Harākti

Harākti
𒀀𒇉𒁴 Harākti
Pronunciation	[xaˈɾaːkti]
Created by	Ashucky
Setting	Eurasia
Native speakers	- (2013)
Language family	Indo-European Anatolian (?) Harākti
Early form	Old Harākti (?)
Writing systems	Latin Cuneiform
Language codes
CLCR	qhk

Harākti (natively written as 𒀀𒇉𒁴 (ÍD-tí) or 𒄩𒊏𒀀𒀝𒋾 (ha-ra-a-ak-ti), transliterated as harākti, IPA: [xaˈɾaːkti]) is an Indo-European language. It is part of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European languages, although it differs extensivly from the rest of the Anatolian languages, which is the reason for some speculation regarding its place within the Indo-European family. The strongest argument placed forward in favour of Harākti being an Anatolian language is the fact that, like Hittite, it is a language that reflected some of the laryngeal sounds as consonants. Its verbal system likewise resembles that of Hittite, and the general symplicity of the declensional and conjugational systems is again a characteristic shared with the Anatolian languages.

Background

External history

Harākti is my second attempt at trying to create an a posteriori conlang based on Proto-Indo-European. Initially intended to be a modification of my first such attempt, called Thaṣṙivṙal, but it became an entirely new language. As a result, Thaṣṙivṙal was rendered obsolete and essentially dead. Harākti is more constructive and follows both phonetic and grammar rules a bit more precisely. The language area was shifted too. Thaṣṙivṙal was supposed to be spoken south-east of the Alps along the east coast of the Adriatic sea, but Harākti was moved south to Anatolia, being close to Hittite and Akkadian. Thaṣṙivṙal was also started as part of an online project set in an alternate Europe where the current main IE language families were replaced by conlangs, and they were later supposed to develop into separate languages. Thaṣṙivṙal was therefore at a stage of a proto-language, akin to Lain, but it never progessed into separate languages. My intention with Harākti is similar: being a sort of a proto-language it will, hopefully, split into several dialects that will become separate languages. Needless to say, Harākti is also set to distant past, around at least 1500 BCE, so it cannot be used in modern contexts.

Phonology

The phonology of Harākti is a direct result of phonological changes or sound shifts from Proto-Indo-European. The majority of the changes are regular and can be tracked down to Proto-Indo-European and they have frequent cognates in modern Indo-European languages. In general, the phonology of the language is fairly simple, resembling the Hittite phonology system in terms of consonants and the Latin phonology system in terms of vowels.

Consonants

Harākti has a simple system of consonants - a total of 16 (or 18) consonants.

Harākti consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
					plain	labialised
Nasal	m		n
Plosive	p b		t d		k g	kʷ gʷ
Fricative		[f]	s		x ɣ
Approximant		ʋ		(j)		(w)
Affricate			t͡s
Flap or tap			ɾ
Lateral app.			l

Note:

• the consonants /j/ and /w/ are usually analyzed as non-vocalic vowels /i̯/ and /u̯/.
• the labio-dental approximant /ʋ/ has [f] as an allophone in certain environments (when followed by a voiceless consonant only, it does not occur elsewhere)

Vowels

Harākti has a simple system of the basic 5 (cardinal) vowels. However, they can be either short or long, which brings the total number of vowels to 10.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i	iː			u	uː
Close-mid	e	eː			o	oː
Open			a	aː

Note:

• the near-mid short vowels [e o] may be lowered to mid [e̞ o̞] or open-mid vowels [ɛ ɔ] when in unstressed possitions.

Progressive pronunciation

The progressive pronunciation refers to the most widespread dialectal or colloquial pronunciation of vowels. It is characterised by diphthongisation of unstressed long vowels. Stressed long vowels remain the same.

Table of progressive pronunciation
Traditional	Progressive	Condition	Example
aː	aɪ̯	preceded and followed by a voiced c.	mahterān: [ˈmaxteɾaːn] → [ˈmaxteɾaɪ̯n]
		preceded by a voiced c. and followed by [s]	hāvās: [ˈxaːʋaːs] → [ˈxaːʋaɪ̯s]
	ɪ̯a	preceded and followed by a voiceless c.	harākās: [xaˈɾaːkaːs] → [xaˈɾaːkɪ̯as]
		word-final after a voiceless c.	harākahā: [xaˈɾaːkaxaː] → [xaˈɾaːkaxɪ̯a]
		preceded by a voiceless c. and followed by a voiced c.	danghāhān: [daŋˈɣaːxaːn] → [daŋˈɣaːxɪ̯an]
	ʊ̯a	preceded and followed by a voiced c. and a back vowel	pōdān: [ˈpoːdaːn] → [ˈpoːdʊ̯an]
	aʊ̯	word-final after a voiced c.	hāvā: [ˈxaːʋaː] → [ˈxaːʋaʊ̯]
eː	eɪ̯	preceded and followed by by a voiced c.	mahterēm: [ˈmaxteɾeːm] → [ˈmaxteɾeɪ̯m]
		preceded by a voiced c. and followed by [s]	hāvēs: [ˈxaːʋeːs] → [ˈxaːʋeɪ̯s]
	əɪ̯	word-final after a voiced c. and a back vowel	pōdē: [ˈpoːdeː] → [ˈpoːdəɪ̯]
	ɪ̯e	word-final after [i]	hāvēiē: [xaːˈʋeːieː] → [xɪ̯aˈʋeːiɪ̯e]
		word-final after a consonant	hāvē: [ˈxaːʋeː] → [ˈxaːʋɪ̯e]
		preceded by a voiceless c. and followed by a voiced c.	harākahēn: [xaˈɾaːkaxeːn] → [xaˈɾaːkaxɪ̯en]
	ʊ̯e	after a voiced c. and a back vowel	pōdēn: [ˈpoːdeːn] → [ˈpoːdʊ̯en]
iː	iɪ̯	any position (except the one below)	pōdī: [ˈpoːdiː] → [ˈpoːdiɪ̯]
	ʊ̯i	after a voiced c. and a back vowel (unless word-final)	pōdīs: [ˈpoːdiːs] → [ˈpoːdʊ̯is]
oː	oʊ̯	word-final (?)	akō: [ˈakoː] → [ˈakoʊ̯]
	ʊ̯o	?
uː	uʊ̯	word-final (?)	akū: [ˈakuː] → [ˈakuʊ̯]

Phonotactics

Stress

Harāki does not have a fixed stress but it is movable. Words are very often stressed on the first syllable. If the word has a -nt- cluster, the stress falls on the syllable preceding the cluster. This applies when conjugating or declining as well. For example, the verb "to be" is usually stressed on the first syllable but the 3rd person plural forms are stressed on the second syllable: ésmi > asánti.

Stress is usually unmarked in normal writing but it can be indicated to avoid confusion or to explicitly show it. On short vowels it is marked by placing an acute above the letter (á, é, í, ó, ú), on long vowels it can either be an acute above the macron (ā́, ḗ, ī́, ṓ, ū́) or a circumflex above the letter (â, ê, î, ô, û). The latter is often preferred due to coding issues.

Phonetic changes

The following two tables sum up (most of) the regular changes from Proto-Indo-European to Harākti.

Consonants
Proto-Indo-European	Harākti
*p	p
*t	t
*ḱ	k
*k	k
*kʷ	kʷ <ku>
*b	b
*d	d
*ǵ	g, x <h>
*g	g
*gʷ	gʷ <gu>
*bʰ	b
*dʰ	d
*ǵʰ	g
*gʰ	ɣ <gh>
*gʷʰ	ɣ <gh>
*s	s
*m	m
*-m	-n
*n	n
*l	l
*r	ɾ <r>
*i̯	i̯ <i>
*u̯	ʋ <v>; u̯ <u>

Vowels
Trad. PIE	Laryngeal PIE	Harākti
*e	*e, *h₁e	e
*a	(*a), *h₂e	ha
*o	*h₃e	a, e, ha
	*o	a, o
*ə	*h₁	a
	*h₂	ah, ha
	*h₃	o, oh
*-	*h₁-	a, Ø
	*h₂-	ha
	*h₃-	ha
*ē	*ē, *eh₁	ē
*ā	(*ā), *eh₂	ah
*ō	*ō, *eh₃	ō
*i	*i	i
*ī	*ih₁	ī
	*ih₂	ih
	*ih₃	ī
*ei	*ei, *h₁ei	ē
*oi	*oi, *h₃ei	ā
*ai	(*ai), *h₂ei	hā
*ēi	*ēi	ei
*ōi	*ōi (*oei)	o
*āi	*eh₂ei	ēh
*u	*u	u
*ū	*uh₁	ū
	*uh₂	uh
	*uh₃	ū
*eu	*eu, *h₁eu	eu, ū
*ou	*ou,*h₃eu	ho
*au	(*au), *h₂eu	hau, hū
*ēu	*ēu	ē
*ōu	*ōu	ā
*m̥	*m̥	am, -ān
*m̥̅	*mh₁	mā
	*mh₂	mē
	*mh₃	mō
*m̥m	*m̥m	em
*n̥	*n̥	an
*n̥̄	*nh₁	nā
	*nh₂	nē
	*nh₃	nō
*n̥n	*n̥n	en
*l̥	*l̥	al
*l̥̄	*lh₁	lā
	*lh₂	lē
	*lh₃	lō
*l̥l	*l̥l	el
*r̥	*r̥	ar
*r̥̄	*rh₁	rā
	*rh₂	rē
	*rh₃	rō
*r̥r	*r̥r	er

Orthography

The letter-to-sound ratio is virtually 1:1, with the exception of two digraphs - see below:

Letter	A	B	D	E	G	GH	H	I	K	L	M	N	O	P	R	S	T	TS	U	V
Sound	a	b	d	e	g	ɣ	x	i	k	l	m	n	o	p	ɾ	s	t	t͡s	u	ʋ
Letter	Ā			Ē	GU			Ī	KU				Ō						Ū
Sound	aː			eː	gʷ			iː	kʷ				oː						uː
Letter								I											U
Sound								i̯											u̯

Harākti cuneiform

Harākti cuneiform is a version of the cuneiform script used to write Harākti. It has been adopted from the Hittite and Akkadian cuneiform systems, and as such it is essentially a syllabary. Or rather, the script consisnts of mainly syllabograms, mixed with a few Akkadograms and sumerograms that were widely used in other languages.

The syllabograms come in three types: CV, VC and CVC. The first two types are the most common while the CVC type is rarely used. Long vowels are written with an additional vowel sign. Since the language allows for consonant clusters of more than just two consonants, some vowels are therefore only written but not pronounced.

Note: in order for the cuneiform signs to display correctly, a font that supports them needs to be installed: Free Idg Serif[1] or Akkadian[2].

CV type of syllabograms
	-a	-e	-i	-o	-u
	𒀀	𒂊	𒄿	𒌑	𒌋
b-	𒁀	𒁁	𒇥	𒁐	𒁍
d-	𒁕	𒁲	𒁳	𒀿	𒁺
g-	𒂵	𒄀	𒆤	𒄘	𒄖
gh-	𒂷	𒄄	𒋃	𒅥	𒅘
h-	𒄩	𒃶	𒄭	𒆬	𒄷
k-	𒅗	𒆠	𒆍	𒆭	𒆪
l-	𒆷	𒇷	𒇲	𒇽	𒇻
m-	𒈠	𒈨	𒈪	𒊬	𒈬
n-	𒈾	𒉈	𒉌	𒈿	𒉡
p-	𒉺	𒋆	𒁉	𒆜	𒅤
r-	𒊏	𒊑	𒌷	𒆕	𒊒
s-	𒊭	𒊺	𒅆	𒋜	𒋗
t-	𒋫	𒋼	𒋾	𒌈	𒌅
ts-	𒍝	𒍢	𒍣	𒍥	𒍪
v-	𒉿	𒃾	𒃿	𒊉	𒊇

VC type of syllabograms
	a-	e-	i-	o-	u-
	𒀀	𒂊	𒄿	𒌑	𒌋
-b
-d	𒀜	𒁖	𒄉	𒌕
-g	𒀞	𒂕	𒅅		𒊌
-gh	𒉘		𒉞
-h	𒀪	𒄴	𒄵	𒌔	𒄸
-k	𒀝	𒀟	𒄈	𒌙
-l	𒀠	𒂖	𒅋
-m	𒄠	𒁽	𒅎		𒌝
-n	𒀭	𒂗	𒅔	𒄧	𒌦
-p	𒀊	𒅁	𒄾	𒌒	𒌣
-r	𒅈	𒅕	𒁓	𒌫	𒌨
-s	𒀸	𒌍	𒅖		𒍑
-t	𒀖	𒀉	𒄑	𒀾	𒌓
-ts	-	-	-	-	-
-v	-	-	-	-	-

Special syllabograms:

• 𒀁 - ā, instead of 𒀀𒀀 (a-a)
• 𒂍 - ē, instead of 𒂊𒂊 (e-e)
• 𒐊 - ī, instead of 𒄿𒄿 (i-i)
• 𒁴 - tí, in language names only, remains even when declined

Sumerograms and akkadograms

List of sumerograms and akkadograms

𒋀 (ŠEŠ) brahtēr - brother 𒊩𒌆 (NIN) suesōr - sister 𒂍 (É) parin - house 𒀀𒇉 (ÍD) harākah - river (also in 𒀀𒇉𒁴 harākti - Harākti; the name of the language) 𒃲 (GAL) megid - big; also as -enter for superlative 𒄭 (DUG) ōsut - good; also as -entsi for comparative 𒌉 (DUMU) sūnu - son 𒌉𒊩 (DUMU.MUNUS) dugohtēr - daughter 𒅯 (KIR4) nās - nose 𒊕 (SAG) kaput - head 𒌨𒌆 (UR.GI7) kuōn - dog 𒂼 (AMA) mahtēr, ānas - mother 𒋰 (TAB) duā - two; dūrig - second 𒈫 (MIN) tamāt - other 𒁹 (DIŠ) sen - one; senid - one 𒆳 (KUR) degōn - land, country 𒆜 (KASKAL) kēse - time 𒀭 (DINGIR)) dēva - god; also used as a determiner for a deity (precedes the name) 𒇻 (UDU) hāvi - sheep 𒇽𒌷𒇻 (LÚ.U19.LU) endūhse - human being 𒊮 (ŠÀ) kēr - heart 𒅀 (YA) or 𒄿𒀀 (I.A) -mis, -met, etc. - my (clitic possessive pronoun) 𒉌 (NI) -sis, set, etc. - our (clitic possessive pronoun) 𒄭𒀀 (ḪI.A) - plural marker with sumerograms or akkadograms 𒂗 (EN)) or (BĒLU) asha - master, lord 𒌆 (TÚG) lubāru - garment, cloth 𒅴 (EME) danghāh - language 𒅗 (INIM) ūtar - word; also 𒅗𒋫𒀪 (DUG4-ta-ah) mēmēntah - talk, talks, discussion 𒄖 (GU) hōku - sound, voice 𒂖 (ELLU) harauanid, harauan - free, freedom 𒍣 (ZID) harad - right, correct 𒌀 (QĪTU) gōrīd - aim, goal, target 𒆐 (KÀD) nāt- - un-, non- 𒋾 (TI) hānt - end 𒁍 (GÍD) dalāgh - long 𒈗 (LUGAL) hansu - king, lord 𒉺 (PA) vēt - branch 𒄑 (GIŠ) daru - tree 𒈦 (MAŠ) hansētar - family 𒈦𒅴 (MAŠ.EME) hansīdēku - dialect 𒈨 (ME) kanton - hundred (100) 𒈬 (MU) uet - year 𒋩 (SUR) serān - half 𒋃 (ŠID) ? - count > 𒋃𒀊𒌋 (ŠID-ap-u) kasāpu - estimate, calculation 𒌆𒌅 (TĒMU-tu) - malhantu - history 𒍪 (ZU) vādatar - knowledge 𒊬 (SAR) hatrid - written 𒂂 (DUGUD) kabid - important 𒍇 (QÀL) lenigh - light, easy 𒄾 (HÚL) sanentsīatar - joy, enjoyment, happiness 𒌣 (UMÚN) mōlu - mind, thought; also 𒌣𒆕 (UMÚN-ro) enaro - purpose 𒁶 (DÍM) samnāiatar - creating, creation 𒂖𒌀 (ELLU.QĪTU) senhaishar - try, trying 𒆳𒌣 (KUR.UMÚN) hansīmōlēn - culture 𒄙 (DUR) hūmantit - all 𒄑𒊬 (KIRŪ) kirītu - garden 𒁺 (GUB) istahī - to stand 𒆳𒀭 (KUR.DINGIR) nēbetar - heaven(s) 𒁔 (SUN5) genig - humble

Grammar

The grammar of Harākti is essentially a reflex of Proto-Indo-European grammar. It's an inflectional language with well developed declentional and conjugational patters. Especially the verbal morphology is closer to Hittite verbal morphology than to Latin or Sanskrit. Unlike Hittite, however, Harākti has three genders, even though the declensions often overlap. The main declensions can mostly be traced to PIE declensions.

Nouns

Nouns belong to one of the three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. Apart from that, mouns are inflected for three numbers: singular, dual and plural; as well as for eight cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, allative, ablative, and locative. The three genders also correspond to three main declenions, but there are several other minor delcensions, and many nouns of different genders are declined the same - the declension is decided based on the gender of a noun and the final sound(s).

First declension

The first declension is typically considered a masculine declension but many feminine nouns belong to this declension as well. The common endings are constonants and vowels -e and -a.

First declension
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-Ø/e/a	-ei	-ei
Genitive	-ī	-en	-en
Dative	-ē	-ēm	-ām
Accusative	-ān	-ei	-an
Instrumental	-ēn	-i	-(b/p)i
Allative	-ai	-ate	-at
Ablative	-is	-īs	-ās
Locative	-et	-eu	-(s)u

First declension: pōd (foot)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	pṓd	pṓdei	pṓdei
Genitive	pṓdī	pṓden	pṓden
Dative	pṓdē	pṓdēm	pṓdām
Accusative	pṓdān	pṓdei	pṓdan
Instrumental	pṓdēn	pṓdi	pṓdi
Allative	pṓdai	pṓdate	pṓdat
Ablative	pṓdis	pṓdīs	pṓdās
Locative	pṓdet	pṓdeu	pṓdu

Second declension

The second declension is traditionally seen a feminine declension but some masculine nouns belong to this declension as well. The common endings are -ti, -e and -i.

Second declension
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-e/i	-ei	-ēi
Genitive	-ē	-en	-ēn
Dative	-ēiē	-ēm	-īm
Accusative	-in	-ei	-īn
Instrumental	-ī	-ā	-ibi
Allative	-ai	-ate	-at
Ablative	-ēs	-īs	-ās
Locative	-et	-eu	-(s)u

Second declension: hāvi (sheep)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	hā́vi	hā́vei	hā́vēi
Genitive	hā́vē	hā́ven	hā́vēn
Dative	hāvḗiē	hā́vēm	hā́vīm
Accusative	hā́vin	hā́vei	hā́vīn
Instrumental	hā́vī	hā́vā	hā́vibi
Allative	hā́vai	hā́vate	hā́vat
Ablative	hā́vēs	hā́vīs	hā́vās
Locative	hā́vet	hā́veu	hā́vsu

Third declension

The third declension is typically considered a neuter declension. The third declension is used almost exclusively by neuter nouns, only a few masculine and feminine nouns belong to this declension. The common endings are vowels -ā, -o and -u.

Third declension
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-ā/o/u	-oi	-ai
Genitive	-ō	-ōn	-ōn
Dative	-ēi	-ōm	-ōm
Accusative	-an	-oi	-on
Instrumental	-ēn	-ī	-(o)b/pi
Allative	-ai	-ote	-ot
Ablative	-ēt	-ēs	-ōs
Locative	-ei	-ū	-(o)su

Third declension: aku (eye)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	áku	ákoi	ákai
Genitive	ákō	ákōn	ákōn
Dative	ákēi	ákōm	ákōm
Accusative	ákan	ákoi	ákon
Instrumental	ákēn	ákī	ákpi
Allative	ákai	ákote	ákot
Ablative	ákēt	ákēs	ákōs
Locative	ákei	ákū	áksu

Fourth declension

The fourth declension consists of nouns that end in -ah, regardless of the gender (however, the majority of nouns are feminine). There is a variant of this declension for nouns ending in -āh.

Fourth declension (main)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-ah	-ahe	-ahei
Genitive	-āh	-ahen	-ahen
Dative	-ahē	-ahēm	-ām
Accusative	-an	-ahe	-ahan
Instrumental	-ahēn	-ahā	-ahpi
Allative	-aha	-ahte	-ahat
Ablative	-ās	-ahī	-ahām
Locative	-ahi	-ahū	-ahsu

Fourth declension: harākah (river)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	harā́kah	harā́kahe	harā́kahei
Genitive	harā́kāh	harā́kahen	harā́kahen
Dative	harā́kahē	harā́kahēm	harā́kām
Accusative	harā́kan	harā́kahe	harā́kahan
Instrumental	harā́kahēn	harā́kahā	harā́kahpi
Allative	harā́kaha	harā́kahte	harā́kahat
Ablative	harā́kās	harā́kahī	harā́kahām
Locative	harā́kahi	harā́kahū	harā́kahsu

Fourth declension (minor)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-āh	-āhe	-āhei
Genitive	-āhī	-āhen	-āhen
Dative	-āhē	-āhēm	-āhām
Accusative	-āhān	-āhe	-āhan
Instrumental	-āhēn	-āhā	-āhpi
Allative	-āha	-āhte	-āhat
Ablative	-āhis	-āhīs	-āhās
Locative	-āhi	-āhū	-āhsu

Fourth declension (minor): danghāh (language)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	danghā́h	danghā́he	danghā́hei
Genitive	danghā́hī	danghā́hen	danghā́hen
Dative	danghā́hē	danghā́hēm	danghā́hām
Accusative	danghā́hān	danghā́he	danghā́han
Instrumental	danghā́hēn	danghā́hā	danghā́hpi
Allative	danghā́ha	danghā́hte	danghā́hat
Ablative	danghā́his	danghā́hīs	danghā́hās
Locative	danghā́hi	danghā́hū	danghā́hsu

Fifth declension

The fifth declension is rather limited and it consits of words that end in -ēr (or -ōr). The nouns can be either masculine or feminine - and they are mostly nouns denoting family members. There is a subtype of this declension for nouns ending in -ēn, which is pretty much the same as the main declension, but with a n instead of the r.

Fifth declension (main)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-ēr/ōr	-ere	-erē
Genitive	-arī	-aren	-aren
Dative	-arē	-arēm	-arām
Accusative	-erān	-ere	-aran
Instrumental	-arēn	-ari	-arbi
Allative	-ara	-arate	-arat
Ablative	-aris	-arīs	-arā
Locative	-eri	-areu	-arsu

Fifth declension (main): mahtēr (mother)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	máhtēr	máhtere	máhterē
Genitive	máhtarī	máhtaren	máhtaren
Dative	máhtarē	máhtarēm	máhtarām
Accusative	máhterān	máhtere	máhtaran
Instrumental	máhtarēn	máhtari	máhtarbi
Allative	máhtara	máhtarate	máhtarat
Ablative	máhtaris	máhtarīs	máhtarā
Locative	máhteri	máhtareu	máhtarsu

Fifth declension (minor)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-ēn	-ene	-enē
Genitive	-anī	-anen	-anen
Dative	-anē	-anēm	-anām
Accusative	-enān	-ene	-anan
Instrumental	-anēn	-ani	-anbi
Allative	-ana	-anate	-anat
Ablative	-anis	-anīs	-anā
Locative	-eni	-aneu	-ansu

Fifth declension (minor): hadēn (tooth)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	hadḗn	hadéne	hadénē
Genitive	hadánī	hadánen	hadánen
Dative	hadánē	hadánēm	hadánām
Accusative	hadénān	hadéne	hadánan
Instrumental	hadánēn	hadáni	hadánbi
Allative	hadána	hadánate	hadánat
Ablative	hadánis	hadánīs	hadánā
Locative	hadéni	hadáneu	hadánsu

Sixth declension

The sixth declension is used for masculine and feminine nouns ending in -u.

Sixth declension
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-u	-ue	-uē
Genitive	-ū	-uen	-uen
Dative	-ē	-ēm	-ām
Accusative	-ūn	-ue	-un
Instrumental	-uēn	-ui	-ubi
Allative	-ua	-ute	-ut
Ablative	-us	-ūs	-ūs
Locative	-uet	-ueu	-(u)su

Sixth declension: digu (fish)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	dígu	dígue	díguē
Genitive	dígū	díguen	díguen
Dative	dígē	dígēm	dígām
Accusative	dígūn	dígue	dígun
Instrumental	díguēn	dígui	dígubi
Allative	dígua	dígute	dígut
Ablative	dígus	dígūs	dígūs
Locative	díguet	dígueu	dígusu

Seventh declension

The seventh declension is used by noun that end in -ar. However, not every such noun belongs to this declension - only a handful of nouns belong to the seventh declension.

Sixth declension
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-ar	-are	-uē
Genitive	-arī	-aren	-aren
Dative	-arē	-ēm	-ām
Accusative	-ān	-are	-aran
Instrumental	-ēn	-ari	-abi
Allative	-ara	-ate	-arat
Ablative	-is	-īs	-ās
Locative	-aret	-arū	-aru

Sixth declension: eshar (blood)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	éshar	éshare	éshei
Genitive	ésharī	ésharen	ésharen
Dative	ésharē	éshēm	éshām
Accusative	éshān	éshare	ésharan
Instrumental	éshēn	éshari	éshabi
Allative	éshara	éshate	ésharat
Ablative	éshis	éshīs	éshās
Locative	ésharet	ésharū	ésharu

Eighth declension

The eighth declension is often called the irregular declension. Only a few nouns belong to this declension. They mostly follow the same pattern but usually each noun is specific. The typical ending is -Vr/vV or -VVr.

Eighth declension: daru (tree)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	dáru	dáruī	dáruh
Genitive	drēu	dréuen	dréuen
Dative	dréuē	drēm	drūm
Accusative	dáru	dáruī	dáruh
Instrumental	drū	dréi	drúbi
Allative	dréua	drúte	drut
Ablative	dréis	drīs	drūs
Locative	dréui	dréu	drúsu

Eighth declension: duer (door)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	duér	duéruī	duéruh
Genitive	durḗu	duréuen	duréuen
Dative	duréuē	dúrēm	dúrūm
Accusative	duér	duéruī	duéruh
Instrumental	dúrū	duréi	durúbi
Allative	duréua	durúte	dúrut
Ablative	duréis	dúrīs	dúrūs
Locative	duréui	duréu	durúsu

Eighth declension: divu (day)
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	dívu	dívuī	dívuh
Genitive	dvḗu	dvéuen	dvéuen
Dative	dvéuē	dvēm	dvūm
Accusative	dívu	dívuī	dívuh
Instrumental	dvū	dvéi	dvúbi
Allative	dvéua	dvúte	dvut
Ablative	dvéis	dvīs	dvūs
Locative	dvéui	dvéu	dvúsu

Stem modification

Stem modifications are quite common and they occur in every declension. There are several types of stem modification, and they usually apply to the rest of the paradigm. Some of the changes have already been covered in the above declensions and those are not included in the list below.

An overview of such modifications is as follows:

• loss of the syllable-final vowel

name: leman → lemnō

head: kaput → kaptī

• addition of -r and vowel shortening:

ear: hēu → heurō

hand: gē → gerī

• addition of -r, vowel loss and vowel shortening:

metal: hāie → hairō

• addition of -s and vowel shortening:

louse: lēu → leusī

• addition of -h- and vowel shortening:

nose: nās → nahsī

• reduction of a diphthong:

dog: kuōn → kūnī

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Harākti pronouns for first and second persons do not distinguish between genders, only third person pronouns do, and even that only in the nominative. The latter are also thought to have been either borrowed or heavily influenced by Hittite third person pronouns.

Personal pronouns
Case	First person			Second Person			Third person			Reflexive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ūga, ūg	ūē	uē	tuh	īū	iū	apam, apef, apān	epeim/f, epoin	apeim/f, apain	-
Genitive	amne; me	anūon; nuas	anson; nas	tūe; te	ūon; uas	uson; vas	apē	epen	apen	tentse; sē
Dative	meghi; mi	anūān; nuan	ansān; nan	tuebi; tūi, ti	ūān; uan	usān; van	apān	epēm	apām	tentsi; sā
Accusative	amē; mē	anūe; nūs	anse; nās	tuē; tē	ūe; ūs	use; vōs	apēn	epei	apan	tentsē; sē
Instrumental	amā	anūā	ansā	tuā	ūā	usā	apī	epti	apti	tentsā
Allative	amai	anūai	ansai	tuai	ūai	usai	apāi	epat	apat	tentsai
Ablative	amet	anūet	anset	tuet	ūet	uset	apēs	epīs	apās	tentset
Locative	amāt	anūāt	ansāt	tuāt	ūāt	usāt	apāt	epeu	apsu	tentsāt

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns come in two types: adjectival pronouns and clitic pronouns.

Clitic forms

Clitic possessive pronouns: first person singular
Case	Singular		Dual-plural
	Masc-fem	Neuter	Masc-fem	Neuter
Nominative	-mis	-met	-mes	-met
Genitive	-mas		-man
Dative	-mit		-mot
Accusative	-man	-met	-mus	-met
Instrumental	-mit		-mot
Allative	-met		-met
Ablative	-mis		-mes
Locative	-mat		-mut

Clitic possessive pronouns: second person singular
Case	Singular		Dual-plural
	Masc-fem	Neuter	Masc-fem	Neuter
Nominative	-tis	-tet	-tes	-tet
Genitive	-tas		-tan
Dative	-tit		-tot
Accusative	-tan	-tet	-tus	-tet
Instrumental	-tit		-tot
Allative	-tet		-tet
Ablative	-tis		-tes
Locative	-tat		-tut

Clitic possessive pronouns: first person plural
Case	Singular		Dual-plural
	Masc-fem	Neuter	Masc-fem	Neuter
Nominative	-sis	-set	-ses	-set
Genitive	-sas		-san
Dative	-sit		-sot
Accusative	-san	-set	-sus	-set
Instrumental	-sit		-sot
Allative	-set		-set
Ablative	-sis		-ses
Locative	-sat		-sut

Clitic possessive pronouns: second person plural
Case	Singular		Dual-plural
	Masc-fem	Neuter	Masc-fem	Neuter
Nominative	-uis	-uet	-ues	-uet
Genitive	-uas		-uan
Dative	-uit		-uot
Accusative	-uan	-uet	-uus (-ūs)	-uet
Instrumental	-uit		-uot
Allative	-uet		-uet
Ablative	-uis		-ues
Locative	-uat		-uut (-ūt)

Adjectival forms

Adjectival possessive pronouns are declined like adjectives.

Adjectival possessive pronouns: first person singular
Case	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	āmnes	āmni	āmnā	āmnei		āmnoi	āmnei	āmnēi	āmnai
Genitive	āmnī	āmnē	āmnō	āmnen		āmnōn	āmnen	āmnēn	āmnōn
Dative	āmnē	āmnēiē	āmnē	āmnēm		āmnōm	āmnām	āmnīm	āmnōm
Accusative	āmnes	āmnin	āmnā	āmnei		āmnoi	āmnei	āmnēi	āmnai
Instrumental	āmnibi	āmnī	āmnibi	āmnī	āmnā	āmnī	āmnibi
Allative	āmnai			āmnate			āmnat
Ablative	āmnis	āmnēs		āmnīs			āmnās		āmnōs
Locative	āmnet		āmnei	āmneu		āmnu	āmnu

Adjectival possessive pronouns: second person singular
Case	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	tūes	tūi	tūā	tūei		tūoi	tūei	tūēi	tūai
Genitive	tūī	tūē	tūō	tūen		tūōn	tūen	tūēn	tūōn
Dative	tūē	tūēiē	tūē	tūēm		tūōm	tūām	tūīm	tūōm
Accusative	tūes	tūin	tūā	tūei		tūoi	tūei	tūēi	tūai
Instrumental	tūbi	tūī	tūbi	tūī	tūā	tūī	tūbi
Allative	tūai			tūate			tūat
Ablative	tūis	tūēs		tūīs			tūās		tūōs
Locative	tūet		tūei	tūeu		tūu	tūu

Adjectival possessive pronouns: third person singular
Case	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	āpes	āpi	āpā	āpei		āpoi	āpei	āpēi	āpai
Genitive	āpī	āpē	āpō	āpen		āpōn	āpen	āpēn	āpōn
Dative	āpē	āpēiē	āpē	āpēm		āpōm	āpām	āpīm	āpōm
Accusative	āpes	āpin	āpā	āpei		āpoi	āpei	āpēi	āpai
Instrumental	āpebi	āpī	āpebi	āpī	āpā	āpī	āpebi
Allative	āpai			āpate			āpat
Ablative	āpis	āpēs		āpīs			āpās		āpōs
Locative	āpet		āpei	āpeu		āpu	āpu

Adjectival possessive pronouns: first person dual
Case	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ānes	āni	ānā	ānei		ānoi	ānei	ānēi	ānai
Genitive	ānī	ānē	ānō	ānen		ānōn	ānen	ānēn	ānōn
Dative	ānē	ānēiē	ānē	ānēm		ānōm	ānām	ānīm	ānōm
Accusative	ānes	ānin	ānā	ānei		ānoi	ānei	ānēi	ānai
Instrumental	ānibi	ānī	ānibi	ānī	ānā	ānī	ānibi
Allative	ānai			ānate			ānat
Ablative	ānis	ānēs		ānīs			ānās		ānōs
Locative	ānet		ānei	āneu		ānu	ānu

Adjectival possessive pronouns: second person dual
Case	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ūies	ūī	ūiā	ūiei		ūioi	ūiei	ūiēi	ūiai
Genitive	ūiī	ūiē	ūiō	ūsen		ūiōn	ūien	ūiēn	ūiōn
Dative	ūiē	ūiēiē	ūiē	ūiēm		ūiōm	ūiām	ūīm	ūiōm
Accusative	ūies	ūīn	ūiā	ūiei		ūioi	ūiei	ūiēi	ūiai
Instrumental	ūibi	ūī	ūibi	ūī	ūiā	ūī	ūibi
Allative	ūiai			ūiate			ūiat
Ablative	ūīs	ūiēs		ūīs			ūiās		ūiōs
Locative	ūiet		ūiei	ūieu		ūiu	ūiu

Adjectival possessive pronouns: first person plural
Case	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ānses	ānsi	ānsā	ānsei		ānsoi	ānsei	ānsēi	ānsai
Genitive	ānsī	ānsē	ānsō	ānsen		ānsōn	ānsen	ānsēn	ānsōn
Dative	ānsē	ānsēiē	ānsē	ānsēm		ānsōm	ānsām	ānsīm	ānsōm
Accusative	ānses	ānsin	ānsā	ānsei		ānsoi	ānsei	ānsēi	ānsai
Instrumental	ānsibi	ānsī	ānsibi	ānsī	ānsā	ānsī	ānsibi
Allative	ānsai			ānsate			ānsat
Ablative	ānsis	ānsēs		ānsīs			ānsās		ānsōs
Locative	ānset		ānsei	ānseu		ānsu	ānsu

Adjectival possessive pronouns: first person plural
Case	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ūses	ūsi	ūsā	ūsei		ūsoi	ūsei	ūsēi	ūsai
Genitive	ūsī	ūsē	ūsō	ūsen		ūsōn	ūsen	ūsēn	ūsōn
Dative	ūsē	ūsēiē	ūsē	ūsēm		ūsōm	ūsām	ūsīm	ūsōm
Accusative	ūses	ūsin	ūsā	ūsei		ūsoi	ūsei	ūsēi	ūsai
Instrumental	ūspi	ūsī	ūspi	ūsī	ūsā	ūsī	ūspi
Allative	ūsai			ūsate			ūsat
Ablative	ūsis	ūsēs		ūsīs			ūsās		ūsōs
Locative	ūset		ūsei	ūseu		ūsu	ūsu

Adjectival possessive pronouns: third person dual-plural
Case	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ēpes	ēpi	ēpā	ēpei		ēpoi	ēpei	ēpēi	ēpai
Genitive	ēpī	ēpē	ēpō	ēpen		ēpōn	ēpen	ēpēn	ēpōn
Dative	ēpē	ēpēiē	ēpē	ēpēm		ēpōm	ēpām	ēpīm	ēpōm
Accusative	ēpes	ēpin	ēpā	ēāpei		ēpoi	ēpei	ēpēi	ēpai
Instrumental	ēpebi	ēpī	ēpebi	ēpī	ēpā	ēpī	ēpebi
Allative	ēpai			ēpate			ēpat
Ablative	ēpis	ēpēs		ēpīs			ēpās		ēpōs
Locative	ēpet		ēpei	ēpeu		ēpu	ēpu

Adjectives

Most adjectives can be recognised by their ending; they usually end in -it or -id, and sometimes -ig. The vowel -i is a fleeting vowel and is lost when declining (except in accusative singular masculine). Adjectives agree with the headword in number, case and gender. The declensions are fixed and they mainy correspond to the main three nominal declensions.

Adjectival declension
Case	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	(-it/d/g)	-i	-ā	-ei	-ei	-oi	-ei	-ēi	-ai
Genitive	-ī	-ē	-ō	-en	-en	-ōn	-en	-ēn	-ōn
Dative	-ē	-ēiē	-ē	-ēm	-ēm	-ōm	-ām	-īm	-ōm
Accusative	(-it/d/g)	-in	-ā	-ei	-ei	-oi	-ei	-ēi	-oi
Instrumental	-ibi	-ī	-ibi	-ī	-ā	-ī	-ibi	-ibi	-ibi
Allative	-ai	-ai	-ai	-ate	-ate	-ate	-at	-at	-at
Ablative	-is	-ēs	-ēs	-īs	-īs	-īs	-ās	-ās	-ōs
Locative	-et	-et	-ei	-eu	-eu	-u	-u	-u	-u

Adjectival declension: malid (small)
Case	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	malid	maldi	maldā	maldei		maldoi	maldei	maldēi	maldai
Genitive	maldī	maldē	maldō	malden		maldōn	malden	maldēn	maldōn
Dative	maldē	maldēiē	maldē	maldēm		maldōm	maldām	maldīm	maldōm
Accusative	malid	maldin	maldā	maldei		maldoi	maldei	maldēi	maldai
Instrumental	maldibi	maldī	maldibi	maldī	maldā	maldī	maldibi
Allative	maldai			maldate			maldat
Ablative	maldis	maldēs		maldīs			maldās		maldōs
Locative	maldet		maldei	maldeu		maldu	maldu

Comparison

Comparison of adjectives is commonly formed by suffixing or prefixing, but it is also possible to form it by adverbs, similar to English. There are four degrees: positive (the normal form of the adjectives), comparative, superlative and elative (corresponds to English too).

The suffixes are:

• comparative: -entsi (→ -ents-/-ent-)
• superlative: -enter (→ -enter-/-entr-)

The prefix is:

• elative: per-

The origin of the suffixes is unknown. They do not correspond to Late PIE suffixes, which can be found in most modern IE languages, and Middle PIE did not form the degrees by suffixing, as evident from the Anatolian branch. Since Harākti is an Anatolian language (or it has evolved in close proximity to Anatolian languages), it is speculated that the suffixes could be related to Hittite ergative suffixes -anza (singular) and -anteš (plural).

The elative prefix, on the other hand, is clearly from PIE *per- (corresponds to Latin pre-, Slavic pre-, etc.).

Adjectival declension: comparative degree
Case	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	-entsi		-entsā	-entsei		-entsoi	-entsei	-entsēi	-entsai
Genitive	-entsī	-entsē	-entsō	-entsen		-entsōn	-entsen	-entsēn	-entsōn
Dative	-entsē	-entsēiē	-entsē	-entsēm		-entsōm	-entsām	-entsīm	-entsōm
Accusative	-entsi	-entsin	-entsā	-entsei		-entsoi	-entsei	-entsēi	-entsoi
Instrumental	-entibi	-entsī	-entibi	-entsī	-entsā	-entsī	-entibi
Allative	-entsai			-entate			-entat
Ablative	-entis	-entēs		-entīs			-entās		-entōs
Locative	-entet		-entsei	-entseu		-entsu	-entsu

Adjectival declension: superlative degree
Case	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	-enter	-enteri	-enterā	-enterei		-enteroi	-enterei	-enterēi	-enterai
Genitive	-enterī	-enterē	-enterō	-enteren		-enterōn	-enteren	-enterēn	-enterōn
Dative	-enterē	-entrēiē	-enterē	-enterēm		-enterōm	-enterām	-enterīm	-enterōm
Accusative	-enteri	-enterin	-enterā	-enterei		-enteroi	-enterei	-enterēi	-enteroi
Instrumental	-entribi	-enterī	-entribi	-enterī	-enterā	-enterī	-entribi
Allative	-enterai			-entrate			-entrat
Ablative	-entris	-entrēs		-entrīs			-entrās		-entrōs
Locative	-entret		-enterei	-entereu		-enteru	-enteru

Verbs

Verbs in Harākti are, as expected, inflected, or conjugated, for three persons (1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd) and three numbers (singular, dual and plural), tenses, aspects, voices and moods. The verb has to agree with the subject in person and number.

Tense

Harākti has three tenses in total: present, preterite and future. The present and preterite are inherited from Proto-Indo-European, while the future is derived from the present by means of suffixing an -s to the present forms. The present forms end in -i, which is dropped in the preterite. Some other changes may also occur in the preterite forms. The present and preterite forms usually come in two varieties: athematic, which are added directly to the stem, and thematic, which are preceded by a vowel between the stem and the suffix. The proper distinction from Proto-Indo-European has, however, been lost and many verbs use a combination of both.

There are also two periphrastic tenses, commonly called present perfect and past perfect (or pluperfect). They appear to have been borrowed from Hittite, as evident by their formation. Both tenses are formed with an auxiliary verb and a past participle. There are two auxiliary verbs: harkā (to have) and esī (to be). The first verb, harkā, is borrowed directly from Hittite as it otherwise does not occur in Harākti. There is a difference in their use: harkā is used with transitive verbs and esī with intransitive verbs. The participle following harkā is uninflected and it occurs in the neuter form, while the participle following esī is inflected for gender and number. The tenses are formed as expected: present perfect with the auxiliary in the present tense plus the participle; and past perfect with the auxiliary in the preterite tense plus the participle. Theoretically, a future perfect could also be formed but such a tense does not occur in the language, even though it would be understood. The system bears stricking resemblence with similar formations in Romance languages but it predates them by centuries - Harākti and Hittite are also the only two languages of the Anatolian branch that have such a formation and Hittite seems to have developed it on its own (and as mentioned, later borrowed to Harākti).

Aspect

Verbs are usually either perfective or imperfective by default. Often when changing the aspect, the verbal stem also changes, either by adding a suffix (sometimes prefix) to the stem or by ablauting of the stem. The latter is usually unpredictable, but the number of suffixes/prefixes is limited. However, the perfective or imperfective aspects are only applied to verb in their basic form. The imperfective covers two aspects: progressive-iterative, which is formed by suffixing -re, and durative-habitual, which is formed by adding -sk-. Adding the progressive-iterative suffix to imperfective verbs creates interative verbs. The durative-habitual aspect is mainly used with the preterite tense in the meaning of used to [do something]. The perfective aspect is most commonly formed by reduplication of the verbal root. That involves prefixing the reduplicated root to the stem and often also ablauting of the stem. It is also possible to add the progressive-iterative suffix to a verb that has been turned perfective (originally an imperfective verb), and the resulting verb is usually iterative.

The causative aspect (although it is not a true aspect but is usually counted as such) is formed by adding -nen to the stem. The suffix is then often changed to -ne, -nu or -neu when conjugated. The causative is a very productive way of forming new verbs from other verbs, for example the causative of vēdī ('to see') is vēdnenī which means 'to realise'.

Voice

Harākti has three voices: active, mediopassive, and passive. The first two, active and mediopassive, are inherited from Proto-Indo-European. The forms of mediopassive are very similar to those in Hittite mediopassive (as well as the active ones). The passive, on the other hand, is an innovation, although its forms are very similar to the mediopassive forms. The passive is thought to have formed by applying the preterite 3^rd person plural suffix -er to the rest of the paradigm.

The active voice is used by verbs that denote some sort of action, which is most verbs. The mediopassive and passive voices are a bit different. The mediopassive is used by some stative verbs by default. However, when an action verb is used in the mediopassive, the meaning is usually reflexive, or passive when used in the 3rd person. Stative verbs can be used in the active voice as well, but the use is restricted - stative verbs (that are mediopassive by default) in the active voice then convey some sort of action involved and are used in combination with adverb of direction, as in to sit down. The passive corresponds to the passive forms in other languages, but not every verb has a passive form - especially stative imperfective verbs. Also, the passive is usually not used when the corresponding translation would be to be (adjective), as one might expect, but such verbs are mediopassive. An example of such a verb is tērsehī ('to be thirsty').

Mood

There are several moods in Harākti: indicative, imperative, conditional, optative and reputative (sometimes called optative-conditional or even subjunctive but reputative is preferred to avoid confusion). The indicative and imperative moods are inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European; the other moods are a later development within the language itself. However, unlike the PIE imperative, in Harākti there are forms for all three persons (and numbers, of course). In the 1st person the meaning is usually something along the lines of let me or let's. The 3rd person forms are usually used when reporting imperative (a use that overlaps with 3rd person optative). The conditional is used in conditional sentences where it is used both in the conditional clause (the if-clause) and the main clause. It is also often used in other environments and it often overlaps with the subjunctive in English. The optative variously corresponds to English let, may, shall or should, or the subjunctive in certain contexts. The third mood, reputative, is used to convey the meaning of to be supposed to or should in certain contexts.

Since Proto-Indo-European has not yet evolved the traditional suffixes for subjunctive and optative by the time of the language split (Middle PIE), the language lacks inflectionally formed moods other than the indicative and imperative. The language has, however, either independently or under the influence of surrounding languages, developed its own system. The conditional, optative and reputative are formed periphrastically by combining a particle and the indicative. The conditional is formed with the particle mān, which appears to have been borrowed from Hittite mān (meaning 'if'), the optative is formed with an ablauted version of the same particle: mēn, and the reputative is formed with the particle kān. The origin of the latter is unknown but it has been suggested that it originated from the Hittite clitic -kan.

Conjugation

Main article: Harākti conjugation

Overview of conjugations
Mood	Person, number	Active		Mediopassive		Passive
		Present	Preterite	Present	Preterite	Present	Preterite
Indicative	1 sg.	-mi/-a	-an	-(a)hari	-(a)han	-(a)mari	-(a)mar
	2 sg.	-(e)si	-(e)s	-(e)hati	(e)hat	-(e)sari	-(e)sar
	3 sg.	-(e)ti	-(e)t	-(e)tari	-(e)tat	-(e)tori	-(e)tor
	1 du.	-(a)vē	-(a)ven	-(a)vastah	-(a)vedah	-(a)dori	-(a)doron
	2 du.	-(e)tē	-(e)tan	-(e)vatē	-(e)vetat	-(e)vari	-(e)varat
	3 du.	-(e)tē	-(e)tan	-(e)vatē	-(e)vetat	-(e)vari	-(e)varat
	1 pl.	-(a)mē	-(a)men	-(a)mastah	-(a)metah	-(a)mori	-(a)moron
	2 pl.	-(e)te	-(e)ten	-(e)dahū	-(e)dahūt	-(e)dari	-(e)darat
	3 pl.	-(a)nti	-er	-(a)ntar	-(a)ntat	-(a)ntori	-(a)ntorat
Imperative	1 sg.	-(a)lu	-	-(a)haru	-	-(a)maru	-
	2 sg.	-(e)di/-(ei)e		-(e)hut		-(e)rut
	3 sg.	-tu/-u		-(e)taru		-(e)toru
	1 du.	-ūn		-(a)dūn		-(a)dūr
	2 du.	-(e)ton		-(e)tun		-(e)run
	3 du.	-(e)ton		-(e)tun		-(e)run
	1 pl.	-(a)mu		-(a)madu		-(a)moru
	2 pl.	-(e)tū		-(e)dū		-(e)rū
	3 pl.	-(a)ndu		-(a)ntu		-(a)ntū

Other tenses, aspects and moods:

• future: -s (added to the present forms)
• progressive-iterative: -re-
• habitual-durative: -sk-
• causative: -nen- (→ -ne-/-nu-/-neu-)
• conditional: mān (plus normally conjugated verb)
• optative: mēn (plus normally conjugated verb)
• reputative: kān (plus normally conjugated verb)

Impersonal forms:

• present active gerund: -(a)uantsi (indeclinable)
• past active gerund: -vese/-uese (indeclinable)
• present active participle: -(a)man (declined as adjectives)
• past active participle verbal: -(a)nt- (forming tenses)
• past active participle adjectival: -(a)mantsi (declined as adjectives)
• past passive participle: -it/-id (declined as adjectives)
• infinitives: -ā/-ī (active), -hī (mediopassive), -rī (passive)
• supine: -(a)uan
• verbal noun: -atar/-(e)shar (7^th declension)

Syntax

Harākti is a SVO language and in that respect it is different from Hittite or Latin (which are both SOV languages). The language shows its typical word order even in the earliest texts and it appears it became SVO soon after it branched off from Proto-Indo-European. However, due to its morphology, the word order is very free.

Adjectives usually precede the noun. Harākti is also a pro-drop language, so personal pronouns are often omitted.

Texts

Internal texts:

• Hansu Hansuen or the King of Kings text, part of Harāktian mythology.

External texts:

• Schleicher's fable, titled Hāvi nu ākuē.
• Kāni petāhen or the Song of Birds, part of the First Linguifex Relay.