Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions

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    A conlang lekma /ˈleχmɐ/ is a way, that is my reason to constructure a miniature language, to make is to learn about languages, also knowledge of languages can much affect on it, so it is always under construction.
    The structure is as follows, a connection/focused word + an agent × an object × a verb + a subject/topic × a particle.
{{trans-top|Types by attribution}}
adnoun + noun. // adverb + verb. // noun + adnoun clause. //verb + adverb clause. // noun + adjectifier + main noun. // prefix + noun. // noun + suffix. // noun + suffix + adjectifier + main noun. // affix × noun + particle. // particle + affix × noun. // affix × noun + adjectifier + main noun + particle. // sub clause + main clause.
{{trans-bottom}}


== Phonology ==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 884px; text-align:center;"
!  style="width: 68px; "|
!  style="width: 68px; "|Bilabial
!  style="width: 68px; "|Labio-dental
!  style="width: 68px; "|Dental
!  style="width: 68px; "|Alveolar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Retroflex
!  style="width: 68px; "|Palatal
!  style="width: 68px; "|Velar
!  style="width: 68px; "|Uvular
!  style="width: 68px; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
| ɳ
| ɲ
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| p b
|
|
| t d
|
|
| k g
|
| ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
|
|
|
| t͡s
| ʈ͡ʂ
| t͡ɕ
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
|
| f
| θ*
| s // ʃ
| ʂ
| ɕ*
|
| χ
| ɦ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
|
| ʋ
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Trill
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ʀ
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Flap or tap
|
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral app.
|
|
|
| l
|
| ʎ
|
|
|
|}
These with * are rare.


 
↳[[Eighth_edition_lekma/Smallset|Small set]]
===Vowels===
__noeditsection__
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|Front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Central
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-back
!  style="width: 90px; "|Back
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| i y
|
| ɨ
|
| ɯ u
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid-open
| e ø
|
| ɐ
|
| ʌ o
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
|
|
| ä
|
|
|}
 
===Lengthened vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|Front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-front
!  style="width: 90px; "|Central
!  style="width: 90px; "|Near-back
!  style="width: 90px; "|Back
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| iː yː
|
|
|
| uː
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid-open
| eː øː
|
|
|
| oː
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
|
|
| äː
|
|
|}
 
=== Phonotactics ===
{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
!  style="width: 540px; "|
!  style="width: 540px; "|C
!  style="width: 540px; "|V
!  style="width: 540px; "|C
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|
| k t lh sr ɲ ŋ
| a:allophone;â á:allophones;ae;ai;oa e é:allophones;ei;é;ea i î í o ö:allophones;eu;oi ó:allophone;ou u ü ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo
| ɲ ŋ h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk
|}
{{trans-bottom}}
 
 
== Morphemes ==
 
{{trans-top|It is applied inter parts of speech}}
* s-
* n-
* a-
* -a
* -e
* -s
* -as
* -es
* -n
* -en
* -ns
* -ens
* -r
* -l
* -t
* -d
{{trans-mid|}}
* -ls
* -ts
* -ds
* -er
* -el
* -et
* -at
* -ad
* -els
* -ets
* -ats
* -ads
* -nd
* -nt
* -nds
* -nts
{{trans-bottom}}
 
===Declension===
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the agent of a transitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|uac/ʋɐk/
| sac/sɐk/
| nac/nɐk/
| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]
| uacs/ʔäks/
| sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/
| uacens/ʔäːgens/
| I
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/
| sue/syː/
| nue/nyː/
| uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː]
| uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs]
| suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/
| uuens/ʔyːens/
| You
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/
| hiasae/ɦiäsäe/
| hianae/ɦiänäe/
| hia/ɦiä/
| hias/ɦiäs/
| sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/
| hians/ɦiäns/
| They (singular)
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|hae/ʋäe/
| haesae/ʔäesäe/
| haenae/ʔäenäe/
| hae/ʔae/
| haes/ʔäes/[ʔäis]
| saen/säen/,naen/näen/,haen/ʔäen/[ʔäin]
| àens/ʔaens/
| Thing
|}
 
===Conjugation===
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|indicative form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|subjunctive form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|connective form}}
! colspan="2" |{{blue|noun-like form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is futural}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|sel/sel/
| ser/sel/,[seɾ]
| seat/seɦät/
| sad/säːt/
| selnd/selindɐ/
| selnt/selint/
| be
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/
| bar/bäl/,[bäɾ]
| baat/päɦät/
| bad/päːt/
| balnd/pälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ]
| balnt/pälint/[bäˈint]
| have
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|tel/tel/
| ter/tel/,[teɾ]
| teat/teɦät/
| tad/täːt/
| telnd/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ]
| telnt/telint/[teˈint]
| hang,raise
|}
 
== Made texts ==
*development
 
=== Swadesh List ===
{{trans-top| reading basis *development /visual basis}}
* I: kkac /uac
* you (singular): kküe /uue
* he: hhonn /han
* we: kkácen /nacen
* you (plural): kküeen /uuen
* they: hhia /hia
* this : torce /toc,hia,dui
* that: kkáe /hae
* here: tocma /tcm
* there: kkaema /aem
* who: hhia,lhia /lia
* what: kva /kva
* where: kvime /kvm
* when: kvatzuí /kvn
* how: kvamuí /kvi
* not: né /nei
* all: àen /aen
* many: àens /aens
* some: de àen /duiaen
* few: làes /leas
* other: né daes /neidae
* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ena,esa
* two: tzue /dva
* three: mal /mal
* four: cut /cut
* five: unal /hal
* big: lhens /uncertain
* long: naelhens /uncertain
* wide: daesbala /uncertain
* thick: bala /uncertain
* heavy: né fie /neifias
* small: uncertain /tis
* short: kul /uncertain
* narrow: tis /tsm
* thin: kadtis /uncertain
* woman: lhúa /lua
* man (adult male): lhúa /lua
* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
* child: uncertain /tisluo
* wife: uncertain /mama dae kús
* husband: uncertain /tata dae kús
* mother: máma /mam
* father: táta /tat
* animal: this /uncertain
* fish: fisk /fsk
* bird: tofie  /tfl
* dog: cúon /chn
* louse: uncertain /lus
* snake: uncertain /lam
* worm: hhom /orm
* tree: uncertain /bim
* forest: uncertain /bsk
* stick: baunel /uncertain
* fruit: fam /flm
* seed: fam /es-semilla
* leaf: hhüo /lif
* root: lád /lad
* bark (of a tree): uncertain /en-bark
* flower: uncertain /lili
* grass: ladlili /uncertain
* rope: sinn /uncertain
* skin: bäl /uncertain
* meat: salk /slk
* blood: salk /uncertain
* bone: lám /uncertain
* fat (noun): bét /fat
* egg: ais /uncertain
* horn: kol /krn
* tail: lámen /lam
* feather: fie /fli
* hair: tetr /khr
* head: uncertain /cab
* ear: olhen /orh
* eye: ain /oin
* nose: nes /nez
* mouth: uncertain /lif
* tooth: tzann /fnc
* tongue (organ): tzann /zau
* fingernail: tzann /fau
* foot: uncertain /bam
* leg: uncertain /bam
* knee: baim /uncertain
* hand: tec /tek
* wing: fiem /fli
* belly: mac /uncertain
* guts: mac /uncertain
* neck: nec /uncertain
* back: tzüc /ruc
* breast: bec /fec
* heart: kel /kor
* liver: kel /uncertain
* to drink: sifel /drk
* to eat: nem /nhm
* to bite: tzaunel /tnf
* to suck: sifel /uncertain
* to spit: nemel /uncertain
* to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
* to blow: bolel /uncertain
* to breathe: nesel /uncertain
* to laugh: hrak /rch
* to see: vis /ver
* to hear: sanhel /oir
* to know: can /cna
* to think: canel /dik
{{trans-mid}}
* to smell: nesel /uncertain
* to fear: bai /uncertain
* to sleep: bei /slf
* to live: súmel /uncertain
* to die: né súmel /meisumel
* to kill: sral /uncertain
* to fight: sral /uncertain
* to hunt: sral /uncertain
* to hit: láb /lfn
* to cut: kul /uncertain
* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
* to stab: binn /uncertain
* to scratch: skilel /uncertain
* to dig: binn /nem
* to swim: uncertain /svi
* to fly: uncertain /fei
* to walk: salkel /uncertain
* to come: hhim /clm
* to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
* to sit: sidel /set
* to stand: hrec /tnd
* to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
* to fall: feiel /fei
* to give: túe /tue
* to hold: hrantel /uncertain
* to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
* to rub: vask /uncertain
* to wash: vask /uncertain
* to wipe: vaskel /vsk
* to pull: tec /uncertain
* to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
* to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
* to tie: ticel /bnd
* to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
* to count: teltzif /uncertain
* to say: srua /seu
* to sing: séunel /seu
* to play: bil /sfl
* to float: lom /flt
* to flow: ae /flt
* to freeze: íelel /iel
* to swell: rcol /uncertain
* sun: hrá /uncertain
* moon: daehrá /mun
* star: lucz /trl
* water: súm /sumi
* rain: lein /rcn
* river: léne /len
* lake: léne /len
* sea: léneen /len
* salt: sala /slt
* stone: shè /stn
* sand: sahr /snd
* dust: hroma /uncertain
* earth: thi /nulmaf
* cloud: küt /sku
* fog: küt /foc
* sky: séo /sulmaf
* wind: fendas /vnd
* snow: nívas /snu
* ice: íelen /ais
* smoke: féu /feo
* fire: féu /feo
* ash: daeféu /uncertain
* to burn: tocféu tue /feol
* road: vei /vec
* mountain: uncertain /mon
* red: hrot /rod
* green: léu /crn
* yellow: col /clb
* white: hrát /vit
* black: dal /blc
* night: dal /nkt
* day: dis /dac
* year: iálen /zuames
* warm: nôk /vrm
* cold: íels /chl
* full: buk /ful
* new: bil /uncertain
* old: né bil /uncertain
* good: hhim /bim
* bad: né hhim /uncertain
* rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
* dirty: mud /uncertain
* straight: bim /uncertain
* round: kadbal /uncertain
* sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
* dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
* smooth: dilel /uncertain
* wet: súmmuí /vods
* dry: sekal /sek
* correct: bim /uncertain
* near: tocmas /uncertain
* far: naemas /uncertain
* right: hris /rkt
* left: chol /lnk
* at: tzúi /zui,tui
* in: lhea /ins
* with: múi /mui
* and: e,elk /elk
* if: o,sôm /som
* because: fúi /kar
* name: námel /nam
{{trans-bottom}}
 
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 14:21, 2 June 2024


↳Small set

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