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:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
: {{distinguish|text= the Earth language [[w:Fungor language|Fungor]], also known as Ko}}
 
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =
|creator = User:IlL
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = lees ndoigh Kuamh
|nativename = lees ndoigh Komh
|pronunciation= 
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Bjeheond
|state = Bjeheond
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|fam1=[[Hlou-Ku languages|Hlou-Ku]]
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|script=Latin (Uncial)
|scripts=* Latin (Uncial)
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (English: /ku:/, natively ''lees ndoigh Kuamh'' /leə noi ku/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in [[Bjeheond]]; as a [[Hlou-Ku languages|Hlou-Ku language]], it's related to [[Hlou]]. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong and Irish. Like Irish, it has initial consonant mutations.
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (English: /koʊ/, natively ''lees ndoigh Komh'' /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in [[Bjeheond]]; as a [[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum language]], it's related to [[Hlou]]. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations.


==Todo==
==Todo==
Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker"
Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker"
*Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ku
*Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko
**Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away
**Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away
*''dor'' = to be born ~ Hlou ''Ndol'' 'person'
*''dor'' = to be born ~ Hlou ''Ndol'' 'person'
*TODO: kl gl sk > q
*TODO: kl gl sk > q
*bach = small, meer = big (not the usual words)
*bach = small, meer = big
*hlubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong)
*hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong)
*Mutation system might simplify in Modern Ku.
*kein = archaic negative word
*ein = emphasis/'rather'
*koobh = good
*cu = copper


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has fewer initials and fewer vowels than [[Hlou]], due to initial mutations.
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has fewer initials than [[Hlou]], due to initial mutations.
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
C + V + tone
C + V + tone


===Initials===
===Initials===
''m n ny l nl r y w'' = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/
''m n ņ l nl r y w'' = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/


''hm hn hny hl hr hy hw'' = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/
''hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw'' = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/


''p t tz ts tx c k q b d j g'' = /p t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/
''p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g'' = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/


''pl bl tl dl'' = /pl bl tl dl/
''pl bl tl dl'' = /hl bl tl dl/


''ph th tzh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh'' = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/
''ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh'' = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/


''phl bhl thl dhl'' /fl vl ɬ ɮ/
''phl bhl thl dhl'' /fl vl ɬ ɮ/


''np nt ntz nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng'' = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/
''np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng'' = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/


''npl nbl ntl ndl'' /bl ml dl nl/
''npl nbl ntl ndl'' /bl ml dl nl/


''f z s x h'' = /f s (Basque s) ʃ h/
''f ç s x'' = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/


''nf nz ns nx'', also ''fh zh sh xh'' = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/
''nf nç ns nx'', also ''fh çh sh xh'' = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/


===Rimes===
===Rimes===
''a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua'' = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ ea oa ai ei oi au eu i u/
''a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua'' = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/


===Tones===
===Tones===
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*-Ø: mid level
*-Ø: mid level
*-ch: entering (i.e. glottal stop final)
*-ch: glottal stop final
*-s: low falling
*-s: low falling
*-r: low rising
*-r: low rising
*-gh: low creaky
*-gh: low breathy
*-mh: breathy
*-mh: creaky
*-bh: mid rising
*-bh: mid rising
*-dh: high falling
*-dh: high falling
Line 71: Line 72:


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Ku is SVO and head-initial. Many function words in Ku trigger mutations.
Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
plural word: ''yoo-N'' (placed after classifier but before noun)
plural word: ''yoo-L'' (placed after classifier but before noun)
===Pronouns===
*xan = I
*çeedh = you


===Classifiers===
===Classifiers===
Classifiers are a closed class.
Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun.


''li-L'', ''tzagh-N'', ''hnyoobh'', ''lees-N'', ''zua-N'', ''yaus-L'', ...
''lu'', ''tzagh'', ''hņoobh'', ''lees'', ''çua'', ''yaus'', ...


*li-L = humans
*lu = humans, gods
**''faon'' = a man; ''li fhaon'' = the man (classifier ''li'')
**''faon'' = a man; ''lu nfaon'' = the man (classifier ''lu'')
*tzagh-N = animals
*tçagh = animals, demons
**''plaidh'' = a dog; ''tzagh nplaidh'' = the dog (classifier ''tzagh'')
**''plaidh'' = a dog; ''tçagh nplaidh'' = the dog (classifier ''tçagh'')
*hnyoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings
**''tçagh Nja Ber Woch'' = a demon in Ko mythology
**''qo'' = a tree; ''hnyoobh qo'' the tree
*hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings
*zua-N: infinitive
**''qo'' = a tree; ''hņoobh nqo'' the tree
**''dor'' = is born; ''zua ndor'' = to be born (inf.)
*çua: infinitive
*lees-N = nominalization, way of X-ing
**''dor'' = is born; ''çua ndor'' = to be born (inf.)
*''lobh'': food, edible plants
*''zail'': inedible plants
*lees = nominalization, way of X-ing
**''doigh'' = 'to speak'; ''lees ndoigh'' 'language'
**''doigh'' = 'to speak'; ''lees ndoigh'' 'language'
*In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English ''murder of crows'' except "murder" is a classifier)


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
ba = subjunctive marker
''Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh'' = If you like it


==Sample text==
==Sample text==
===Tower of Babel===
===Tower of Babel===
:''Pugh zedh yaus qhar nyiamh tso txuabh zhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.''
:''Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.''
:CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak
:CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak
:And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking.
:And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking.


:''Roomh li yoo nlas jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tzaoch aon semh [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.''
:''Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.''
:when CLF PL person travel eastward then
:when CLF PL person travel eastward then
:As the people moved eastward...
:As the people moved eastward...


[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 01:03, 10 May 2023

Not to be confused with the Earth language Fungor, also known as Ko.
User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4/Wordlist
IlL/Spare pages 1/4
lees ndoigh Komh
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Tricin
Native toBjeheond
Hlou-Shum
  • IlL/Spare pages 1/4
  • Latin (Uncial)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

4 (English: /koʊ/, natively lees ndoigh Komh /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in Bjeheond; as a Hlou-Shum language, it's related to Hlou. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations.

Todo

Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker"

  • Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko
    • Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away
  • dor = to be born ~ Hlou Ndol 'person'
  • TODO: kl gl sk > q
  • bach = small, meer = big
  • hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong)
  • kein = archaic negative word
  • ein = emphasis/'rather'
  • koobh = good
  • cu = copper

Phonology

4 has fewer initials than Hlou, due to initial mutations.

Phonotactics

C + V + tone

Initials

m n ņ l nl r y w = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/

hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/

p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/

pl bl tl dl = /hl bl tl dl/

ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/

phl bhl thl dhl /fl vl ɬ ɮ/

np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/

npl nbl ntl ndl /bl ml dl nl/

f ç s x = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/

nf nç ns nx, also fh çh sh xh = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/

Rimes

a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/

Tones

9 tones:

  • -Ø: mid level
  • -ch: glottal stop final
  • -s: low falling
  • -r: low rising
  • -gh: low breathy
  • -mh: creaky
  • -bh: mid rising
  • -dh: high falling
  • -n: high level

Grammar

Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis.

Nouns

plural word: yoo-L (placed after classifier but before noun)

Pronouns

  • xan = I
  • çeedh = you

Classifiers

Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun.

lu, tzagh, hņoobh, lees, çua, yaus, ...

  • lu = humans, gods
    • faon = a man; lu nfaon = the man (classifier lu)
  • tçagh = animals, demons
    • plaidh = a dog; tçagh nplaidh = the dog (classifier tçagh)
    • tçagh Nja Ber Woch = a demon in Ko mythology
  • hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings
    • qo = a tree; hņoobh nqo the tree
  • çua: infinitive
    • dor = is born; çua ndor = to be born (inf.)
  • lobh: food, edible plants
  • zail: inedible plants
  • lees = nominalization, way of X-ing
    • doigh = 'to speak'; lees ndoigh 'language'
  • In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English murder of crows except "murder" is a classifier)

Verbs

ba = subjunctive marker

Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh = If you like it

Sample text

Tower of Babel

Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.
CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak
And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking.
Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.
when CLF PL person travel eastward then
As the people moved eastward...
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