Aarlaansc

Aarlaansc
Aarlaansc
Pronunciation	['a:ʀla:nsk]
Created by	Llyn
Setting	Europe
Native to	The Aarlaans
Native speakers	80 millions (2012)
Language family	Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Latin Aarlaansc
Writing system	Latin
Official status
Official language in	The Aarlaans
Regulated by	Academie a d‑Aarlaansc Leng (Aarlaansk Language Accademy)
The Aarlaans

General infos

Aarlaansc is a language spoken in Hijs Aarlaans (= the Aarlaans), a country that, in a different reality, inclues The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a half of our France and a part of our Switzerland. The term Aarlaansc means "(the language) of the Aarlaans". The origin of the ethnonym hasn't been completely explained yet: the most probable hypothesis explains that "Aarlaans" is a contraction of "Aarvers laans", that is "plains of the tree", aarvers is an archaic genitive case of the term aarf, "tree", and laans is the plural form of the term laan, "plain". The fact that in old documents, the ethnonym Aarlane is also found and that the word laan has got an archaic plural form lane, supports this hypothesis. But why should the Romans have given this place the name of "plains of the tree"? The explanation was found only in 2609 ab U.c. (that is circa 1856 of our era): during an archaeological excavation it was found a table that dates back to 867 ab U.c. (circa 114 of our era), on this table was written the anecdote of the defeat of Germanic Tribes in a Northern territory by the Roman army of Trajan. According to this narration, the emperor had a prophetic dream: the Roman army would have won, only if it had attacked the Germanic tribes far from the forest, in an endless plain. The sign that would have shown the right place would have been a solitary tree, the only one within this immense plain. History teaches us that in the Battle of Vloerijgen (866 ab U.c., that is 113 d.C.) the future country of Aarlaans became a part of Roman Empire.

Aarlaansc is a Romance language that descends from Vulgar Latin, even if, in spite of other languages of the same family, in Aarlaansc many common terms derive from Classical Latin. Moreover the Aarlaansc contains many terms of Celtic - specifically of Gaulish - origin and also many terms of Germanic origin: circa 65% of Aarlaansc words comes from Latin, circa 23% comes from Gaulish and circa 12% comes from Germanic.

Phonology

Alphabet

The Aarlaansc alphabet contains 21 letters and 2 digraphs that are considered distinct letters:

Letters	Pronunciation	Further informations
a	short [ɑ] - long [a:]	short a can be pronounced also [ʌ], but this pronunciation is considered quite dialectal
b	[b]	-
c	[k]	it is used in front of 'a', 'o', and 'u'
d	[d]	-
e	short [ɛ] - long [e:]	in unstressed syllables it tends to be pronounced as [ə], even some words are pronounced with this sound, f.ex. pronouns me, te, and so on
f	[f]	-
g	it is always pronounced as [χ]	-
h	[h]	-
i	[ɪ]	always short
j	[j]	a palatal approximant
ij	[ɛi̯]	when unstressed it is written ei and it is read as a schwa [ə]
l	[l]	-
m	[m]	-
n	[n]	-
o	short [ɔ] - long [o:]	-
p	[p]	-
qu	[k]	it is used in front of 'e' and 'i'; if it is doubled it is written 'cqu'
r	[ʀ]	as in French
s	[s] / [z]	if a word starts with 's' + vowel, the 's' is read as [z], between vowels it is read [z], when followed or preceded by a consonant and in the end of words it is read [s]
t	[t]	-
u	short [ɶ] - long [y:]	someone pronounces the short u as [a], but it is considered uncorrect and quite dialectal
v	[v]	-
w	[v]	-
x	[ʃ]	-

When voiced consonants are found in final position, they are devoiced and become voiceless.

Vowels

The vocalic phonemes of Aarlaansc are the following:

Phonemes	Short		Long
	Front	Back	Front	Back
Closed	ɪ	ʊ	i: y:	u:
Mid-closed			e: ø:	o:
Mid-open	ɛ	ɔ
Open	a: ɶ			ɑ

[a:] and [ɑ] are rather centralised.

Diphthongs, false diphthongs and vowel length

In Aarlaansc there are only three diphthongs:

• ei [ɛi̯] > [ə];
• ou [au̯];
• ui [ɶy] (someone pronounces it as [ai̯], but it is considered uncorrect and dialectal).

The diphthong ei is used only in unstressed syllable, otherwise it is used the letter ij, ex.: henTIJL, "pagan" > henteiLIE, "paganism". In these diphthongs the last i is always written i, no matter if the syllable is long or short. There are also other "vocalic combinations" that represent a long vowel instead, thus they are called false diphthongs or just long vowels:

• eu [ø:];
• ie [i:];
• oe [u:].

The diphthongs, the false diphthongs and the letter ij are always long in Aarlaansc, while the letter i is always short. The letters a, e, o, and u can be both short and long, instead. To indicate the vowel length of these four vowels, this language uses a special system that is based on the kind of syllables.

There are two kind of syllables: they can be both open and closed. A syllable is open when it ends with a vowel (so ma, te, ko, su are all open syllables); a syllable is closed when it ends with a consonant (so mat, tek, kos, sum are all closed syllables).

The rules to indicate the length of a, e, o, and u says that:

«When a long vowel is found in an open syllable, it is written once, whereas if it is found in a closed syllable, it is written twice.»

That is to say that short vowels are never found in open syllables, but only in closed ones. In both these cases (short vowel in closed syllable and long vowel in open syllable) the vowels are written once. When a long vowel occurs in a closed syllable, then it is written twice. This rule has got one last implication: if the syllabic division changes, then there could be grafic changes, ex.:

• maat (a is long) > mate (a remains long, but it is now found in an open syllable, so it is written once);
• mat (a is short) > matte (a remains short, but a short vowel occurs never in an open syllable, so we need to double the following consonant to maintain the syllable closed).

However, when a vowel forms a diphthong with j or w, it is written doubled when it is long, ex.:

• hooj, "today", is read ['ho:i̯], o is long;
• raj, "ray", is read ['ʀɑi̯], a is short.

There are also words whose pronunciation is tricky: how is the word deeuw, "god", pronounced? Either as ['de:ɶu̯] or as ['dεø:u̯]? Do the vowels e and u form a diphthong or a hiatus? In such cases it is used a dieresis to help the reader. The dieresis indicates that the following vowel doesn't form a diphthong, f.ex. the word deeuw is written dëeuw: the dieresis indicates that the second e isn't part of a long e, but it is part of the diphthong eu, thus dëeuw is read as ['dεø:u̯].

Stress

The stress usually falls on the last syllable, this is particularly true for infinitive and for simple past of verbs, for feminine nouns (nouns that indicate a female being) that end in -ew, for nouns that end in -ie and in -oen. Generally nouns and adjectives ending in -e, -em, -en, -ew (except for feminine nouns) and -er are stressed on the last but one syllable. However it is advisable to learn the pronunciation of every word as you learn it.

Grammar

Nouns, gender and number

Nouns in Aarlaansc can be either common or neuter: the previously masculine and feminine genders have merged into the common one, whereas the neuter has remained the same. Nouns have got two forms: singular, that indicates one object, person, animal, concept, and so forth, and plural, that indicates more than one object, person, animal, concept, and so on.

Generally the plural is formed with the termination -s, but if the noun ends already with an '-s', then no further ending is added, that is the singular and the plural forms are the same.

Here are some nouns with their gender, their plural and their meaning:

Singular	Plural	Gender	Meaning
vloer	vloers	common	flower
luin	luins	common	moon
luip	luips	common	wolf
soel	soels	common	sun
nogt	nogts	common	night
dij	dijs	common	day
luic	luics	common	light
eurquel	eurquels	neuter	ear
coul	couls	common	horse
stiel	stiels	common	star
silf	silfs	common	wood, forest
vijl	vijls	common	son
veilel	veilels	common	daughter
tens	tens	neuter	time
sier	siers	common	lord
sierel	sierels	common	lady
masie	masies	common	home, house
pajr	pajrs	common	father
maajr	maajrs	common	mother
baas	baas	neuter	kiss
vraat	vraats	common	brother
soer	soers	common	sister
oor	oors	neuter	gold
queel	queels	common	sky
cor	cors	neuter	heart
ouw	ouws	common	bird
mijster	mijsters	common	master, male teacher
meistrel	meistrels	common	mistress, female teacher

Articles

In Aarlaansc there are two kinds of article: definite article and indefinite article. The first is used to talk about things, people, concepts that are already known by both the speaker and the listener, whereas the indefinite article introduces concepts, things, people that are new. The indefinite article is just one: uin and it is used with both common and neuter nouns, it has got also a plural form, uins, that indicates a "group of", "some", f.ex.: uin masie, "a house", uins masies, "some houses".

The definite article has got a gender differentiation in the singular but a common form in the plural:

Gender	Singular	Plural
Common	hij	hijs
Neuter	hoe

The articles always precede the noun they are referred to.

Adjectives

The adjectives always precede the noun they are referred to and they don't vary, as in English, f.ex.:

• Hij cat es grand - The cat is big.
• Uin grand cat - A big cat;
• Hij grand cat - The big cat;
• Nuin grand cat - No big cat;
• Goun oor - Yellow gold;
• Hoe goun oor - The yellow gold;
• Hijs cats sunt goun - The cats are yellow.

Comparative and superlative

The lower degree comparative is formed with the pattern min + adjective + ca + 2nd term (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronoun), ex.:

• Noes sunt min nit ca toe - We are less beautiful than you.

The same degree comparative is formed with the pattern tan + adjective + cant + 2nd term (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronoun), ex.:

• Noes sunt tan nit cant toe - We are as beautiful as you.

The higher degree comparative is formed with the pattern pluis + adjective + ca + 2nd term (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronouns), ex.:

• Noes sunt pluis nit ca toe - We are more beautiful than you.

The superlative is formed with the pattern wou(d) + adjective, ex.: Toe es woud nit - You are very beautiful. If it is used as a relative superlative, wou(d) is substituted for hij/hoe pluis + adjective + a/i, ex.:

• Toe es hij pluis nit a/i hij ouvjoen - You are the most beautiful in the world.

Some adjectives: coud (hot), vrijgt (cold), simpel (simple), vacquel (easy), veed (ugly), sacraat (sacred), vroec (fierce), cruüiel (cruel).

Numerals

Here are the numerals from 0 to 1000:

Number	Cardinal	Ordinal	Number	Cardinal	Ordinal
0	nijl	-	1	uin	prijm
2	dij	seccunt	3	tries	tertie
4	catter	caart	5	cvijnc	cvijnt
6	ses	sest	7	seft	seften
8	ogt	ogtaaf	9	nof	noen
10	dec	decquen	11	uindic	uindiquen
12	dijdic	deidiquen	13	treddic	treddiquen
14	catterdic	catterdiquen	15	cvijndic	cveindiquen
16	sedic	sediquen	17	seftendic	seftendiquen
18	ogtoendic	ogtoendiquen	19	noendic	noendiquen
20	wijnt	weiges	21	wijnt-ap-uin	wijnt-ap-prijm
22	wijnt-ap-dij	wijnt-ap-seccunt	30	trijnt	treiges
31	trijnt-ap-uin	trijnt-ap-prijm	40	cattraant	cattrages
50	cveincaant	cveincages	60	sessaant	sessages
70	seftaant	seftages	80	ogtoent	ogtoeges
90	noenaant	noenages	100	quent	quentes
125	quent wijnt-ap-cvijnc	quentwijnt-ap-cvijnt	200	deiquent	deiquentes
300	trecquent	trecquentes	400	catterquent	catterquentes
500	cveingent	cveingentes	600	sesquent	sesquentes
700	seftengent	seftengentes	800	ogtengent	ogtengentes
900	noengent	noengentes	1000	mil	miles

The ordinals ending with -es are stressed on the last syllable (ex. cvijncaGES), whereas the ones ending with -en are generally stressed on the last but one syllable (ex. ZEFten), but one needs to be careful: those ending with -dic are stressed on the last but one syllable (ex. TREDdic) and those ending with -quent are stressed on the last syllable (ex. cveinGENT). Ordinal number are always stressed on the last syllable (ex. deidiquEN, noengenTES).

Pronouns and other kinds of adjectives

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are the only words that inflect according to case. They have a nominative case, that is the case of the subject, and two kinds of accusative case, the case of the object - both direct and indirect. The accusative case has an unstressed form and a stressed one. The reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of the action are the same, as in "I wash (myself)":

Pronouns	Nominative	Unstressed accusative	Stressed accusative	Reflexive	Comitative
I	eg	me	mie	me	miec
thou	toe	te	tie	te	tiec
he	is	im	iem	se	siec
she	le	em	eem	se	siec
it	id	id	id	se	siec
we	noes	ne	noes	ne	nuusc
you	woes / u	we / u	woes / u	we	wuusc / usc
they	ïe	es	ees	se	siec

The unstressed accusative form precedes the verb, while the stressed one follows it (except when the pronoun is linked to the verbs in infinitive and imperative). The stressed forms are used after prepositions or to emphasize complements.The pronouns The comitative forms represent the locution with + pronouns. The e in the pronouns me, te, se, le, em, ne, we, es is read as [ə]. This is the main difference between es [əs], "them", and es [εs], "you are" / "he is". The pronoun toe becomes oe when follows the verb in questions. The pronoun woes has got two distinct form: woes/we/wuusc and u/u/usc. These forms are not interchangeable, as the form u is used as polite form. The reflexive of this form is however still we.

Some examples:

• Me oodt oe? - Do you hear me?
• Toe wijdt im - You see him.
• Eg ood im, hood tie - I hear him, not you.
• Eg som tiec - I am with you.
• Is dijct id ar noes - He says it to us.
• Noes ne loun - We wash (ourselves).
• Eg me claam Toen - My name is Tony.
• Coem we claman u? - What is your name? (polite form)
• Proedt oe nuusc? - Do you come with us?
• Lesme ijr! - Let me go!

Possessives

Possessive adjectives are never preceded by article and they always precede the noun they are referred to:

Possessive	Adjectives / Pronouns
my	mies
thy	tuis
his / her / its	eëus
our	noost
your	weest / uust
their	loer

Possessive pronouns are always preceded by article, ex.:

• Is es mies carin, hood hij tuis - He's my friend, not yours.

Sometimes the possessor is specified with a + pronoun to avoid ambiguity, above all in the case of the 3rd person, ex.:

• Eëus carin a d-iem or Hij carin a d-iem - His friend (of him);
• Eëus carins a d-eem or Hijs carins a d-eem - Their friends (of her).

Note that the possessives of 3rd person singular and plural has just one form. In the speech the possessive pronouns are usually formed without using the article, but using the pronouns uin after the possessive, ex.:

• Is es mies carin, hood tuis uin - He's my friend, not yours (lit. "your one").

Demonstratives

In this language, demonstratives always follow the name they are referred to when they are used as adjectives. Demonstratives are never preceded by article, not even if they are used as pronouns. There are two kinds of demonstratives:

• Proximal, proximity to the speaker;
• Distal, distance from the speaker.

Proximal
Common singular	Neuter singular	Plural
ist		iste
Distal
Common singular	Neuter singular	Plural
il		ils

Ex.:

• Il cat es nit - That cat is cute;
• Il liver es hij tuis - That book is yours;
• Eg wol iste awoul - I want this apple.

Indefinites

These pronouns and adjectives neither determine nor specify the substantives, that is they don't tell us anything about their quantity or identity:

Singular pronoun	Plural pronoun	Meaning	Adjective	Meaning
nuin	-	nobody	nuin	no
ries	-	nothing	-	-
quiduin	-	everyone	om	every
oucuin	-	anyone	ouc	any
oucries	-	anything	-	-
cou	cous	which one(s)	cou	which / what
-	-	-	taal	such
pooc	poocs	a little / few	pooc	a little / few
muit	muits	much / many	muit	much / many
tant	tants	so much / so many	tant	so much / so many
owen	owens	all / everybody	owen	all

Some pronominal forms have got both a singular and a plural voice, but adjective forms have got ONLY one voice, that is both singular and plural. Except for nuin / ries and oucuin / oucries, indefinites don't have a gender distinction.

Relatives, interrogatives and exclamatives

The main relatives are:

Pronoun	Meaning
qui	who
que	that, which
cui	whose

Some examples:

• Hij sier qui eg noesc es bon. - The man who(m) I know is gentle.
• Hij cat que eg haf wist es parf. - The cat that/which I've seen is little.
• Hijs sierels cui vijls haan mort sunt ils. - The women whose sons have died are those.

Qui and que can be used as interrogatives and exclamatives too, f.ex.:

• Qui es is? - Who is he?
• Que vagt oe? - What are you doing?

Cui cannot be used in interrogatives, instead of it it is used a qui:

• A qui es ist liver? - Whose is this book?

We have to pay attention to translate the English word what. In some cases it can be translated as cou:

• Cou anuin nit! - What a beautiful name!
• Cou es tuis anuin? - What's your name?

Relatives can be used also as interrogatives or exclamatives and the axamples above show it clearly. Other interrogatives are:

Interrogatives	Meaning
unt	where
cand	when
coem	how
cvot / cvots	how much / how many
cuir	why

Cuir is used both in questions and answers; unt and cand can be used also as a sort of relatives:

• Cuir vleet oe? - Why do you cry?
• Cuir eg som meist. - Because I'm sad.
• Hij wil, unt eg wijf. - The city where I live.
• Cvots eers coegt le? - How much money does she need? (eer, "money", is a countable noun in Aarlaansk and has got both singular and plural)
• Hoe tens, cand eg veu uin juiven. - The time when I was a boy.

Adverbs

There are two kinds of adverbs in Aarlaansc: primitive adverbs and derived adverbs. Primitive adverbs are adverbs that don't derive from other categories, but that exist just as adverbs, some examples are:

• regt - well, fine;
• mou, eger - bad;
• maan - early;
• roe - late;
• iest - near;
• prool - far;
• pront - soon;

...

Derived adverbs derive from adjectives, to which the suffix -er is added, ex.:

• coud > couder - warmly;
• vrijgt > vrijgter - coldly;
• corsjaal > corsjaler - cordially;
• vort > vorter - strongly;
• vraal > vraler - weakly;
• queller > quellerrer - quickly;
• lent > lenter - slowly;

...

Prepositions

Aarlaansc has got many different prepositions to express relations between the elements of the sentence. The most important are:

Preposition	English equivalent	Example	Translation
i (n-)	in, at	Eg sum i hij scoel	I am at school
wers	to	Eg waad wers hij scoel	I go to school
af	from	Eg proed af hij scoel	I come from school
pers	across, through, with, by, to	Eg loop pers hij silf // Eg proed pers hoe trag // Hoe striem trag pers Vloerijgen	I walk through the wood // I come by train // The last train to Vloerijgen
ar	to, for	Ist es ar tie // Eg doe id ar tie	This is for you / I give it to you
a (d-)	of	Il es hij cat a Juilie	That is the cat of Julia
dies	(made) of	Uin awoul dies oor	An apple (made) of gold
di	about, of	Noes raan di caartie	We are talking about love
ap	with	Is raadt ap tie	He's talking with you
sins	without	Eg xied hood wijvre sins tie	I can't live without you
enwers	towards	Enwers hijs stiels	Towards the stars
estiers	out of	Eg veu estiers mies masie	I was out of my house
surs	on, above	Hij queel surs noes sim tuis man surs hij mies	The sky above us and your hand on mine
suf	under, beneath	Noes suf hij queel sim mies man suf hij tuis	We beneath the sky and my hand under yours
ijers	between, among, for	Nuin waadt ser ijers noes // Id haft plust ijers tries dijs	There will be nobody between us // It has rained for three days
diepst	after, next to	Eg opper i hoe fiquie diepst hoe eëus a d-eem // Diepst hij pluvie proedt hij soel	I work in the office next to hers // After the rain comes the sun
diepries	before	Le oppert i hoe fiquie diepries hoe mies // Diepries hij soel proedt hij pluvie	She works in the office before mine // Before the sun comes the rain
uder	over	Oucunt uder hij queljarc	Somewhere over the rainbow

A note about the usage of the prepositions i and a: when they precedes a word which begins with a vowel, this word is modified by adding respectively an n or a d, ex.:

• I n-aw - In the water;
• A d-aw - Of water.

Verbs

Simple present

The present tense, or prezent in Aarlaansc, expresses an action that happens regularly, that is habitual or that happens around the moment of the speech.

Present of ser ("to be") and haar ("to have")

The verbs ser and haar are two of the main verbs in Aarlaansk and they are irregular as in most other languages. Here it is the conjugation of these two verbs in the present tense:

Person	Ser	Haar
eg	som	haf
toe / is	es	haft
noes / woes / ïe	sunt	haan
imp.	id es	haftur

In Aarlaansc the subject is always expressed, with impersonal verbs it is used the dummy subject id, ex.:

• Id pluigt - It rains.

Present of regular verbs

There are IV different verbal classes in Aarlaansk. They can be recongnised thanks to infinitive form:

• I: infinitive ending with -aar;
• II: infinitive ending with -ier;
• III: infinitive ending with -re or with -(e)r;
• IV: infinitive ending with -ijr.

The regular verbs are formed adding particular endings to the root form. The root form of a verb is obtained just dropping the infinitive ending and adding the personal endings. Of course to obtain the root form is necessary to pay attention to the vowel length, that must be maintained (unless the verb is irregular). Moreover if the verb root ends with -v or -z, these letters become unvoiced in the three singular persons voices.

Here are four verbs: clamaar (to call), dievier (to have to), wijvre (to live), oijr (to hear):

Person	Clamaar	Dievier	Wijvre	Oijr
eg	claam	dief	wijf	ood
toe / is	claamt	dieft	wijft	oodt
noes / woes / ïe	claman	dieven	wijvun	oon
imp.	claamtur	dieftur	wijftur	oodtur

The endings of the present tense of indicative are thus:

Person	Ending
eg	- / -d
toe / is	-t / -dt
noes / woes / ïe	-an / -en / -un / -n
impersonal	-tur / -dtur

The verbs of the 4th class whose root ends with a vowel (or a diphthong) add -d ending to 1st person singular, but this consonant can be omitted, ex.: eg ood > eg o; eg wijd > eg wij.

Present of some irregular verbs

Aarlaansc has got some irregular verbs too. Some verbs have got the regular infinitive endings -aar, -ijr and so on, but there are some that have got an irregular infinitive ending. Here it can be seen the present tense of the verbs vaar (to do), ijr (to go), daar (to give), dijr (to say, to tell), wijr (to see), duir (to lead), vluir (to flow, to slip by) and proer (to come):

Person	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Dijr	Wijr	Duir	Vluir	Proer
eg	vag	waad	doe	dijc	wijd	duig	vluig	proed
toe / is	vagt	waadt	doet	dijct	wijdt	duigt	vluigt	proedt
noes / woes / ïe	vaan	waan	daan	dijn	wijn	duin	vluin	proen
imp.	vagtur	waadtur	doetur	dijctur	wijdtur	duigtur	vluigtur	proedtur

The irregularities are not systematic: how it can be seen, both vaar and daar have got an infinitive in -aar, but the former has got a root form vag- in the three singular persons and in the impersonal form, whereas the latter has got a root form doe-. More systematic (but not ever) are the verbs whose infinitive ends in -uir, ex.: id pluigt, "it rains", from pluir, and so on. However it is best to control in the dictionary how the root form of the irregular verbs changes.

Impersonal form

To express actions that are performed by an unknown subject or to hide the subject of a verb in Aarlaansk we can use the impersonal form. In Aarlaansc there are two impersonal forms:

• id + 3rd person singular verb, which is used also to translate "it" when we talk about verbs that haven't got a subject, as in the example id pluigt, "it rains";
• impersonal form of the verb, which is another downright person that has got its own ending and whose pronoun is never expressed. It mainly corresponds to English "they" or to passive construction, f.ex.: Dijctur ca Hijs Aarlaans sunt vrijgt > "They say that The Aarlaans are cold".

The biggest difference between the id-form and the impersonal form is that id can never substitute a subject that actually exists and can never substitute the passive form, whereas the impersonal form can, ex.:

• Hooj id nift - Today it snows;
• Wijdtur hij vuim, que iest af hij cammijn - They see the smoke that comes out from the chimney.

The impersonal form is formed by adding -ur to the 3rd person singular form of the verb.

Simple past

The past tense, preterrit in Aarlaansc, is used to express an action that has happened in the past, independently on when it has happened, if it is ended or not, if it affects the present and so on. It corresponds to English past simple and present perfect.

Past tense of ser and haar

The past of these two irregular verbs is, obviously, quite irregular:

Person	Ser	Haar
eg	veu	heu
toe / is	veut	heut
noes / woes / ïe	veurn	heurn
imp.	id veu	heutur

In this tense, the 2nd and the 3rd singular persons share the same ending, as in the present tense.

Past simple of regular verbs

The past tense of regular verbs is formed by deleting the ending of the infinitive and by adding different endings depending on the class:

Person	Clamaar	Dievier	Wijvre	Oijr
eg	clamaaf	dievief	weivief	oijf
toe / is	clamaaft	dievieft	weivieft	oijft
noes / woes / ïe	clamaarn	dieviern	weiviern	oijrn
imp.	clamaaftur	dievieftur	weivieftur	oijftur

The stress shifts on the last syllable except for the impersonal form, in which it shifts on the last but one.

Past of some irregular verbs

Irregular verbs have, of course, irregular forms for the past of indicative. It is important to remember that neither the singular forms nor the plural ones are made starting from the infinitive:

Person	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Dijr	Wijr	Duir	Vluir	Proer
eg	vies	ijf	daaf	dijs	wief	duis	vluis	pried
toe / is	viest	ijft	daaft	dijst	wieft	duist	vluist	priedt
noes / woes / ïe	viern	ijrn	daarn	dijrn	wiern	duirn	vluirn	priern
imp.	viestur	ijftur	daaftur	dijstur	wieftur	duistur	vluistur	priedtur

Present perfect and past perfect

Beside the preterrit there is another verbal form that expresses an action that has happened in the past: the pervegt. This form is similar to the English present perfect, because it is formed with the present of the verb haar and the past participle of the main verb. In Aarlaansc, however, this form is completely interchangeable with the preterrit form: it is just a matter of style and of formality, because the pervegt is more used among friends and in colloquial speech, whereas the preterrit is more used in written language and in formal meetings. When the auxiliary haar is in its past tense, then we obtain the past perfect or pluispervegt. This tense refers to actions that happened in the past before other actions that happened in the past too.

Present perfect of ser and haar

The auxiliary verb is always haar:

Person	Ser	Haar
eg	haf sit	haf hijt
toe / is	haft sit	haft hijt
noes / woes / ïe	haan sit	haan hijt
imp.	haftur sit	haftur hijt

Present perfect of regular verbs

Even for the regular verbs the auxiliary verb is always haar:

Person	Clamar	Dievier	Wijvre	Oijr
eg	haf clamaat	haf dievuit	haf weivut	haf oijt
toe / is	haft clamaat	haft dievuit	haft weivut	haft oijt
noes / woes / ïe	haan clamaat	haan dievuit	haan weivut	haan oijt
imp.	haftur clamaat	haftur dievuit	haftur weivut	haftur oijt

As it can be seen, the past participle of the regular verbs is formed by adding the ending -aat/-uit/-ut/-ijt to the root form according to verb class. It is also true that not all the regular verbs have got a regular past participle (cf. wijvre, that has got also the participle weisut), in these cases it can be useful to check the dictionary. The stress falls on the last syllable, so it can be noted the substitution -ij-' > -ei- in the verb wijvre.

Present perfect of irregular verbs

The irregular verbs maintain their irregularity in the form of the past participle used with the auxiliary:

Person	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Dijr	Wijr	Duir	Vluir	Proer
eg	haf vagt	haf ijt	haf daat	haf digt	haf wijst	haf duigt	haf vluigt	haf proes
toe / is	haft vagt	haft ijt	haft daat	haft digt	haft wijst	haft duigt	haft vluigt	haft proes
noes / woes / ïe	haan vagt	haan ijt	haan daat	haan digt	haan wijst	haan duigt	haan vluigt	haan proes
imp.	haftur vagt	haftur ijt	haftur daat	haftur digt	haftur wijst	haftur duigt	haftur vluigt	haftur proes

Past perfect

This tense is called pluispervegt in Aarlaansc and it corresponds to the English past perfect: it is used to express a past action that happened before another one. The pluispervegt is formed with the past of the verb haar and the past participle of the main verb, ex.:

Person	Ser	Haar
eg	heu sit	heu hijt
toe / is	heut sit	heut hijt
noes / woes / ïe	heurn sit	heurn hijt
imp.	heutur sit	heutur hijt

• Diepst eg heu twuit uin pliquel, eg iesijf - After I had watched a film, I went out.

Future

The future, vutuir in Aarlaansc, is used to speak about actions that have not happened yet and that will happen in the future. English has got three forms of future with three different functions, Aarlaansc has got just one that expresses these funcions. Future expresses:

• events that will happen in the future (but that are not planned);
• events that are happening because they are planned and organised;
• events that are going to happen because there is an intention.

Moreover the future can be used to express assumptions.

This tense is analytical and it is formed by the present tense of the verb ijr and the infinitive of the main verb. It exists also a synthetic form of this tense, but it is not used anymore in the speech and it is found only in poetry and in old books. We add it for completeness' sake.

Future of ser and haar

The analytical form is:

Person	Ser	Haar
eg	wa(ad) ser	wa(ad) haar
toe / is	wa(adt) ser	wa(adt) haar
noes / woes / ïe	waan ser	waan haar
imp.	waadtur ser	waadtur haar

The 1st and 2nd singular persons can use the more colloquial and informal form wa instead of waad and waadt.

The synthetic form is:

Person	Ser	Haar
eg	serraf	haraf
toe / is	serraft	haraft
noes / woes / ïe	serraan	haraan
imp.	id serraft	haraftur

The synthetic form is obtained by adding -af, -aft, and -aan to the infinitive. Please note that, as the stress shifts on the last syllable, the verbs whose infinitive ends with -ijr change this ending with -eir-, ex.:

• Eg waad clamaar / Eg clamaraf - I shall call;
• Toe waadt dievier / Toe dievraft - You will have to;
• Is waadt wijvre / Is weivraft - He will live;
• Noes waan oijr / Noes öeiraan - We shall hear;
• Woes waan vaar / Woes varaan - You will do;
• Ïe waan ijr / Ïe eiraan - They will go.

Note also that often the verbs of 2nd and 3rd conjugation loose a syllable, ex.:

• Eg waad dievier > Eg dievraf - I shall have to;
• Toe waadt wijvre > Toe weivraft - You will live.

The future tense of regular and irregular verbs is formed the same way. In Aarlaansc doesn't exist a future perfect tense, instead of it it is used the future simple.

Subjunctive

The subjunctive mood is no longer used in Aarlaansc, it is no more productive. Both present and past of subjunctive are found in crystallized expressions, such as:

• Dëeuw te souwe - God save you;
• Hij queel te tiege - Heaven protect you.

The present subjunctive of the verbs ser and haar is irregular:

Person	Ser	Haar
eg / toe / is	sij	haaw
noes / woes / ïe	sijn	hawin
imp.	id sij	hawur

The regular verbs form this tense by adding the suffixes -e for the singular and -in for the plural:

Person	Clamaar	Dievier	Wijvre	Oijr
eg / toe / is	clame	dieve	wijve	ode
noes / woes / ïe	clamin	dievin	wijvin	odin
imp.	clamur	dievur	wijvur	odur

All the singular persons share the same ending. This is true also for the irregular verbs:

Person	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Dijr	Wijr	Duir	Vluir	Proer
eg / toe / is	vaaj	waaj	die	dijge	wiëe	duïje	vluïje	proede
noes / woes / ïe	vaajn	waajn	dien	dijgin	wiëin	duïjin	vluïjin	proedin
imp.	vajur	wajur	dieur	dijgur	wiëur	duïjur	vluïjur	proedur

The past of subjunctive is formed with the endings -re and -ren. Irregular verbs use the suffix -stre(n):

Person	Ser	Haar	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Dijr	Wijr	Duir	Vluir	Proer
eg / toe / is	vustre	hustre	viestre	ijstre	diestre	dijstre	wijstre	duistre	vluistre	proestre
noes / woes / ïe	vustren	hustren	viestren	ijstren	diestren	dijstren	wijstren	duistren	vluistren	proestren
imp.	vustrur	hustrur	viestrur	ijstrur	diestrur	dijstrur	wijstrur	duistrur	vluistrur	proestrur

Regular verbs add simply -re and -ren:

Person	Clamaar	Dievier	Wijvre	Oijr
eg / toe / is	clamare	dieviere	wijvre	oijre
noes / woes / ïe	clamaren	dievieren	wijvren	oijren
imp.	clamarur	dievierur	wijvrur	oijrur

It can be assumed that the past of subjunctive is formed by adding -e(n) to infinitive. In the 3rd conjugation, infinitive and singular form of past of subjunctive are the same.

Conditional

The conditional, condisjonaal in Aarlaansc, is used fast as in English, f.ex. to be polite or to express probability. As for the future, the conditional has two forms:

• an analytical form with the verb ijr, but for conditional it is used its past form;
• a synthetic form with the suffixes -eef(t) and -een that are added to the infinitive.

Analytical form:

Person	Ser	Haar
eg	ijf ser	ijf haar
toe / is	ijft ser	ijft haar
noes / woes / ïe	ijrn ser	ijrn haar
imp.	ijftur ser	ijftur haar

Synthetic form:

Person	Ser	Haar
eg	serreef	hareef
toe / is	serreeft	hareeft
noes / woes / ïe	serreen	hareen
imp.	id serreeft	hareeftur

Also here, as the stress shifts on the last syllable, the verbs whose infinitive ends with -ijr change this ending with -eir-, ex.:

• Eg ijf clamaar / Eg clamareef - I would call;
• Toe ijft dievier / Toe dievreeft - You should;
• Is ijft wijvre / Is weivreeft - He would live;
• Noes ijrn oijr / Noes öeireen - We would hear;
• Woes ijrn vaar / Woes vareen - You would do;
• Ïe ijrn ijr / Ïe eireen - They would go.

Note also that often the verbs of 2nd and 3rd conjugation loose a syllable, ex.:

• Eg ijf dievier > Eg dievreef - I should;
• Toe ijft wijvre > Toe weivreeft - You would live.

Conditional can be found in conditional clauses of 2nd and 3rd type:

• Vor eg ijf ser punie, eg ijf suimer uin grand masie - If I were rich, I'd buy a big house;
• Vor eg hareef sit punie, eg hareef suinft uin grand masie - If I had been rich, I'd have bought a big house.

Please note that the conditional is used in the protasis also instead of the subjunctive. In conditional clauses of 1st type it is used the present in the protasis and the future in the apodosis:

• Vor hij nijf es suf hij soel, le se waadt vundre - If the snow is under the sun, it will melt.

The conditional is also used to express the "future in the past", ex.:

• Is xijft hood ca id ijf vijr - He didn't know that it would happen.

Imperative

In Aarlaansc the empratijf, the imperative mood, is used to order somebody to do something. The "true" voices of the present of imperative are that of the 2nd person singular and the 2nd person plural; the 1st person singular doesn't exist, whereas the other persons have got a periphrastic form:

Person	Ser	Haar	Clamaar	Dievier	Wijvre	Oijr	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Dijr	Wijr	Duir	Vluir	Proer
eg	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
toe	es	haf	claam	dief	wijf	o(od)	vag	ij	da	dijc	wijd	duig	vluig	proed
is	haft a ser	haft a haar	haft a clamaar	haft a dievier	haft a wijvre	haft a d-oijr	haft a vaar	haft a d-ijr	haft a daar	haft a dijr	haft a wijr	haft a duir	haft a vluir	haft a proer
noes	haan a ser	haan a haar	haan a clamaar	haan a dievier	haan a wijvre	haan a d-oijr	haan a vaar	haan a d-ijr	haan a daar	haan a dijr	haan a wijr	haan a duir	haan a vluir	haan a proer
woes	set	haat	clamaat	dieviet	wijvit	oijt	vaat	ijt	daat	dijt	wijt	duit	vluit	proet
ïe	haan a ser	haan a haar	haan a clamaar	haan a dievier	haan a wijvre	haan a d-oijr	haan a vaar	haan a d-ijr	haan a daar	haan a dijr	haan a wijr	haan a duir	haan a vluir	haan a proer

The 2nd person singular form is the same of the 1st person singular form of the present of indicative, but there are also irregular forms as in the verbs ser, ijr, daar, etc. The 2nd person plural form is obtained from the infinitive form with the substitution of -r for -t for the 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugations. The verbs of 3rd conjugation drop the infinitive ending and replace it with -it. There are not irregular forms for this voice. The other persons are formed with the periphrasis haar + a (d-)+ infinitive. It could be translated as to have to do something. This structure can be used also with 1st and 2nd persons singular and with 2nd person plural, in this case, however, it doesn't indicate imperative, but it has the same meaning as the verb dievier, only with a hint of politeness, f.ex.:

• Eg haf a d-ijr wers hij boetiec - I have to go to the shop;
• Que haft a vaar hooj? - What do you have to do today?;
• Woes haan a d-ijr wers hij mëic! - You have to go to the doctor! (Because you should)

Imperative hasn't got an impersonal form.

Infinitive, gerund and participle

As it has been already shown, the infinitive can end with -aar, -ier, -er, -re, -ijr or other vowels followed by -r, in the cases of irregular verbs. The infinitive forms ending with -r is the present form of this mood, but there is also a past form, that is formed with the infinitive form of the verb haar and the past participle of the main verb:

Tense	Ser	Haar	Clamaar	Dievier	Wijvre	Oijr	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Dijr	Wijr	Duir	Vluir	Proer
Present	ser	haar	clamaar	dievier	wijvre	oijr	vaar	ijr	daar	dijr	wijr	duir	vluir	proer
Past	haar sit	haar hijt	haar clamaat	haar dievuit	haar wijvut	haar oijt	haar vagt	haar ijt	haar daat	haar digt	haar wijst	haar duigt	haar vluigt	haar proes

The gerund is a complicated verbal form: it can have various meanings and translate different linguistic structures of English. It is formed by substituting the infinitive ending for -aand, -eend (for 2nd and 3rd conjugations) or -ijnd:

Tense	Ser	Haar	Clamaar	Dievier	Wijvre	Oijr	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Dijr	Wijr	Duir	Vluir	Proer
Present	Seend	Heend	Clamaand	Dieveend	Weiveend	Oijnd	Veend	Ijnd	Daand	Dijeend	Wijeend	Duïeend	Vluïeend	Proëeend
Past	heend sit	heend hijt	heend clamaat	heend dievuit	heend wijvut	heend oijt	heend vagt	heend ijt	heend daat	heend digt	heend wijst	heend duigt	heend vluigt	heemd proes

It can be seen that this mood has got two tenses: present and past. Very often gerund is used to translate adverbials of time, as in:

• Heend oijt id, is ijft awie. - After that he heard it, he went away.
• Worraand, is sentijft ca id veut roe. - As he was eating, he noticed that it was late.

Gerund can translate adverbials of means or of manner also:

• Vuimaand, souftur ries. - By smoking one doesn't obtain anything.
• Le proes creitaand sim vleend. - She came screaming and crying.

The participle has had a strong linguistic evolution: the present and the future tense of this mood are now used as nouns and adjectives and they're no more recognised as verbs. The only tense that is still seen as verb is the past that can be used as adjective also. The present of participle is formed by substituting the infinitive ending for -oer for masculine and -eur for feminine gender (when it indicates a noun, otherwise it is used the only ending -oer):

• Hij canteur es juiven. - The singing woman is young.
• Hij cantoer es prisc. - The singing man is old.

This tense has got not only masculine and feminine forms, but also singular and plural forms:

• Hijs canteurs sunt juiven. - The singing women are young.
• Hijs cantoers sunt prisc. - The singing men are old.

If we want to use the terms sierel and sier, than we have to change the structure of the sentence:

• Hij sierel qui cant es juiven. - The singing woman (= the woman who sings) is young.
• Hijs siers qui cantan sunt prisc. - The singing men (= the men who sing) are old.

The future of participle is formed by with the past stem of the verb and the ending -uir. Nowadays the so formed words are recognised as nouns or, more rarely, as adjectives:

• legtuir - reading;
• creituir - creature;
• natuir - nature;
• matuir - ripe, mature.

The past participle is formed with the past stem of the verb and the ending -aat, -uit, -ut, -ijt. As it is the only tense of the participle that can be used still as verb, often with the term "zoppijn" they refer to this tense of the participle. There are regular and irregular participles:

Ser	Haar	Clamaar	Dievier	Wijvre	Oijr	Vaar	Ijr	Daar	Dijr	Wijr	Duir	Vluir	Proer
sit	hijt	clamaat	dievuit	weivut	oijt	vagt	ijt	daat	digt	wijst	duigt	vluigt	proes

The stress shifts on the last syllable.

Other important verbs

Among the analized verbs there is the verb dievier, "must". It is an important modal verb that is often followed by another verb in infinitive, ex.: Toe dieft garijr, "You must talk". Other main modal verbs are: xier, "can"; cvier, "may, to be allowed to"; woor, "to want (to)"; coeger, "need". Some of them are quite irregular:

PRESENT

Person	Xier	Cvier	Woor	Coeger
eg	xied	cvie	wou	coeg
toe / is	xiedt	cviet	wout	coegt
noes / woes / ïe	xien	cvien	woun	coegun
imp.	xiedtur	cvietur	woutur	coegtur

PRESENT PERFECT

Person	Xier	Cvier	Woor	Coeger
eg	haf xuit	haf cvuit	haf wöut	haf coegt
toe / is	haft xuit	haft cvuit	haft wöut	haft coegt
noes / woes / ïe	haan xuit	haan cvuit	haan wöut	haan coegt
imp.	haftur xuit	haftur cvuit	haftur wöut	haftur coegt

PAST

Person	Xier	Cvier	Woor	Coeger
eg	xief	cvief	woief	quieg
toe / is	xieft	cvieft	woieft	quiegt
noes / woes / ïe	xiern	cviern	woiern	quiern
imp.	xieftur	cvieftur	woieftur	quiegtur

FUTURE (synthetic)

Person	Xier	Cvier	Woor	Coeger
eg	xieraf	cvieraf	woraf	coegraf
toe / is	xieraft	cvieraft	woraft	coegraft
noes / woes / ïe	xieraan	cvieraan	woraan	coegraan
imp.	xieraftur	cvieraftur	woraftur	coegraftur

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

Person	Xier	Cvier	Woor	Coeger
eg / toe / is	xiede	cviëe	wouje	coege
noes / woes / ïe	xiedin	cviëin	woujin	coegin
imp.	xiedur	cviëur	woujur	coegur

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

Person	Xier	Cvier	Woor	Coeger
eg / toe / is	xiestre	cviestre	woustre	coestre
noes / woes / ïe	xiestren	cviestren	woustren	coestren
imp.	xiestrur	cviestrur	woustrur	coestrur

CONDITIONAL (synthetic)

Person	Xier	Cvier	Woor	Coeger
eg	xiereef	cviereef	woreef	coegreef
toe / is	xiereeft	cviereeft	woreeft	coegreeft
noes / woes / ïe	xiereen	cviereen	woreen	coegreen
imp.	xiereeftur	cviereeftur	woreeftur	coegreeftur

IMPERATIVE

Person	Xier	Cvier	Woor	Coeger
toe	xied	cvie	wou	coeg
woes	xiet	cviet	woot	coegit

Greetings

The main soüuuts ("greetings") in Aarlaansk are:

• Duus matijn - Good morning (used in the first hours of the morning, till 10.00 am);
• Duus dij - Good morning (used till 01.00 pm);
• Duus merrijd - Good afternoon! (used till 07.00 pm);
• Duus tard - Good evening (used till 22.00 pm);
• Duus nogt - Good night (used after 22.00 pm and in the evening to say goodbye);
• Souw / Su - Hello / Hi;
• Wal - Bye;
• Wers riewijrne - Good bye;
• Coem te waadt? / Coem u waadt? - How art thou? / How are you?;
• Regt, merquies, sim te / u? - Fine, thanks, and thou / you?;
• Mou / eger - Bad.

The word merquies, "thanks", has got a special pronunciation: it is to be read as [ma'ki:s], where the group er has become a (cf. some dialects in which merquies is written macquies or mucquies - we have also already explained the dialectal pronunciation of u).

Calendar

In the Aarlaans it is used a clendaar, a "calendar", that is virtually the same that we use: the an, the "year", is splitted into 12 miens, "months", that can last 31 or 30 dijs. Just one month, Vebraars, "February", has got 28 days, but every 4 years it has got 29 days and the year is a long an, a "leap year".

Months	Miens
January	Janaars
February	Vebraars
March	Marts
April	Aprijls
May	Maajs
June	Juins
July	Juils
August	Ogosts
September	Seftemmer
October	Ogtoever
November	Novemmer
December	Diquemmer

The an is divided also into 4 stasjoens (sg. stasjoen, "season"):

Season	Stasjoen	From... to...
Winter	Hïem	22 dec. - 21 mar.
Spring	Weer	22 mar. - 21 giu.
Summer	Astijf	22 giu. - 22 sep.
Autumn	Otuin	23 sep. - 21 dec.

The semaan, the "week", has got 7 days:

Days of the week	Dijs a hij semaan
Monday	Luinis
Tuesday	Maartis
Wednesday	Mercris
Thursday	Euwis
Friday	Wenerris
Saturday	Saturnis
Sunday	Soelis

Featured Language

Aarlaansc has been nominated to be featured. Though it hasn't yet been featured I have translated this banner:

Wessil a Horraat Artieleng
Noes daarn sesen honnoer wers ist leng. Noes em haan eelgut cuir le haft uin bon vagtuir, uin nit havit sim muit uis.

Honoured Conlang Banner
We gave honour to this tongue at a time. We have voted it for because it has a good make, fair appearance and many uses.