Páuluòbeng: Difference between revisions
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''' | '''Páuluòbeng''' (''yi bPáuluòbeng'') is a minority language closely related to [[Ciètian]], but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and Yorkshire English. | ||
Páuluòbeng is the most tonal spoken Talmic language (even more tonal than [[Anbirese]]). | |||
Figure out how to assign tones | Figure out how to assign tones | ||
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Final schwa > tone split | Final schwa > tone split | ||
dr tr sr > | dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhul, zhum, zhun, zhung | ||
''lr̀'' /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup | ''lr̀'' /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup | ||
'' | ''ehcung, yi h-ehcung; pl. ehcungr'' /əhˈkʊ̄ŋ, əhˈkȭː(ɹ)/ = mountain | ||
''dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen'' /têː, têːn/ = valley | ''dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen'' /têː, têːn/ = valley | ||
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''ted'' /təʔ/ = beautiful | ''ted'' /təʔ/ = beautiful | ||
'' | ''dùun'' /tû:n/ = far | ||
''duāilig'' /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester | ''duāilig'' /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester | ||
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''ái'' /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold' | ''ái'' /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold' | ||
''Áiзaan'' /ɑ̌ːzǣːn/ '(a name)' | |||
''neħdir'' /nəhtjə/ = chain | ''neħdir'' /nəhtjə/ = chain | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Mandarin/Ufirlandisg | Mandarin/Ufirlandisg consonants; Yorkshire vowels | ||
====Tones==== | ====Tones==== | ||
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p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin | p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin | ||
* /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ | * /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/ before /u y ɥ w/ | ||
* h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/ | * h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/ | ||
====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard | Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Ciètian. | ||
Short vowels: | Short vowels: | ||
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Long vowels: | Long vowels: | ||
*ai | *ai ee uai uee ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/ | ||
**[aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/ | **[aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/ | ||
* | *au iau oo ioo /æː~əʊ jæː~əʊ oː joː/ | ||
**[əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of / | **[əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /æː/ | ||
* | *ii uu üü /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/ | ||
R-linking vowels: | R-linking vowels: | ||
*uor, | *uor, uoor, uoo, ur, uur /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/ | ||
*(i)ar, (i) | *(i)ar, (i)aar, (i)aa /(j)æː(ɹ)/ | ||
*r, | *r, eer /ɛː(ɹ)/ | ||
*ir, | *ir, iir /jɛː(ɹ)/ | ||
*ür, | *ür, üür /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/ | ||
* | *ueer /wɛː(ɹ)/ | ||
*air | *air aur oor /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/ | ||
*angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/ | *angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/ | ||
**e.g. ''liangr'' /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream' | **e.g. ''liangr'' /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream' | ||
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=====Linking R===== | =====Linking R===== | ||
*Example of linking R: ''yi | *Example of linking R: ''yi χazr àard'' [jɪ ˈxazə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye χazerr àrd'' [jə ˈxazər ʔɔɯt]) | ||
*No linking R: ''yi | *No linking R: ''yi búuθ àard'' [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye bùθa àrd'' [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt]) | ||
====Mutations==== | ====Mutations==== | ||
Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike | Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Cièdian. Lenition is similar to Cièdian. | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
The {{PAGENAME}} noun system is much simpler than in | The {{PAGENAME}} noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender. | ||
As in Ciètian, the singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. The same occurs for plural nouns too. For example: | |||
*''*yi<sup>L</sup> ùur'' > ''yin ùur'' /jɪn ˈwɤ̂ː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)'; pl. ''nan ùurn'' /nən wɤ̂ːn/ 'the senses' | |||
*''*yi àavr'' > ''yin àavr'' /jɪn ˈæ̂ːvə/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'; pl. ''nan áavr'' /nən ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'the books' | |||
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '''Definite article''' | |+ '''Definite article''' | ||
! colspan="2" | singular || colspan="2" | plural | ! colspan="2" | singular || colspan="2" | plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! common || neuter || common || neuter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''yi<sup>L</sup>'' || ''yi'' | | ''yi<sup>L</sup>, yin''<br/>''yi bpràan'' /jɪ bɹæ̂ːn/ 'the corner' || ''yi, yin''<br/>''yi hāar'' /jɪ xǣ:/ 'the flower' || ''na, nan''<br/>''na bpràanr'' /nə bɹæ̂ːnə/ 'the corners' || ''na<sup>L''</sup><br/>''na γǎar'' /nə ɣæ̌:/ 'the flowers' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Nouns are usually pluralized with ''-r''. If the singular already ends in ''-r'', the plural is unchanged except possibly with a tone change. | |||
====Pluralization patterns==== | |||
#sg. null > pl. -r /ə/: The regular pattern. | |||
#*''bpràan'' /bræ̂:n/ 'a corner' > ''bpràanr'' /bræ̂:nə/ | |||
#sg. level tone > pl. rising tone: Common for nouns whose stems contain a *ð (Tigol ṫ) or *γ (Tigol ċ). | |||
#*''hāar'' /xǣ:/ 'a flower' > ''hǎar'' /xæ̌:/ 'flowers' | |||
#sg. falling tone > pl. rising: Common for nouns already ending in r | |||
#*''àavr'' /ˈæ̂ːvə/ 'a book' > ''áavr'' /ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'books' | |||
#sg. null > pl. -n /ən/: For nouns which were monosyllabic in Tigol and ended in a vowel. | |||
#*''tèe'' /tʰe:/ 'a valley' pl. ''tèen'' /tʰêːn/ 'valleys' | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Adjectives take plurals like nouns, and have the same pluralization patterns as nouns. | |||
*''shàan'' /ʂæ̂:n/ 'true (sg)' > ''shàanr'' /ʂæ̂:nə/ 'true (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''tŋawm'' 'true') | |||
*''zhùu'' /tʂû:/ 'red (sg)' > ''zhùun'' /tʂû:n/ 'red (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''dru'' 'copper') | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
The ''- | There is a binary system of present vs. past. The past tense requires ergative syntax to be used, like in Anbirese and Ciètian. | ||
The ergative particle is ''u'' /ʊ/. | |||
====Tonal ablaut patterns==== | |||
#present level > past rising (verbs ending in consonants) | |||
#present any tone > past -n (verbs ending in vowels) | |||
#*''shuò'' 'digs' (~Eevo ''troh'' 'to oppose'); ''shuōn'' 'dug' | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | |||
[[Category:A priori]] |
Latest revision as of 14:44, 8 February 2021
Páuluòbeng (yi bPáuluòbeng) is a minority language closely related to Ciètian, but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and Yorkshire English.
Páuluòbeng is the most tonal spoken Talmic language (even more tonal than Anbirese).
Figure out how to assign tones
Todo
Glottal reinforcement mania
Final schwa > tone split
dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhul, zhum, zhun, zhung
lr̀ /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup
ehcung, yi h-ehcung; pl. ehcungr /əhˈkʊ̄ŋ, əhˈkȭː(ɹ)/ = mountain
dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen /têː, têːn/ = valley
yi syøød /ɕɥǿːʔ/ = rose
mand /manʔ/ = to take
ted /təʔ/ = beautiful
dùun /tû:n/ = far
duāilig /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester
yi mār /mǽ:/ = tree
jyarm /t͡ɕǽ:m/ 'heavy'
yi kaθr /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'
ái /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold'
Áiзaan /ɑ̌ːzǣːn/ '(a name)'
neħdir /nəhtjə/ = chain
Phonology
Mandarin/Ufirlandisg consonants; Yorkshire vowels
Tones
Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language.
Three tones for long vowels:
- ā or a: mid level, relaxed
- á: rising
- à: falling
Consonants
p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin
- /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/ before /u y ɥ w/
- h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/
Vowels
Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Ciètian.
Short vowels:
- a ie i o u ü /a (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ʊ (ɥ)ʏ/
Long vowels:
- ai ee uai uee ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/
- [aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/
- au iau oo ioo /æː~əʊ jæː~əʊ oː joː/
- [əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /æː/
- ii uu üü /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/
R-linking vowels:
- uor, uoor, uoo, ur, uur /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/
- (i)ar, (i)aar, (i)aa /(j)æː(ɹ)/
- r, eer /ɛː(ɹ)/
- ir, iir /jɛː(ɹ)/
- ür, üür /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
- ueer /wɛː(ɹ)/
- air aur oor /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/
- angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
- e.g. liangr /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'
Unstressed vowels:
- final -r = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
- final -i = /ɪ/
- final -ou = /o/
Many grammatical endings are merged in Páuluòbeng.
Linking R
- Example of linking R: yi χazr àard [jɪ ˈxazə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. Ciètian: ye χazerr àrd [jə ˈxazər ʔɔɯt])
- No linking R: yi búuθ àard [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. Ciètian: ye bùθa àrd [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt])
Mutations
Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Cièdian. Lenition is similar to Cièdian.
Grammar
Nouns
The Páuluòbeng noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.
As in Ciètian, the singular definite article ye and yeN changes to yen (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. The same occurs for plural nouns too. For example:
- *yiL ùur > yin ùur /jɪn ˈwɤ̂ː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)'; pl. nan ùurn /nən wɤ̂ːn/ 'the senses'
- *yi àavr > yin àavr /jɪn ˈæ̂ːvə/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'; pl. nan áavr /nən ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'the books'
singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|
common | neuter | common | neuter |
yiL, yin yi bpràan /jɪ bɹæ̂ːn/ 'the corner' |
yi, yin yi hāar /jɪ xǣ:/ 'the flower' |
na, nan na bpràanr /nə bɹæ̂ːnə/ 'the corners' |
naL na γǎar /nə ɣæ̌:/ 'the flowers' |
Nouns are usually pluralized with -r. If the singular already ends in -r, the plural is unchanged except possibly with a tone change.
Pluralization patterns
- sg. null > pl. -r /ə/: The regular pattern.
- bpràan /bræ̂:n/ 'a corner' > bpràanr /bræ̂:nə/
- sg. level tone > pl. rising tone: Common for nouns whose stems contain a *ð (Tigol ṫ) or *γ (Tigol ċ).
- hāar /xǣ:/ 'a flower' > hǎar /xæ̌:/ 'flowers'
- sg. falling tone > pl. rising: Common for nouns already ending in r
- àavr /ˈæ̂ːvə/ 'a book' > áavr /ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'books'
- sg. null > pl. -n /ən/: For nouns which were monosyllabic in Tigol and ended in a vowel.
- tèe /tʰe:/ 'a valley' pl. tèen /tʰêːn/ 'valleys'
Adjectives
Adjectives take plurals like nouns, and have the same pluralization patterns as nouns.
- shàan /ʂæ̂:n/ 'true (sg)' > shàanr /ʂæ̂:nə/ 'true (pl)' (~ Eevo tŋawm 'true')
- zhùu /tʂû:/ 'red (sg)' > zhùun /tʂû:n/ 'red (pl)' (~ Eevo dru 'copper')
Verbs
There is a binary system of present vs. past. The past tense requires ergative syntax to be used, like in Anbirese and Ciètian.
The ergative particle is u /ʊ/.
Tonal ablaut patterns
- present level > past rising (verbs ending in consonants)
- present any tone > past -n (verbs ending in vowels)
- shuò 'digs' (~Eevo troh 'to oppose'); shuōn 'dug'