
|/ɣ/
|
|}
|}


== Morphology ==
==Verbs==


=== Verbs ===
===Phonotactic restrictions===


==== Tense/Aspect ====
Verbs must end in one of the following patterns:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 
! colspan="2" |1<sup>st</sup> Affix
*<code>-a</code>
! colspan="2" |2<sup>nd</sup> Affix
*<code>-an</code>
!Tense / Aspect
===Dependency structure===
!Alternative
 
|-
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:60px;" |None
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Adverb
| style="width:40px;" |
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Tense
| style="width:60px;" |None
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Modifier
| style="width:40px;" |
! colspan="2" | Verb
|Gnomic
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |Past
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Past perfective
|
|-
|-
|Past
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Root
|
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Aspect
|Past retrospective
|Distant past
|-
|Present
|
|Past continuous
|
|-
|Future
|
|Past prospective
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |Present
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Present perfective
|
|-
|Past
|
|Present retrospective
|Near past
|-
|Present
|
|Present continuous
|
|-
|Future
|
|Present prospective
|Near future
|-
| rowspan="4" |Future
| rowspan="4" |
|None
|
|Future perfective
|
|-
|Past
|
|Future retrospective
|
|-
|Present
|
|Future continuous
|
|-
|Future
|
|Future prospective
|Distant future
|}
|}


==== Mood ====
===Modifier===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 
! colspan="2" |Type
A modifier is a word, often an adposition, which modifies the meaning of the verb. Direction of the verb can be marked by an adposition and a locative case marking the corresponding noun.
! colspan="2" |Mood
:{{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Nominative (agent)|nom|sc}} {{abbtip|First person|1s}}.{{abbtip|Genitive|gen|sc}} home.{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}} from walk.{{abbtip|Imperfective|impv|sc}} → "I'm walking from my home"
!Use
 
|-
===Tense===
| colspan="2" |Realis
 
| style="width:100px;" |Indicative
Muna does not inflect its verbs for tense, instead, speakers can use a time word or adverb for this purpose.
| style="width:40px;" |
|Factual statement
|-
| rowspan="10" style="width:60px;" |Irrealis
| rowspan="4" style="width:60px;" |Epistemic
|Alethic
|
|States truth or logical necessity
|-
|Potential
|
|States probability of something happening
|-
|Deductive
|
|States something supported by indirect evidence
|-
|Interrogative
|
|Questions the action
|-
| rowspan="6" |Deontic
|Desiderative
|
|States internal desire for something
|-
|Expectative
|
|States external desire for something
|-
|Necessitative
|
|States internal necessity for something
|-
|Directive
|
|States external necessity for something
|-
|Capacitative
|
|States internal ability to do something
|-
|Permissive
|
|States external ability to do something
|}


=== Nouns ===
===Aspect===


==== Case ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! style="width:100px;" | Aspect
! colspan="2" |Case
! style="width:60px;" | Abbr.
!Use
! style="width:70px;" | Suffix
|-
! Description
| style="width:80px;" |Nominative
| style="width:60px;" | -a -e -i
|Marks the agent of a verb
|-
|Absolutive
| -q -o -u
|Marks the object of a verb
|-
|-
|Dative
|'''Gnomic'''
|
|{{abbtip|Gnomic|gno|sc}}
|Marks the indirect object or theme of the verb
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | Expresses general truths and aphorisms in which time structure is irrelevant
|-
|-
|Genitive
|'''Perfective'''
|
|{{abbtip|Perfective|pfv|sc}}
|Marks possession of or relation with something
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence.
|-
|-
|Instrumental
|'''Imperfective'''
|
|{{abbtip|Imperfective|ipfv|sc}}
|Marks an instrument or tool used to carry out the action
| -∅
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.
|-
|-
|Locative
|'''Ingressive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Ingressive|ingr|sc}}
|Marks the location or time of the action
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state.
|-
|-
|Comitative
|'''Pausative'''
|
|{{abbtip|Pausative|paus|sc}}
|Mark accompaniment of something
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the atelic cessation of an action and may imply a future continuation.
|-
|-
|Privative
|'''Resumptive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Resumptive|res|sc}}
|Marks the lack of company by something
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
|-
|-
|Alternative
|'''Egressive'''
|
|{{abbtip|Egressive|egr|sc}}
|Marks an alternative or choice to something
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the cessation and completion of an action.
|}
|}


==== Number ====
===Mood===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" |Number
!Use
|-
| style="width:80px;" |Singulative
| style="width:40px;" |
|Marks a single object of a mass noun
|-
|Plurative
|
|Marks multiple instances of countable and mass nouns
|}


=== Pronouns ===
Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! rowspan="2" |Person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Number
! colspan="4" |Case
|-
! style="width:60px;" |NOM
! style="width:60px;" |ABS
! style="width:60px;" |DAT
! style="width:60px;" |GEN
|-
| rowspan="3" style="width:60px;" |First
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="width:60px;" |Plural
| style="width:60px;" |Exclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
|Inclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |Second
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Plural
|Exclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
|Inclusive
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Third
| colspan="2" |Singular
|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Plural
|
|
|
|
|}


=== Determiners ===
==Nouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | Type
! colspan="3" |Demonstrative
! rowspan="2" style="width:100px;" |Interrogative
|-
! style="width:80px;" |Proximal
! style="width:80px;" |Medial
! style="width:80px;" |Distal
|-
|Object
|
|
|
|
|-
|Quality Amount
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Manner
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Reason
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Location
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|-
|Time
|
| colspan="2" |
|
|}


==== Quantifiers ====
===Phonotactic restrictions===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:
! colspan="2" |Type
!Use
|-
| style="width:100px;" |Universal
| style="width:80px;" |
|Every option
|-
| rowspan="6" |Existential
|
|Large amount of
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|V
|-
|
|Pair of
|-
|Negatory
|
|No option
|-
|Elective
|
|Any option
|-
|Alternative
|
|A different option
|}


=== Adpositions ===
* <code>-a(C)(C)</code>
* <code>-e(C)(C)</code>
* <code>-i(C)(C)</code>


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
===Noun classes===
! colspan="2" |Type
!
!Use
|-
| rowspan="16" style="width:80px;" |Spatial
| rowspan="7" style="width:80px;" |Location
| style="width:80px;" |
|Above, on the surface
|-
|
|Below
|-
|
|In front of
|-
|
|Behind
|-
|
|Near
|-
|
|Between, amongst
|-
|
|Inside
|-
| rowspan="9" |Movement
|
|Over, across the surface
|-
|
|Under
|-
|
|By, near
|-
|
|Through
|-
|
|To (direction)
|-
|
|To (destination)
|-
|
|From (origin)
|-
|
|Into
|-
|
|Out from
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="5" |Temporal
|
|Since
|-
|
|Before
|-
|
|During
|-
|
|After
|-
|
|Until
|-
| colspan="2" |Composition
|
|Of
|-
| colspan="2" |Purpose
|
|In order to
|-
| colspan="2" |Cause
|
|Because of
|-
| colspan="2" |Reference
|
|About


|}
'''Gender'''
*Masculine
*:Last vowel is <code>e, ei</code>
*Feminine
*:Last vowel is <code>a, ai</code>
*Neuter
*:Last vowel is <code>i</code>


=== '''Particles''' ===
'''Strength'''
*Weak
*:The word ends in a vowel
*Strong
*:The word ends in a consonant


=== Numerals ===
===Dependency structure===
Numerals are base 20 with sub-base 5


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Single digit numbers'''
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Genitive
! style="width:30px;" |0
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Determiner
! style="width:30px;" |1
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Quantifier
! style="width:30px;" |2
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Adjective
! style="width:30px;" |3
! colspan="3" | Noun
! style="width:30px;" |4
|-
|0
|1
|2
|3
|4
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
!5
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Root
!6
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Case
!7
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Number
!8
!9
|-
|5
|6
|7
|8
|9
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
|-
|A
|B
|C
|D
|E
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
|-
|F
|G
|H
|J
|K
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


===Case===


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Multiple digit numbers'''
! style="width:100px" rowspan="2"|Case
! style="width:40px;" |x400
! style="width:50px" rowspan="2"|Abbr.
! style="width:40px;" |x20
!colspan="3"|Declension
! style="width:40px;" |x1
!rowspan="2"|Description
! style="width:40px;" |Total
|-
|
|'''2'''
|'''E'''
| rowspan="3" |34
|-
|-
|
! style="width:80px" | <small>Masculine</small>
|
! style="width:80px" | <small>Feminine</small>
|
! style="width:80px" | <small>Neuter</small>
|-
|-
|
| '''Nominative'''
|''40''
|{{abbtip|Nominative|nom|sc}}
|''14''
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form.
|-
|-
|
| '''Absolutive'''
|'''C'''
|{{abbtip|Absolutive|abs|sc}}
|'''4'''
|
| rowspan="3" |244
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary experiencer of the action.
|-
|-
|
| '''Dative'''
|
|{{abbtip|Dative|dat|sc}}
|
|  
|  
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | The dative case marks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
|-
|-
|
| '''Genitive'''
|''240''
|{{abbtip|Genitive|grn|sc}}
|''4''
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
|-
|-
|'''5'''
| '''Locative'''
|'''J'''
|{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}}
|'''7'''
|
| rowspan="3" |2367
|
|  
| style="text-align:left;" | The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
|-
|-
|
| '''Instrumental'''
|
|{{abbtip|Instrumental|ins|sc}}
|
|  
|-
|  
|''2000''
|  
|''360''
| style="text-align:left;" | The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out
|''7''
|}
|}
=== Derivation ===


==== Affixation patterns ====
===Number===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+
! colspan="6" |Verbs
|-
! colspan="3" |Conversion
!Pattern
!Changes
!Example
|-
|Root
|→
|Verb
|Verbalization
|<nowiki>-on -un</nowiki>
|
|-
|Verb
|→
|Verb
|Opposite
|
|
|-
|Verb
|→
|Verb
|Causative
|
|
|-
|Verb
|→
|Verb
|Complementary
|
|
|-
! colspan="6" |Nouns
|-
|Root
|→
|Noun
|Nominalization
|<nowiki>-∅, -r, -l</nowiki>
|
|-
|Noun
|→
|Noun
|Augmentative
|
|
|-
|Noun
|→
|Noun
|Diminutive
|
|
|-
|Noun
|→
|Noun
|Place of...
|
|
|-
! colspan="6" |Adjectives
|-
|Root
|→
|Adjective
|Adjectivalization
|<nowiki>-s</nowiki>
|
|-
|Adjective
|→
|Adjective
|Augmentative
|
|
|-
|Adjective
|→
|Adjective
|Diminutive
|
|
|-
|Adjective
|→
|Adjective
|Opposite
|
|
|-
! colspan="6" |Adverbs
|-
|Root
|→
|Adverb
|Adverbalization
|<nowiki>-s'r, -s'l</nowiki>
|
|-
|Adverb
|→
|Adverb
|Augmentative
|
|
|-
|Adverb
|→
|Adverb
|Diminutive
|
|
|-
|Adverb
|→
|Adverb
|Opposite
|
|
|}


==== Compounding patterns ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" style="width:100px" | Number
!Pattern
! Suffix
!Construction
! style="width:200px" | Description
!Example
! style="width:100px" | English
|-
|HEAD w/ quality of MODIFIER
| rowspan="6" |HEAD + MODIFIER
|
|-
|-
|HEAD originated from MODIFIER
| rowspan="2" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Count</div>'''
|
| style="width:100px;" | '''Singular'''
| style="width:60px;" |  -∅
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pen''
|-
|-
|HEAD made of MODIFIER
| '''Plural'''
|
|  
| style="text-align:left;" |  Multiple instances
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pens''
|-
|-
|HEAD benefitting MODIFIER
| rowspan="3" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Mass</div>'''
|
| '''Singulative'''
|
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single unit of the instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''a drop of water''
|-
|-
|Do HEAD to MODIFIER
| '''Mass'''
|
| -∅
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''water''
|-
|-
|Mix of HEAD and MODIFIER
| '''Plurative'''
|
|  
| style="text-align:left;" |  Multiple instances
| style="text-align:left;" | ''waters''
|}
|}


== Syntax ==
==Syntax==
 
In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.
The following color coding will be used for the examples in order to facilitate understanding of the sentence structure
 
{{red|verbs}} - {{green|subject}} - {{blue|object}} - {{gold|ind. object}} - others
 
=== Word order ===
 
*'''Verb'''
**Adverb
 
:* Preposition
:* Determiner
* '''Noun'''
** Adjective
** Quantifier
** Numeral
** Genitive
 
=== Default sentence structure ===
 
* Verb
* Subject
* Object
* Indirect object
* Oblique argument
** Time
** Manner
** Place
 
=== Interrogative constructions ===
 
==== Choice questions ====
 
*{{red|drink-{{sc|des-prs-fut-q}}}} {{green|2s.{{sc|nom}}}} coffee={{sc|alt}} tea={{sc|alt}}
 
:Do you want to drink coffee or tea?
 
:*{{red|drink-{{sc|des-prs-fut}}}} {{green|2s.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|tea-{{sc|abs}}}}
 
::I want tea
 
:*{{blue|tea-{{sc|abs}}}}
 
::Tea
 
==== Semi-polar questions ====
 
*{{red|eat-{{sc|des-prs-fut-q}}}} {{green|2s.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|steak-{{sc|abs}}}} burger={{sc|alt}}
 
:Do you want to eat steak? or do you want a burger?
 
==== Polar questions ====
 
*{{red|come-{{sc|pst-q}}}} {{green|friend.{{sc|nom}}}} 2s.{{sc|gen}} friday.{{sc|loc}} last
 
:Did your friend came last Friday?
 
==== Non-polar questions ====
 
*{{red|be-{{sc|q}}}} {{green|how_much that river-{{sc|nom}} wide}}
 
:How wide is that river?
 
=== Relative Constructions ===
 
==== Subject ====
 
*{{red|be}} {{green|[come-{{sc|pst}} late guy-{{sc|nom}}]-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|cousin.{{sc|abs}}}} 1s.{{sc|gen}}
 
:The [he came late] guy is my cousin
 
==== Direct object ====
 
*{{red|give-{{sc|pst}}}} {{green|1s-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|rose-{{sc|abs}}}} {{gold|[see-{{sc|pst}} kate-{{sc|nom}} girl-{{sc|abs}}]-{{sc|dat}}}}
 
:I gave the rose to the [Kate saw her] girl
 
==== Indirect object ====
 
*{{red|know}} {{green|john-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|[write-{{sc|pst}} 1s-{{sc|nom}} letter-{{sc|abs}} woman-{{sc|dat}}]-{{sc|abs}}}}
 
:John knows the [I wrote a letter to her] woman
 
==== Genitive ====
 
*{{red|tell-{{sc|pst}}}} {{green|[die-{{sc|pst}} father-{{sc|nom}} boy-{{sc|gen}}]-{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|1s-{{sc|abs}}}}


:The [his father died] boy told me something
;Passive
:Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb


=== Passive constructions ===
;Anti-Passive
:Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb


*{{red|eat}} {{green|Mary.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|pie.{{sc|abs}}}} → {{red|eat}} {{blue|pie.{{sc|abs}}}}
;Standard
:Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb


:Mary eats pie → Pie is eaten
;Involuntary action
:Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb


=== Anti-passive constructions ===
;Assisted action
:Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb


*{{red|eat}} {{green|Mary.{{sc|nom}}}} {{blue|pie.{{sc|abs}}}} → {{red|eat}} {{green|Mary.{{sc|nom}}}}
;Interrogative
:Verb + ... + (Oblique)


:Mary eats pie → Mary eats
==Muna Versions==
[[Category:Conlangs]]
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.1|Muna v2.1]]
[[Category:Languages]]
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.9|Muna v2.9]]
[[Category:A_priori]]
* ''[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.10|Muna v2.10]]''

Latest revision as of 15:39, 6 July 2021

Muna
MunaScript 2.8 m.svgMunaScript 2.8 u.svgMunaScript 2.8 n.svgMunaScript 2.8 a.svg
Pronunciation[ˈmuna]
Created byMiguel Bartelsman
Date2015
SettingFantasy world
Early form
Proto-Muna
  • Krotan alphabet
  • Latin alphabet

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative Spirant β ɸ ð θ ɣ h
Silibant s
Liquid Flap ɾ
Approx. l
Glide Approx. j w

Vowels

Front Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a ɒ

Diphthongs

i u
a ai
e ei
ɒ ɒu
o ou

Phonotactics

Syllable (σ)
Onset (ω) Rime (ρ)
Initial (ι) Medial (μ) Nucleus (ν) Coda (κ)
  • Consonant
  • Semivowel
  • Liquid
  • Plosive
  • /s/
  • Vowel
  • Diphthong
  • Nasal
  • Liquid
  • Fricative
  • Liquid + fricative
  • Liquid + nasal

Initial (ι)

  • Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
  • Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda

Medial (μ)

  • Medials are optional
  • Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
  • Plosives are only allowed after /s/
  • /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
  • /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda

Nucleus (ν)

  • Nuclei are mandatory
  • Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel

Coda (κ)

  • Codas are optional
  • Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
  • Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
  • Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally

Stress

Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.

Allophony

  • Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
[βp] → [bː]

  • Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
[ðn] → [dn]
[tɣ] → [tg]

  • A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal
[nɾ] → [nðɾ]

  • The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant
[ehn] → [e̥n]

  • The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
  • The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]

  • The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
[nj] → [ɲ]

  • The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
[sj] → [ʃ]

  • The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
[hj] → [ɧ]

  • The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
[hw] → [ʍ]

  • The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]

  • The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
[∅j] → [ʝ]

  • The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
[∅w] → [ʋ]

Ortography

Krotan Romanization IPA
ASCII Unicode
MunaScript 2.8 k.svg k k /k/
MunaScript 2.8 r.svg r r /ɾ/
MunaScript 2.8 o.svg o o /o/
MunaScript 2.8 t.svg t t /t/
MunaScript 2.8 a.svg a a /a/
MunaScript 2.8 n.svg n n /n/
MunaScript 2.8 h.svg h h /h/
MunaScript 2.8 e.svg e e /e/
MunaScript 2.8 s.svg s s /s/
MunaScript 2.8 þ.svg D þ /θ/
MunaScript 2.8 b.svg b b /β/
MunaScript 2.8 w.svg w w /w/
MunaScript 2.8 f.svg f f /ɸ/
MunaScript 2.8 p.svg p p /p/
MunaScript 2.8 ø.svg A ø /ɒ/
MunaScript 2.8 ŋ.svg N ŋ /ŋ/
MunaScript 2.8 l.svg l l /l/
MunaScript 2.8 j.svg j j /j/
MunaScript 2.8 d.svg d d /ð/
MunaScript 2.8 i.svg i i /i/
MunaScript 2.8 m.svg m m /m/
MunaScript 2.8 u.svg u u /u/
MunaScript 2.8 g.svg g g /ɣ/

Verbs

Phonotactic restrictions

Verbs must end in one of the following patterns:

  • -a
  • -an

Dependency structure

Adverb Tense Modifier Verb
Root Aspect

Modifier

A modifier is a word, often an adposition, which modifies the meaning of the verb. Direction of the verb can be marked by an adposition and a locative case marking the corresponding noun.

1s.nom 1s.gen home.loc from walk.impv → "I'm walking from my home"

Tense

Muna does not inflect its verbs for tense, instead, speakers can use a time word or adverb for this purpose.

Aspect

Aspect Abbr. Suffix Description
Gnomic gno Expresses general truths and aphorisms in which time structure is irrelevant
Perfective pfv Indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence.
Imperfective ipfv -∅ Indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.
Ingressive ingr Marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state.
Pausative paus Marks the atelic cessation of an action and may imply a future continuation.
Resumptive res Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
Egressive egr Marks the cessation and completion of an action.

Mood

Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.

Nouns

Phonotactic restrictions

All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:

  • -a(C)(C)
  • -e(C)(C)
  • -i(C)(C)

Noun classes

Gender

  • Masculine
    Last vowel is e, ei
  • Feminine
    Last vowel is a, ai
  • Neuter
    Last vowel is i

Strength

  • Weak
    The word ends in a vowel
  • Strong
    The word ends in a consonant

Dependency structure

Genitive Determiner Quantifier Adjective Noun
Root Case Number

Case

Case Abbr. Declension Description
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative nom The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form.
Absolutive abs The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary experiencer of the action.
Dative dat The dative case marks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
Genitive grn The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
Locative loc The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
Instrumental ins The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out

Number

Number Suffix Description English
Count
Singular -∅ Single instance pen
Plural Multiple instances pens
Mass
Singulative Single unit of the instance a drop of water
Mass -∅ Single instance water
Plurative Multiple instances waters

Syntax

In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.

Passive
Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
Anti-Passive
Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
Standard
Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb
Involuntary action
Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb
Assisted action
Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb
Interrogative
Verb + ... + (Oblique)

Muna Versions