Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions

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===A short introduction===
↳[[Eighth_edition_lekma/Smallset|Small set]]
 
__noeditsection__
Through making a miniature language, I learnt a lot about the capabilities of languages. To know more is the reason for lekma/ˈleχmɐ/, which is under development.
 
A sentence in lekma consists of, an interjection/connection + agent × object × verb ÷ adverbial phrase + a subject/topic × a particle(, is it? thing).
 
 
===Phonology===
*Graphemes are listed below the each phonemes.
==Consonants==
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;"
!  style="width: 68px; "|
!  style="width: 68px; "|Bilabial
!  style="width: 68px; "|Labio-dental
!  style="width: 68px; "|Dental
!  style="width: 68px; "|Alveolar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Retroflex
!  style="width: 68px; "|Alveolo-palatal
!  style="width: 68px; "|Palatal
!  style="width: 68px; "|Velar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Uvular
!  style="width: 68px; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| m<br>m
|
|
| n<br>n
| ɳ<br>nr
|
| ɲ<br>nh
| ŋ<br>un,-nn
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| p b<br>b,ff b,rb
|
|
| t d<br>t,d,tt d,rd
|
|
|
| k g<br>c,k c,rc
|
| ʔ<br>kk,`
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
|
|
|
| t͡s<br>tz
| ʈ͡ʂ<br>tr
| t͡ɕ<br>th
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
|
| f<br>f
| θ<br>cz*
| s ʃ<br>s sh
| ʂ<br>sr
| ɕ<br>sh*
|
|
| χ<br>-k,ch
| ɦ<br>hh
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
|
| ʋ<br>v,u-
|
|
|
|
| j<br>i-
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Trill
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ʀ<br>hr
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Flap or tap
|
|
|
| ɾ<br>l,-r,-rr-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l<br>l
|
|
| ʎ<br>lh
|
|
|
|}
These letters with * are rare.
 
 
==Vowels==
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|Front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Central
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-back
!  style="width: 90px; "|Back
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| i y<br>i ü
|
|
|
| ɯ u<br>û u
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid-open
| e ø<br>e,ä ö
|
| ɐ<br>a,â,e,ë
|
| ʌ o<br>ô o
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
|
|
| ä<br>a
|
|
|}
Vowel length is a phoneme. This long vowel includes diphthong as well as their allophones.
 
 
==== Phonotactics ====
{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}}
* C
* k
* t
* lh
* sr
* nr
{{trans-mid|1}}
* V
* a
* á:allophones;ae;ai;oa
* e
* ee:allophones;ei;é;ea
* ö:allophones;eu
* oi
* oo:allophones;ou;ó
{{trans-mid|2}}
* C
* nn
* h
* tz
* cz
* t
* ns
* −vowel length lk
* −vowel length ks
* sk
{{trans-bottom}}
 
 
==Morphemes==
 
{{trans-top|It is applied for inter parts of speech}}
* s-
* n-
* a-
* -a
* -e
* -s
* -as
* -es
* -n
* -en
* -ns
* -ens
{{trans-mid|}}
* -r
* -l
* -t
* -d
* -er
* -el
* -et
* -ad
* -nd
* -nt
* -nds
* -nts
{{trans-bottom}}
 
===Declension===
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |{{blue|word}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the agent of a transitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*ac/ʔɐk/
| sac/sɐk/
| nac/nɐk/
| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]
| ács/ʔäks/
| sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/
| ácens/ʔäːgens/
| I
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*üe/ʔyː/
| sü/syː/
| nü/nyː/
| uü/ʋyː/[ʔyː]
| uües/ʋyːs/
| süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʔyːen/
| uüens/ʔyːens/
| You
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*hhia/ɦiä/
| íasaé/ɦiänsäe/
| íanaé/ɦiänäe/
| hhia/ɦiä/
| ías/ɦiäs/
| sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/
| íans/ɦiäns/
| They (singular)
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*kkae/ʔae/
| aesaé/ʔaesäe/
| aenaé/ʔaenäe/
| àe/ʔae/
| àes/ʔais/
| saen,naen,àen/ʔain/
| àens/ʔaens/
| Thing
|}
 
===Conjugation===
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|indicative form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|subjunctive form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|connective form}}
! colspan="2" |{{blue|noun-like form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|word}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is futural}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*sel/sel/
| ser/sel/,[seɾ]
| seat/seɦät/
| sád/säːt/
| selínda/selindɐ/
| selínt/selint/
| be
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|*bal/bäl/
| bar/bäl/,[bäɾ]
| baat/bäɦät/
| bád/bäːt/
| balínda/bälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ]
| balínt/bälint/[bäˈint]
| have
|-
! style="text-align: center; "| *tel/tel/
| ter/tel/,[teɾ]
| teat/teɦät/
| tád/täːt/
| telínda/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ]
| telínt/telint/[teˈint]
| hang,raise
|}
 
==== Swadesh List ====
{{trans-top|Lexicon /old lexic entries *development}}
* I: kkac /nac
* you (singular): kküe /nie
* he: hhonn /han
* we: kkácen /nacen
* you (plural): kküeen /nien
* they: hhian /hia
* this : torce /toc,iá,due
* that: kkáe /hae
* here: tocma /tcm
* there: àema /aem
* who: hhia,lhia /lia
* what: kva /kvd
* where: kvime /kvm
* when: kvatzuí /kvn
* how: kvamuí /kvi
* not: né /nei
* all: àen /aen
* many: àens /aens
* some: de àen /desaen
* few: làes /leas
* other: né daes /neidae
* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /esh
* two: tzue /dva
* three: mal /mal
* four: cut /cut
* five: unal /hal
* big: lhens /ae
* long: naelhens /ae
* wide: daesbala /ae
* thick: bala /ae
* heavy: né fie /neifias
* small: ae /tis
* short: kul /ae
* narrow: tis /tisma
* thin: kadtis /ae
* woman: lhúa /lua
* man (adult male): lhúa /lua
* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
* child: ae /tisluo
* wife: ae /mama dae kús
* husband: ae /tata dae kús
* mother: máma /mam
* father: táta /tat
* animal: this /ae
* fish: ae /fsk
* bird: tofie  /tfl
* dog: cúon /chn
* louse: ae /lus
* snake: ae /lam
* worm: hhom /orm
* tree: ae /bim
* forest: ae /bsk
* stick: baunel /ae
* fruit: fam /flm
* seed: fam /ae
* leaf: hhüo /lif
* root: lád /lad
* bark (of a tree): bolo /ae
* flower: ae /lili
* grass: ladlili /ae
* rope: sinn /ae
* skin: bäl /ae
* meat: salk /slk
* blood: salk /ae
* bone: lám /ae
* fat (noun): bét /fat
* egg: ais /ae
* horn: kol /krn
* tail: lámen /lam
* feather: fie /fli
* hair: tetr /khr
* head: ae /cab
* ear: olhen /orh
* eye: ain /oin
* nose: nes /nez
* mouth: ae /lif
* tooth: tzann /fnc
* tongue (organ): tzann /ae
* fingernail: tzann /nel
* foot: ae /bam
* leg: ae /bam
* knee: baim /ae
* hand: tec /tek
* wing: fiem /fli
* belly: mac /ae
* guts: mac /ae
* neck: nec /ae
* back: tzüc /ruc
* breast: bec /fec
* heart: kel /kor
* liver: kel /ae
* to drink: sifel /drk
* to eat: nem /nhm
* to bite: tzaunel /tnf
* to suck: sifel /ae
* to spit: nemel /ae
* to vomit: tue dae nems /ae
* to blow: bolel /ae
* to breathe: nesel /ae
* to laugh: hrak /rch
* to see: vis /ver
* to hear: sanhel /oir
* to know: can /cna
* to think: canel /dik
{{trans-mid}}
* to smell: nesel /ae
* to fear: bai /ae
* to sleep: bei /slf
* to live: súmel /ae
* to die: né súmel /ae
* to kill: sral /ae
* to fight: sral /ae
* to hunt: sral /ae
* to hit: láb /lfn
* to cut: kul /ae
* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dvar
* to stab: binn /ae
* to scratch: skilel /ae
* to dig: binn /nem
* to swim: ae /svm
* to fly: ae /fei
* to walk: salkel /ae
* to come: hhim /clm
* to lie (as in a bed): lob /ae
* to sit: sidel /set
* to stand: hrec /tnd
* to turn (intransitive): silkel /ae
* to fall: feiel /fei
* to give: túe /tue
* to hold: hrantel /ae
* to squeeze: tzecal /ae
* to rub: vask /ae
* to wash: vask /ae
* to wipe: vaskel /vsk
* to pull: tec /ae
* to push: tec,ffon /ae
* to throw: tue toc náe /ae
* to tie: ticel /bnd
* to sew: ffinticel /ae
* to count: teltzif /ae
* to say: srua /seu
* to sing: séunel /seu
* to play: bil /sfl
* to float: lom /flt
* to flow: ae /flt
* to freeze: íelel /iel
* to swell: rcol /ae
* sun: hrá /na
* moon: daehrá /mun
* star: lucz /trl
* water: súm /sumi
* rain: lein /rcn
* river: léne /len
* lake: léne /len
* sea: léneen /len
* salt: sala /slt
* stone: shè /stn
* sand: sahr /snd
* dust: hroma /ae
* earth: thi /ard
* cloud: küt /sku
* fog: küt /foc
* sky: séo /cel
* wind: fendas /vnd
* snow: nívas /snu
* ice: íelen /ais
* smoke: féu /feu
* fire: féu /feu
* ash: dae féu /ae
* to burn: tocféu tue /ae
* road: vei /vec
* mountain: ae /mon
* red: hrot /rod
* green: léu /crn
* yellow: col /clb
* white: hrát /vit
* black: dal /blc
* night: dal /nkt
* day: dis /dac
* year: iálen /iar
* warm: nôk /vrm
* cold: íels /chl
* full: buk /ful
* new: bil /na
* old: né bil /ae
* good: hhim /bim
* bad: né hhim /ae
* rotten: tocel nae /na
* dirty: mud /ae
* straight: bim /na
* round: kadbal /na
* sharp (as a knife): dis /na
* dull (as a knife): dos /na
* smooth: dilel /na
* wet: súmmuí /vods
* dry: sekal /sek
* correct: bim /ae
* near: tocmas /na
* far: naemas /na
* right: hris /rec
* left: chol /lic
* at: tzúi /zui,tui
* in: lhea /ins
* with: múi,mue /mui
* and: e,elk /elk
* if: o,sôm /som
* because: fúi /kar
* name: námel /nam
{{trans-bottom}}
 
 
 
 
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 14:21, 2 June 2024


↳Small set

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