Eighth edition lekma: Difference between revisions

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The conlang named lekma /ˈleχmɐ/ is an experimental language, on a waypoint in making a miniature,
for learning about languages to make it, also for making it to learn about languages.
The uekma /ˈɥexmä/ is a conlang. Type (the aim): being low amount of distinct categories. a half of lexicon are adoption of low Germanic languages, rests are from many others.




words are full nouns or morpheme nouns
↳[[Eighth_edition_lekma/Smallset|Small set]]
nouns: +morpheme nouns(that are intransitives), +adjective nouns(monotransitives), +demonstrative nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +verb-derived particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +enclitics(they turn nouns to full nouns): demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, adjectival suffix: a,ä.har/ɦä/,/e/ s/s/, verbal suffix: l,hel/ɦel/(habitual, nominaliser), had/ɦät/(subjunctive) aaena, aauda/ŋdɐ/(processive) aaein,aaeni,aandi/ˈ..ndi/(perfective, an,en,ne,hen/ɦen/, vowel to nasalise+/en/(nominaliser).
__noeditsection__
 
 
full nouns are indicative forms. borrowing words from other languages enter the group of adjective full noun, some then enter full nouns. VO phrases are also full nouns.
e are null vowel null consonants if they are free from diacritics.
*(you might find pseudo phonetic notation in this site)
 
 
Phonemes
Nasal: mam(m) nan(dental n,ɲ) uâu(ŋ)
Stop: bab(b-p) dad(dental d-t) cac(k-ɡ) aâe(ʔ)
Sibilant affricate: zae(t͡s voiced-devoiced) tât(ʈ͡ʂ)
Sibilant fricative: sas(s-palatal s) xarse(ç-ʂ)
Fricative: fâf(f) vàe(ʋ) kak(χ-x,k) iáe(ʝ) hae(ɦ) Trill: rae(ʀ-r)
Approximant: `(short u) lál,uae(ɥ-ʎ,l) ´(short i) har(short turned a)
 
Close aie,aîe(i iː) aüe,aúe(y yː) aïe,aui(ɯ:) aue,aûe(u uː)
Mid aee,aêe,eäe,aei(e eː) aöe,aeu(ø øː) aëe(ɤ) aoe,aôe(o oː) aao(turned v:)
Open aae,aaa,aâe,aai(ä ɐ äː)
 
 
found laa/ga:/ so some are irregular.
gemination affects vowel before it to lengthen or something then it is simplified.
tone rises at words initially. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), ǃ(ǂ) exclamation, before a loan word.
dalse càe látin, vàe áleman, bae látin, cae látin, kae eskanól, aüe elínica, meidallaoduilekma. e lao u aèi velar nasal.
 
 
Syntacs
Type: SVO.
focal ergative noun • verbal transitive noun objective noun adjectival suffix + topic noun / verbal stative noun adjective noun adjectival suffix + topic noun / topic noun • adjective noun adjectival suffix, where a middle dot separates phrases, phrases can switch their places.
 
 
an object right after the verbal noun needs no suffix nor particle. an object before the verb needs a support of an objectival particle.
 
 
Text
 
of it is what.
nerca sèdno
nac-har séd-nan
i.be swed-ish
 
 
of this is what.
famseldoclea
fam sel-doc-leh-har
fruits are-this-place-of
 
 
nacioneus uekma. neidoc.
is.romlang uekma  it.is.not
uekma is a romlang. no, it's not.
 
 
of who does what.
hainimdaines doc
hai nim daines doc
they eat some-of this
 
 
aside from the phonemic orthography, numerals are written with.
0123456789,10,11,12. is oinmfvksba.io/x,ii/e,in/z.
 
 
it is dull to build the lexicon.
 
 
Lexics
c24 x v3 x c24 plus i u h e sk lk ls lm nt etc.
mam*mom mim mum mon miu muu mac miz muk mil mul mai*value nac*i nacmi*europant naciò*romlang nal nui*snake nuf nab nul*down nim*eat niska nat uil*arm uih*then bim bab beb bid*house boske*forest bah*brace diu dol*fish dad*dad dek dui*do what dál*draw cac cuf cal cilke aam*aim aas aal aelkä abbreviated to e*accompanying with aolsë or o*compared with den*keep deh*hang zil zul zah*nail zeica*sore tam tau*fang tal*string tin tax tic sel*be by súmmi*water sul süe*you seh*be sud saf xan xul*up xai*why xei*what xui*how,when fam*fruits fun foù*fire kalmê kum kat*hands kalke ham han*he neuter hai*they singular vad*what,who vie*why,how vaska von*when,where rac*cross ril*lough len*wind lan*group lis*smile lal*pilor lul*food iel*slope ser*being.
Part of speech.
There is noun, noun whose root acts as a verb, adjective derived from the both, finally particle derived from the verbal root.
Adjectives indicate what a subject is. Verbs express what a subject does or is.
 
Structure is as follows.
A main clause constructs particle + agentive/subjective noun + verb + object, a subject/topic may follows.
A clause of a verb + a complement is either indication of what the subject does or is, or acts as a noun.
A clause of a verb + a complement + a noun is a noun.
A clause of a verb + a complement + suffix, acting as an adjective, modifies a noun.
 
Frontings.
A connective noun/focused word/interjection in the usage, that are before the main clause.
Also an adjective clause/conditional noun is in front of main clause in a clause + clause construction.
 
{{trans-top|Morpheme inventory *under development}}
* s- /sɨ/,allomorpheme;/s/,
* n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/,
* a- /ä/
* ∅- /ʔ/
* -a /ɦä/
* -e /ɦe/
* -s /s/
* -as /ɦäs/
* -es /ɦes/
* -n /n/
* -en /ɦen/
* -ns /ns/
* -ens /ɦens/
{{trans-mid|}}
* -l /l/
* -t /t/
* -d /t/
* -ls /ls/
* -ts /t͡s/
* -ds /des/
* -el /el/
* -et /et/
* -at /ät/
* -ad /äde/
* -els /els/
* -ets /et͡s/
* -ats /ät͡s/
* -ads /ädes/
* -nd /indɐ/
* -nt /int/
* -nds /indɐs/
* -nts /intes/
{{trans-bottom}}
 
'''Phoneme inventory'''
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="1" |Consonants
! colspan="1" |Bilabial
! colspan="1" |Labio-dental
! colspan="1" |Dental
! colspan="1" |Alveolar
! colspan="1" |Post­al-alveolar
! colspan="1" |Retroflex
! colspan="1" |Palatal
! colspan="1" |Velar
! colspan="1" |Uvular
! colspan="1" |Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Nasal
| m
|
|
| n
|
| ɳ
| ɲ
| ŋ
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Plosive
| b
|
| t d
|
|
|
|
| k g
|
| ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Affricate
|
|
|
| t͡s
|
| ʈ͡ʂ
| t͡ɕ
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Fricative
|
| f
|
| s
| ʃ
| ʂ
|
| ʝ
| χ
| ɦ
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Approximant
|
| ʋ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Trill
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ʀ
|
|
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Lateral approximant
|
|
|
| l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
 
{| class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |Vowels
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
!
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Close
| i y
| iː yː
| ɨ
|
| ɯ u
| uː
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Mid-open
| e ø
| eː øː
| ɐ
|
| ʌ o
| oː
|-
! style="text-align: left;"|Open
|
|
| ä
| äː
|
|
|}
 
'''Phonotactics *under development'''
 
{{trans-top|phonotactics *development}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 1080px; text-align:center"
!  |
!  |C
!  |V
!  |C/CC
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|root words are either CVC or CVCC
| k:allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ
| ä:allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo
| ɲ ŋ h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk
|}
{{trans-bottom}}
 
'''Declension *under development'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|noun root}}
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the agent of a transitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the subject/locative of an intransitive verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the direct/indirect object of a verb}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|plural possessive form}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|uac/ʋɐk/
| sac/sɐk/
| nac/nɐk/
| uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk]
| uacs/ʔäks/
| sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/
| uacens/ʔäːgens/
| I
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|uue/ʋyː/
| sue/syː/
| nue/nyː/
| uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː]
| uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs]
| suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/
| uuens/ʔyːens/
| You
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|hia/ɦiä/
| sia/siä/
| nia/niä/
| hia/ɦiä/
| hias/ɦiäs/
| sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/
| hians/ɦiäns/
| They (singular)
|}
 
'''Conjugation *under development'''
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 540px; text-align:center"
! colspan="1" |{{blue|verb root}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|indicative form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|subjunctive form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|connective form}}
! colspan="2" |{{blue|noun-like form}}
! colspan="1" |{{blue|gloss}}
|-
!  style="width: 90px; "|
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|present/habitual}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is futural}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|-ing, /if}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is incomplete}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|{{green|the motion is completed}}
!  style="width: 90px; "|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|sel/sel/
| ser/sel/
| seat/seɦät/
| sad/säːt/
| selnd/selindɐ/
| selnt/selint/
| be
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|bal/bäl/
| bar/bäl/
| baat/päɦät/
| bad/päːt/
| balnd/pälindɐ
| balnt/pälint/
| have
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|tel/tel/
| ter/tel/
| teat/teɦät/
| tad/täːt/
| telnd/telindɐ/
| telnt/telint/
| hang,raise
|}
 
'''Made texts'''
*under development
 
{{trans-top| reading basis /visual basis}}
* I: ʋɐk /uac
* you (singular): ʋyː /uue
* he: ɦäŋ /han
* we:  /uacen
* you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen
* they: ɦiä /hia
* this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia
* that: àe,kosa /hae,cos
* here: tocma /tcm
* there: kkaema /aem
* who: hhia,lhia /lia
* what: kva /kva
* where: kvime /kvm
* when: kvatzuí /kvn
* how: kvamuí /kvi
* not: né /nei
* all: àen /aen
* many: àens /aens
* some: de àen /duiaen
* few: làes /leas
* other: né daes /neidae
* one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa
* two: tzue /dva
* three: mal /mal
* four: cut /cut
* five: unal /hal
* big: lhens /uncertain
* long: naelhens /uncertain
* wide: daesbala /uncertain
* thick: bala /uncertain
* heavy: né fie /neifias
* small: uncertain /nal
* short: kul /uncertain
* narrow: tis /tsm
* thin: kadtis /uncertain
* woman: lhúa /lua
* man (adult male): lhúa /lua
* man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
* child: uncertain /tisluo
* mother: mâma /mam
* father: dâda /tat
* animal: this /uncertain
* fish: fisk /fsk
* bird: tofie  /tfl
* snake: uncertain /lam
* worm: hhom /orm
* tree: uncertain /bim
* forest: uncertain /bsk
* stick: baunel /uncertain
* fruit: fam /flm
* seed: fam /sem
* leaf: hhüo /lif
* root: lád /lad
* bark (of a tree): uncertain /blk
* flower: uncertain /lili
* grass: ladlili /uncertain
* rope: sinn /uncertain
* skin: bäl /uncertain
* meat: salk /slk
* blood: salk /uncertain
* bone: lám /uncertain
* fat (noun): bét /fat
* egg: ais /uncertain
* horn: kol /krn
* tail: lámen /lam
* feather: fie /fli
* hair: tetr /khr
* head: uncertain /cab
* ear: olhen /orh
* eye: ain /oin
* nose: nes /nez
* mouth: uncertain /lif
* tooth: tzann /fnc
* tongue (organ): tzann /zau
* fingernail: tzann /fau
* foot: uncertain /bam
* leg: uncertain /bam
* knee: baim /uncertain
* hand: tec /tek
* wing: fiem /fli
* belly: mac /uncertain
* guts: mac /uncertain
* neck: nec /uncertain
* back: tzüc /ruc
* breast: bec /fec
* heart: kel /kor
* liver: kel /uncertain
* to drink: sifel /drk
* to eat: nem /nhm
* to bite: tzaunel /tnf
* to suck: sifel /uncertain
* to spit: nemel /uncertain
* to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
* to blow: bolel /uncertain
* to breathe: nesel /uncertain
* to laugh: hrak /rch
* to see: vis /ver
* to hear: sanhel /oir
* to know: can /cna
* to think: canel /dik
* to smell: nesel /uncertain
* to fear: bai /uncertain
* to sleep: bei /slf
* to live: súmel /uncertain
* to die: né súmel /meisumel
* to kill: sral /uncertain
* to fight: sral /uncertain
* to hunt: sral /uncertain
* to hit: láb /lfn
* to cut: kul /uncertain
* to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
* to stab: binn /uncertain
* to scratch: skilel /uncertain
* to dig: binn /nem
* to swim: uncertain /svi
* to fly: uncertain /fei
* to walk: salkel /uncertain
* to come: hhim /clm
* to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
* to sit: sidel /set
* to stand: hrec /tnd
* to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
* to fall: feiel /fei
* to give: túe /tue
* to hold: hrantel /uncertain
* to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
* to rub: vask /uncertain
* to wash: vask /uncertain
* to wipe: vaskel /vsk
* to pull: tec /uncertain
* to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
* to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
* to tie: ticel /bnd
* to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
* to count: teltzif /uncertain
* to say: srua /seu
* to sing: séunel /seu
* to play: bil /sfl
* to float: lom /flt
* to flow: ae /flt
* to freeze: íelel /iel
* to swell: rcol /uncertain
* sun: hrá /uncertain
* moon: daehrá /mun
* star: lucz /trl
* water: súm /sumi
* rain: lein /rcn
* river: léne /len
* lake: léne /len
* sea: léneen /len
* salt: sala /slt
* stone: shè /stn
* sand: sahr /snd
* dust: hroma /uncertain
* earth: thi /nulmaf
* cloud: küt /sku
* fog: küt /foc
* sky: séo /sulmaf
* wind: fendas /vnd
* snow: nívas /snu
* ice: íelen /ais
* smoke: féu /feo
* fire: féu /feo
* ash: daeféu /uncertain
* to burn: tocféu tue /feol
* road: vei /vec
* mountain: uncertain /mon
* red: hrot /rod
* green: léu /crn
* yellow: col /clb
* white: hrát /vit
* black: dal /blc
* night: dal /nkt
* day: dis /dac
* year: iálen /zuames
* warm: nôk /vrm
* cold: íels /chl
* full: buk /ful
* new: bil /uncertain
* old: né bil /uncertain
* good: hhim /bim
* bad: né hhim /uncertain
* rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
* dirty: mud /uncertain
* straight: bim /uncertain
* round: kadbal /uncertain
* sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
* dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
* smooth: dilel /uncertain
* wet: suːmmɯi /summui
* dry: sekal /sek
* correct: bim /uncertain
* near: tocmas /uncertain
* far: naemas /uncertain
* right: hris /lkt
* left: chol /lnk
* at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zui
* in: lhea /ins
* with: mɯi /mui
* and: e,elk /elk
* if: o,sôm /som
* because: fɯi /fui
* name: námel /nam

Latest revision as of 14:21, 2 June 2024


↳Small set

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