User:Chrysophylax/Idephines: Difference between revisions

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My latest chamlang, in the style of Dhannuá being "plausibly Celtic" at first glance, this shall be "plausibly at first glance" a mystical love child of Proto-Greek and Proto-Albanian, avec dashes of ''liquamen''. It is named after the Boeotian word for sweet-voiced, ''ἴδηφιν''.
My latest chamlang, in the style of Dhannuá being "plausibly Celtic" at first glance, this shall be "plausibly at first glance" a mystical love child of Proto-Greek and Proto-Albanian, avec dashes of ''liquamen''. It is named after the Boeotian word for sweet-voiced, ''ἴδηφιν''.  


==Changes from Proto-Indo-European==
And now, I've come up with a proper glottonym, woo!
 
(ϜΕΠΟΣ) ΧΙΡΑΘΩΝ
 
==A Tentative Chronological Order of Sound Change==
===The elimination of the laryngeals and their effect on nearby vowels===
====Hoffman's Law====
 
Not unlike Cowgill's law in the Germanic branch, there appears to be occasional consonant reflexes of certain laryngeals in Dephinian.
The sound change, called Hoffman's law (sometimes Hoffman-Cowgill) after Maribel Hoffman's discovery (Hoffman 1988: 201 n. 2) that either Cowgill's law or something very similar to it operates to a certain extent in some Dephinian words albeit with the modification that the reflex is *g and not *k (as in Germanic).
 
: PIE *gʷih₃wós > *gʷigwós > *gʷígʷus > Deph βιφος /ˈbipʰos/ (with analogical lowering of the nominative ending vowel, cf. μιρτος /ˈmirtos/ ‘dead’)
 
This sound change must predate the change of the labiovelars to labials, as there is no attested **βίυς /biːus/ which would be the regular outcome of a form **bíh₃wós with intervocalic w- and laryngeal deletion.
 
====Quinn's Law====
 
Quinn's law was first formulated by Nathanel Quinn to explain certain irregularities in the inherited lexicon. It states that /g/ before /h₂/ gave -gʰa- as a result of leftwards aspiration assimilation in the earliest stages of Dephinian. (Quinn 2009: 103 n. 1)
 
:PIE *dʰugh₂tḗr > *dugʰatḗr > *dugʰátēr > Deph δυχάτηρ /duˈχɑteːr/ ‘daughter’ instead of expected **δυγατηρ < **dhugátēr.
 
===Delabialization of m===
PIE *yugóm > *yugón
 
===Initial jod fortition===
{{ast}}yugón > *dyugon
===Loss of word-final stop consonants===
 
===Barytonesis===
{{ast}}dyugon > *dyúgon
 
===Merger of labiovelars into labials===
 
===Vocalisation of word-final /s/===
 
===Raising of /o/ to /u/ between resonants and labials===
PIE *nókʷt-s > *nópts > *núpts > *nū́ps > Deph νυιψ /nyps/ ‘night’
 
===Palatalisation===
 
===Debuccalisation of /s/===
 
===Depatalisation===
 
===Assimilation of /s/ to neighbouring stops===
 
==Chronologically unordered list of delicious sound changes==
===Misc. changes pilfered from Proto-Albanian and Proto-Greek===
===Misc. changes pilfered from Proto-Albanian and Proto-Greek===
:* /s/ > /χ/ \ V_V, /s/ > /θ/ \ _V, /χ/ \ -_k-, /θ/ \ -_d-, /ʃ/ \ [r u̯ k i̯]_V, /i̯/ \ V̄_#
:* /s/ > /χ/ \ V_V, _R /s/ > /θ/ \ _V, /χ/ \ -_k-, /θ/ \ -_d-, /ʃ/ \ [r u̯ k i̯]_V, /i̯/ \ V̄_#
:* /y/ > /dy/ \ #_
:* /y/ > /dy/ \ #_
:* Loss of final stop consonants; /m/ > /n/ \ _#
::: {{term|θυγον}} ''thúgon'' 'yoke' < ''*čúgon'' < *''dyúgon'' < PIE ''*yugóm''
:* Loss of final stop consonants
:: ''P, T, K'' > 0 \ _#
:* /m/ > /n/ \ _#
:* /h₁/, /h₂/, /h₃/ > /e/ /a/ /o/ \ V_V, _C
:* /h₁/, /h₂/, /h₃/ > /e/ /a/ /o/ \ V_V, _C
::: {{term|ενεν}} ''énen'' 'name' < PIE ''*h₁nómn̥-'',
:* CRHC > CRēC, CRāC, CrōC [1-2-3]
:* CRHC > CRēC, CRāC, CrōC [1-2-3]
:* laryngeal colouring and compensatory lengthening of following vowels
:: /h₁e/, /h₂e/, /h₃e/ > /ē/, /ā/, /ō/
::: {{term|αντηρηι}} ''ā́ntērēi'' 'ancestors' < PIE *''h₂en-tḗr-''
::: {{term|ωφώχωι}} ''ōphṓχōi'' 'of a serpent' < PIE ''*h₃egʷ-''
===Plosives===
===Plosives===
:* /p/ > /p/
:* /p/ > /p/
:* /t/ > /t/
:* /t/ > /t/
:* /k/ > /k/, /χ/ \#_R
:* /ty/ > /θ/
:::  {{term|χιρέθωι}} ''khiréthōi'' 'harder' < *''χrétʲōi'' < PIE ''*kret-yōs'', cf. {{term|χιρτυς}} ''khírtus'' 'hard'
:* /k/ > /k/, /χ/ \#_R,
:* K > /χ/ \#_R
:* "/b/" > /b/
:* "/b/" > /b/
:* /d/ > /d/,
:* /d/ > /d/,
:* /g/ > /g/
:* /g/ > /g/
:* /bh/ > /b/, /ph/ \ R_, V_V
:* /bʱ/ > /b/, /ph/ \ R_, V_V, #_R
:* /dh/ > /d/, /th/ \ R_, V_V, /thy/ > /čč/ > /θ/
::: {{term|φρατηρ}} ''phrā́tēr'' 'brother' < PIE ''*bʰréh₂tēr''
:* /gh/ > /g/, /χ/ \ R_, V_V, /khy/ > /čč/ > /θ/ \ #_
:* /dh/ > /d/, /th/ \ R_, V_V,
:* /gʷ/ > /b/ Ideph. ''bori'' < PIE *''gʷor̥'' o-grade of *gʷr̩H—
:* /dhy/ > /θ/ \ #_V
::: {{term|θαν}} ''thān'' 'thought' < PIE ''*dhyeh₂-mn̥-''
:* /gʱ/ > /g/, /χ/ \ R_, V_V, /khy/ > /čč/ > /θ/ \ #_
:* /gʷ/ > /b/  
::: {{term|βορι}} ''bori'' 'hill' < PIE *''gʷor̥'', o-grade of ''*gʷr̩H—'',
:* /gʷ/ > /''T''/ \ _e
::: {{term|δην}} ''dēn'' 'woman' < PIE ''*gʷḗn''
::: {{term|δηφινωι}} ''dḗphinōi'' 'of the living' < PIE ''*gʷeyh₃w-n̩-'', but {{term|βιφος}} ''bíphos'' 'alive' < PIE ''*gʷih₃wos''
::: {{term|θεμμι}} ''thémmi'' 'I strike' < PIE ''*gʷhen-mi'', but {{term|βονος}} ''bonos'' 'argument' < *''gʷhón-os''
:* /gʱʷ/ > /pʰ/ \ R_, V_V, /b/ 
::: {{term|ωφες}} ''ōphes'' 'serpent' < PIE ''*h₃egʰʷis''
:* /kʷ/ > /p/
::: {{term|πις}} ''pis'' 'who' < PIE ''*kʷis''
:* /kʰʷ/ > /pʰ/ \ R_, V_V, /p/
:* /ḱ/ >  /θ/ \ _e
::: {{term|θεμμι}} ''thémmi'' 'I say, I talk' < PIE ''*ḱéh₁mi''


===Pilfered from Aeolic===
===Pilfered from Aeolic===
Line 24: Line 97:
* Mostly athematic inflection (''-mi'' set)
* Mostly athematic inflection (''-mi'' set)
* Athematic infinitive in ''-menai'', thematic in ''-men''
* Athematic infinitive in ''-menai'', thematic in ''-men''
* barytonesis, jump of accent.
:: {{term|θυγον}} ''thúgon'' vs. PIE ''*yugóm''


===Resonants===
===Resonants===
:* /r̩/ > /ri/ \ _[s ʃ θ], _#; e.g. Ideph. ''riθos'' < *''r̥θos'' (<''*arθós'') < ''*h₂r̥ḱθos'' < PIE ''*h₂r̥tḱos''
:* /r̩/ > /ri/ \ _[s ʃ θ], _#; e.g. Ideph. ''riθos'' < *''ŕ̥θos'' (<''*arθós'') < ''*h₂r̥ḱθos'' < PIE ''*h₂r̥tḱos''
:* /r̩/ > /ir/ \ _C; e.g. Ideph. ''χirtus'' < Pre-Idephin ''*χr̥tus'' < PIE ''*kr̥tus''
:* /r̩/ > /ir/ \ _C; e.g. Ideph. ''χirtus'' < Pre-Idephin ''*χr̥tus'' < PIE ''*kr̥tus''
:* /l̩/ > /al/ \ _R
:* /l̩/ > /al/ \ _R
Line 33: Line 108:


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
:* /o/ > /u/ \ R_{{sc|+labial}}
:* /o/ > /u/ \ R_{{sc|+labial}} ; e.g. {{term|νυιψ}} ''nyps'' 'night' < ''*nūps'' < ''*núpts'' < PIE ''*nókʷt-s''
:* <s>/o/ > /a/</s>
:* <s>/o/ > /a/</s>
:* /ō/ > /o/
:* <s>/ō/ > /o/</s> {{term|ϝηχωρ}} ''vḗχōr'' 'sister' < ''*vḗχōr'' < ''*χwéχōr'' < PIE ''*swésōr''
:* /u/ > /u/
:* /u/ > /u/
:* /ū/ > /y/
:* /ū/ > /y/
:* /e/ > /je/ \R_C
:* /e/ > /je/ \R_C dial. {{term|ϝιήθηρ}} ''vjḗthēr'' < ''*χwéθtēr'' < dial. PIE ''*swéstēr'' by analogy with ''*bʰréh₂tēr''
:* /e/ > /e/
:* /e/ > /e/
:* /i/ > /i/
:* /i/ > /i/
:* /i/ > /e/ \w_C;
:* /i/ > /e/ \w_C;
:* /ī/ > /i/
:* /ī/ > /i/ ''viros'' < ''*vī́ros'' < ''*wíHros'' <  PIE ''*wiHrós''
 
:* /eu/ > /ū~eu/ {{term|ερεύθρος}}, {{term|ερύθρος}} ''ereúthros'', ''erū́thros'' < PIE ''*h₁reudh-ro-''
 
==examples==
==Loans==
* [[User:Chrysophylax/Substrate language|substrate language]]
: {{c|χαφταψ}} ''χaphtaps'' 'warlord', from '''xaphdáph''' of the same meaning.
: {{c|δαϝοτυς}} ''davotus'' 'priest of a particular god', from '''dáwátus''' 'lighter of the flame'
: {{c|φεθαχς}} ''phethax'' 'axe-bearer, bodyguard', from '''fexa''' 'axe'
: {{c|nωθη}} ''nōthē'' 'the Ocean', from '''nōthē''' of the same meaning.
: {{c|θηθυψ}} ''thēthups'' 'temple', from '''sēdhuf''' of the same meaning.
: {{c|ϝυχοτυς}} ''vuχotus'' 'orator', from '''wuhkotus''' 'who makes speech'.
: {{c|ϝυναχς}} ''vunax'' 'poet', from '''wuhnako''' 'he who has speech as a profession', from '''wuhko''' + infix '''-na-''' 'profession'
: {{c|νωναθηι}} ''nōnathēi'' 'fisherman' from '''nōnathē''' 'he who has the sea as a profession', from '''nōthē''' + infix '''-na-''' 'profession'
 
===V.1===
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="wikitable"
! colspan="6" | Present stem, active
|-
!
! 1ary indic.
|-
! 1 sg.
| nemmi < ''*linékʷmi''
|-
! 2 sg.
| nepthi < ''*linékʷsi''
|-
! 3 sg.
| nepti < ''*linékʷti''
|-
! 1 pl.
| pimos < *''inpimós'' < *''linkʷm̥ós''
|-
! 2 pl.
| nipte < ''*nipte'' < ''iṇpté'' < *''linkʷté''
|-
! 3 pl.
| penti
|-
! participle
| colspan="5" | ponts, pintes, ponthia, pinthās
|}
===V.2===
 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="wikitable"
! colspan="6" | Present stem, active
|-
!
! 1ary indic.
|-
! 1 sg.
| linemmi < ''*linékʷmi''
|-
! 2 sg.
| linepthi < ''*linékʷsi''
|-
! 3 sg.
| linepti < ''*linékʷti''
|-
! 1 pl.
| limpimos < *''inpimós'' < *''linkʷm̥ós''
|-
! 2 pl.
| linipte < ''*nipte'' < ''iṇpté'' < *''linkʷté''
|-
! 3 pl.
| limpenti
|-
! participle
| colspan="5" | ponts, pintes, ponthia, pinthās
|}


==Modern Ideph. ?==
==Modern Ideph. ?==
/θ/ > /s/ / #_, /z/ \ V_V
/θ/ > /s/ / #_, /z/ \ V_V

Latest revision as of 04:24, 13 November 2013

My latest chamlang, in the style of Dhannuá being "plausibly Celtic" at first glance, this shall be "plausibly at first glance" a mystical love child of Proto-Greek and Proto-Albanian, avec dashes of liquamen. It is named after the Boeotian word for sweet-voiced, ἴδηφιν.

And now, I've come up with a proper glottonym, woo!

(ϜΕΠΟΣ) ΧΙΡΑΘΩΝ

A Tentative Chronological Order of Sound Change

The elimination of the laryngeals and their effect on nearby vowels

Hoffman's Law

Not unlike Cowgill's law in the Germanic branch, there appears to be occasional consonant reflexes of certain laryngeals in Dephinian. The sound change, called Hoffman's law (sometimes Hoffman-Cowgill) after Maribel Hoffman's discovery (Hoffman 1988: 201 n. 2) that either Cowgill's law or something very similar to it operates to a certain extent in some Dephinian words albeit with the modification that the reflex is *g and not *k (as in Germanic).

PIE *gʷih₃wós > *gʷigwós > *gʷígʷus > Deph βιφος /ˈbipʰos/ (with analogical lowering of the nominative ending vowel, cf. μιρτος /ˈmirtos/ ‘dead’)

This sound change must predate the change of the labiovelars to labials, as there is no attested **βίυς /biːus/ which would be the regular outcome of a form **bíh₃wós with intervocalic w- and laryngeal deletion.

Quinn's Law

Quinn's law was first formulated by Nathanel Quinn to explain certain irregularities in the inherited lexicon. It states that /g/ before /h₂/ gave -gʰa- as a result of leftwards aspiration assimilation in the earliest stages of Dephinian. (Quinn 2009: 103 n. 1)

PIE *dʰugh₂tḗr > *dugʰatḗr > *dugʰátēr > Deph δυχάτηρ /duˈχɑteːr/ ‘daughter’ instead of expected **δυγατηρ < **dhugátēr.

Delabialization of m

PIE *yugóm > *yugón

Initial jod fortition

*yugón > *dyugon

Loss of word-final stop consonants

Barytonesis

*dyugon > *dyúgon

Merger of labiovelars into labials

Vocalisation of word-final /s/

Raising of /o/ to /u/ between resonants and labials

PIE *nókʷt-s > *nópts > *núpts > *nū́ps > Deph νυιψ /nyps/ ‘night’

Palatalisation

Debuccalisation of /s/

Depatalisation

Assimilation of /s/ to neighbouring stops

Chronologically unordered list of delicious sound changes

Misc. changes pilfered from Proto-Albanian and Proto-Greek

  • /s/ > /χ/ \ V_V, _R /s/ > /θ/ \ _V, /χ/ \ -_k-, /θ/ \ -_d-, /ʃ/ \ [r u̯ k i̯]_V, /i̯/ \ V̄_#
  • /y/ > /dy/ \ #_
θυγον thúgon 'yoke' < *čúgon < *dyúgon < PIE *yugóm
  • Loss of final stop consonants
P, T, K > 0 \ _#
  • /m/ > /n/ \ _#
  • /h₁/, /h₂/, /h₃/ > /e/ /a/ /o/ \ V_V, _C
ενεν énen 'name' < PIE *h₁nómn̥-,
  • CRHC > CRēC, CRāC, CrōC [1-2-3]
  • laryngeal colouring and compensatory lengthening of following vowels
/h₁e/, /h₂e/, /h₃e/ > /ē/, /ā/, /ō/
αντηρηι ā́ntērēi 'ancestors' < PIE *h₂en-tḗr-
ωφώχωι ōphṓχōi 'of a serpent' < PIE *h₃egʷ-

Plosives

  • /p/ > /p/
  • /t/ > /t/
  • /ty/ > /θ/
χιρέθωι khiréthōi 'harder' < *χrétʲōi < PIE *kret-yōs, cf. χιρτυς khírtus 'hard'
  • /k/ > /k/, /χ/ \#_R,
  • K > /χ/ \#_R
  • "/b/" > /b/
  • /d/ > /d/,
  • /g/ > /g/
  • /bʱ/ > /b/, /ph/ \ R_, V_V, #_R
φρατηρ phrā́tēr 'brother' < PIE *bʰréh₂tēr
  • /dh/ > /d/, /th/ \ R_, V_V,
  • /dhy/ > /θ/ \ #_V
θαν thān 'thought' < PIE *dhyeh₂-mn̥-
  • /gʱ/ > /g/, /χ/ \ R_, V_V, /khy/ > /čč/ > /θ/ \ #_
  • /gʷ/ > /b/
βορι bori 'hill' < PIE *gʷor̥, o-grade of *gʷr̩H—,
  • /gʷ/ > /T/ \ _e
δην dēn 'woman' < PIE *gʷḗn
δηφινωι dḗphinōi 'of the living' < PIE *gʷeyh₃w-n̩-, but βιφος bíphos 'alive' < PIE *gʷih₃wos
θεμμι thémmi 'I strike' < PIE *gʷhen-mi, but βονος bonos 'argument' < *gʷhón-os
  • /gʱʷ/ > /pʰ/ \ R_, V_V, /b/
ωφες ōphes 'serpent' < PIE *h₃egʰʷis
  • /kʷ/ > /p/
πις pis 'who' < PIE *kʷis
  • /kʰʷ/ > /pʰ/ \ R_, V_V, /p/
  • /ḱ/ > /θ/ \ _e
θεμμι thémmi 'I say, I talk' < PIE *ḱéh₁mi

Pilfered from Aeolic

  • VhR (from *s) > VRR, where R = l n r m w y
  • Mostly athematic inflection (-mi set)
  • Athematic infinitive in -menai, thematic in -men
  • barytonesis, jump of accent.
θυγον thúgon vs. PIE *yugóm

Resonants

  • /r̩/ > /ri/ \ _[s ʃ θ], _#; e.g. Ideph. riθos < *ŕ̥θos (<*arθós) < *h₂r̥ḱθos < PIE *h₂r̥tḱos
  • /r̩/ > /ir/ \ _C; e.g. Ideph. χirtus < Pre-Idephin *χr̥tus < PIE *kr̥tus
  • /l̩/ > /al/ \ _R
  • /l̩/ > /l/ \ V_C Ideph. ulpos < PIE *u̯ĺ̥kʷos
  • /l̩/ > /la/ \ _C

Vowels

  • /o/ > /u/ \ R_+labial ; e.g. νυιψ nyps 'night' < *nūps < *núpts < PIE *nókʷt-s
  • /o/ > /a/
  • /ō/ > /o/ ϝηχωρ vḗχōr 'sister' < *vḗχōr < *χwéχōr < PIE *swésōr
  • /u/ > /u/
  • /ū/ > /y/
  • /e/ > /je/ \R_C dial. ϝιήθηρ vjḗthēr < *χwéθtēr < dial. PIE *swéstēr by analogy with *bʰréh₂tēr
  • /e/ > /e/
  • /i/ > /i/
  • /i/ > /e/ \w_C;
  • /ī/ > /i/ viros < *vī́ros < *wíHros < PIE *wiHrós

examples

Loans

χαφταψ χaphtaps 'warlord', from xaphdáph of the same meaning.
δαϝοτυς davotus 'priest of a particular god', from dáwátus 'lighter of the flame'
φεθαχς phethax 'axe-bearer, bodyguard', from fexa 'axe'
nωθη nōthē 'the Ocean', from nōthē of the same meaning.
θηθυψ thēthups 'temple', from sēdhuf of the same meaning.
ϝυχοτυς vuχotus 'orator', from wuhkotus 'who makes speech'.
ϝυναχς vunax 'poet', from wuhnako 'he who has speech as a profession', from wuhko + infix -na- 'profession'
νωναθηι nōnathēi 'fisherman' from nōnathē 'he who has the sea as a profession', from nōthē + infix -na- 'profession'

V.1

Present stem, active
1ary indic.
1 sg. nemmi < *linékʷmi
2 sg. nepthi < *linékʷsi
3 sg. nepti < *linékʷti
1 pl. pimos < *inpimós < *linkʷm̥ós
2 pl. nipte < *nipte < iṇpté < *linkʷté
3 pl. penti
participle ponts, pintes, ponthia, pinthās

V.2

Present stem, active
1ary indic.
1 sg. linemmi < *linékʷmi
2 sg. linepthi < *linékʷsi
3 sg. linepti < *linékʷti
1 pl. limpimos < *inpimós < *linkʷm̥ós
2 pl. linipte < *nipte < iṇpté < *linkʷté
3 pl. limpenti
participle ponts, pintes, ponthia, pinthās

Modern Ideph. ?

/θ/ > /s/ / #_, /z/ \ V_V

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