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| '''Modern Windermere''' is the sole modern descendant of Classical [[Windermere]].
| | #REDIRECT [[Naeng]] |
| ==Diachronics==
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| ===Phonological history===
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| *ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants ''f'' and ''th'' phonemic.
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| *r > ɹ
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| *ł > ś, ş > ṣ
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| ===Grammatical history===
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| *Aspect and trigger largely become derivational devices, cf. the development of PIE aspects and Semitic binyanim.
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| *Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system.
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
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| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! |Labial
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| ! |Dental
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| ! |Alveolar
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| ! |Retroflex
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| ! |Palatal
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| ! |Velar
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| ! |Uvular
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| ! |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| | '''n''' /n/
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| | '''ng''' /ŋ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>unaspirated</small>
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| | '''b''' /p/
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| | '''d''' /t/
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| | '''g''' /k/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''p''' /pʰ/
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| | '''t''' /tʰ/
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| | '''c''' /kʰ/
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| | <b>'</b> /ʔ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
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| | '''ts''' /ts/
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| | '''tsy''' /tɕ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| ! |<small>unvoiced</small>
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| | '''f''' /f/
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| | '''th''' /θ/
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| | '''s''' /s/
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| | '''sh''' /ʂ/
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| | '''sy''' /ɕ/
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| | '''ch''' /x/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''v''' /v/
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| | '''dh''' /ð/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Resonant
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| | '''w''' /w/
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| |colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɹ~ɻ/
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| | '''y''' /j/
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| | '''l''' /ʟ/
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| |}
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| ===Vowels===
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+Short vowels
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |
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| ! colspan="2" |Front
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| ! rowspan="2" |Central
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| ! rowspan="2" |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''ü''' /y/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e''' /ɛ/
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| | '''ă''' /ə/
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| | '''o''' /ɔ/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| |}
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| {{col-break}}
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+Long vowels
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |
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| ! colspan="2" |Front
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| ! rowspan="2" |Central
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| ! rowspan="2" |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''ie''' /e:/
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| | '''üe''' /ø:/
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| | '''ua''' /o:/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''ea''' /ɛ:/
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| | '''oa''' /ɔ:/
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| |}
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| {{col-end}}
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| *Caveat: ir = ier, ur = uar, etc.
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| *[ɨ ʉ] are allophones of /i y/ after /ʂ ɹ/.
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| ====Vowels before /ʟ/====
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| ===Stress===
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| Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Verbs===
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| Praveen's last idea for Tigal: auxiliary-based
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| ===Auxiliaries===
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| ====Tense auxiliaries====
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !|
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| !I!!thou!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they
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| |-
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| !|present
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| |''mor''||''moł''||''mon''||''mos''||''mot''||''mots''||''mob''||''mong''||''mam''
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| |-
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| !|preterite
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| |''chelăr''||''chelăł''||''chelăn''||''chelăs''||''chelăt''||''chelăts''||''chelăb''||''chelăng''||''chelăm''
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| |-
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| !|future
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| |''per''||''perł''||''pern''||''pers''||''pert''||''perts''||''perb''||''perng''||''perm''
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| |}
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| ==Syntax==
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| AuxSVO or maybe AuxAVE if ergative
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| :'''''Mor brits cde clăbüh te tsăgtsog.'''''
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| :PRES-1SG speak about love and hate
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| :''I speak of love and hate.'''
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