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West Carpathian grammar: Difference between revisions

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In this article various aspects of [[West Carpathian]] grammar are discussed. Unlike the neighbouring languages, such as Slovak and Polish, which are the Slavic languages, West Carpathian belongs to the [[w:Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] language family, and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages.
In this article various aspects of [[West Carpathian]] grammar are discussed. Unlike the neighbouring languages, such as Slovak and Polish, which are the Slavic languages, West Carpathian belongs to the [[w:Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] language family, and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages.
==Nouns==
==Nouns==
The West Carpathian language has gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: ''sun'' is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished.
The West Carpathian language has no gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: ''sun'' is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished.
===Cases===
===Cases===
West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings for singular ('''sg''') and plural ('''pl''') numbers are shown in the table below:
West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings for singular ('''sg''') and plural ('''pl''') numbers are shown in the table below:
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|
|
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 2, pärä - "bark"
|+ Tuare 2, piärä - "bark"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Case
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! sg !! pl
! sg !! pl
|-
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''pärä'' || ''päräk''  
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''piärä'' || ''piäräk''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''päreä'' || ''pärämme''  
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''piäreä'' || ''piärämme''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''pärui'' || ''pärädui''  
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''piärui'' || ''piärädui''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''päräid'' || ''pärīd''  
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''piäräid'' || ''piärīd''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''pärēn'' || ''päräkēn''  
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''piärēn'' || ''piäräkēn''  
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|
|
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tuare 5, lakō - "small"
|+ Tuare 5, lākō - "small"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! rowspan="2" | Case
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! sg !! pl
! sg !! pl
|-
|-
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''lakō'' || ''laok''  
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''lākō'' || ''laok''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''lakauta'' || ''laomma''  
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''lākauta'' || ''laomma''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''lakauju'' || ''lakōdū''  
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''lākauju'' || ''lākōdū''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''laojcid'' || ''laojdid''  
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''laojcid'' || ''laojdid''  
|-
|-
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''lakavōn'' || ''laovkōn''  
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''lākavōn'' || ''laovkōn''  
|-
|-
|}
|}
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====Infinitive X====
====Infinitive X====
The infintive X is obsolete in modern day speech and can often be found only in one verb ''jiedi'' "to know", the infinitive of which is ''jīnki'' and means "as far as it is known". Personal endings can be added to it (this feature developed later after the division of the Carpathian languages), the most commonly used ''jīngin'' "as far as I know" or ''jīnginka'' "as far as we know".
The infintive X is obsolete in modern day speech and can often be found only in one verb ''jiedi'' "to know", the infinitive of which is ''jīnki'' and means "as far as it is known". Personal endings can be added to it (this feature developed later after the division of the Carpathian languages), the most commonly used ''jīngin'' "as far as I know" or ''jīnginka'' "as far as we know".
===Verb types===
There are ten inflection verb types. Every verb belongs to a certain type according to its verb stem. Nine types are regular, since verbs belonging to these types have predictable basic changes in conjugation. The following table shows some of these changes, which define the conjugation pattern (''vinsatuare''):
{| class="wikitable"
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Type
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Example
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | 1<sup>sg</sup> Pres.
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | 3<sup>sg</sup> Past
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | 2<sup>sg</sup> Imp.
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Infinitive III
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Infinitive V
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Infinitive I
! class="hintergrundfarbe6" | Translation
|-
| I-a
| māli
| mālel
| māluvā
| mālkē
| malmōn
| mālinna
| -i
| to talk
|-
| I-b
| kuoidi
| kuil
| kuoiduvā
| kuoikē
| kuimōn
| kuoinna
| -ji/-di
| to melt
|-
| I-c
| niähti
| nēllel
| niähtuvā
| nēlkē
| nēllemēn
| niähtinnä
| -hpi/-hti/-hci/-hki
| to give
|-
| I-d
| miänti
| miännel
| miäntuvā
| miänkē
| miännemēn
| miäntinnä
| -mpi/-nti/-nki/-sti
| to recall
|-
| II
| poadi
| paol
| poaduvā
| poadekē
| paomōn
| poadinna
| -ädi/-adi
| to fall
|-
| II-b
| pirki
| piril
| pirjivā
| pirjikē
| pirimēn
| pirkinnä
| -rki/-lki/-ski
| to remain
|-
| III
| kārui
| kārul
| kāruvā
| kārukē
| kārumōn
| kāruinna
| -ei/-ui
| to be green
|-
| IV
| ňiheškai
| ňiheššal
| ňiheškavā
| ňiheškakē
| ňiheššamōn
| ňiheškainna
| -kai
| to have fish
|-
| V
| varvekui
| varveul
| varvekuvā
| varvekukē
| varveumōn
| varvekuinna
| -kui
| to paint
|-
| VI
| rūhtei
| rūkkēl
| rūhtevā
| rūhtekē
| rūkkēmōn
| rūhteinna
| -tei
| to make clothes
|-
| VII
| soveähtei
| soveällel
| soveähtevā
| soveähtekē
| soveällemōn
| soveähteinna
| -ahtei
| to go skiing
|-
| VIII
| näissi
| näisel
| näissevā
| näiskē
| näisemēn
| näissinnä
| -ssi
| to be able to swim
|-
| IX
| pellekei
| pellekil
| pellekeivā
| pelleikkē
| pellekimōn
| pellekīnna
| -kei
| to want to sing
|-
| X
| terväi
| tervän
| terväjä
| tervē
| tervämēn
| terväinnä
| -äi/-ai
| to need
|}


[[Category:Carpathian languages]]
[[Category:Carpathian languages]]
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