Dãterške: Difference between revisions

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{{Classmeter
{{Classmeter
|Name = Danterske
|Name = Danterske
|NativeName = Дантэршкэ
|NativeName = Даңтэршкэ
|Type = Agglutinative
|Type = Agglutinative
|Alignment = Ergative-absolutive
|Alignment = Ergative-absolutive
Line 55: Line 55:
| name = Danterian
| name = Danterian
| altname = Dãterške, Danterske
| altname = Dãterške, Danterske
| nativename = Дантэршкэ<br>Дантэрскэ атӕжӀұец
| nativename = Даңтэршкэ<br>Даңтэрскэ атӕҗӀұец
| pronunciation = /{{IPA|t̬antʰɛrʃkʰɛ}}/<br>/{{IPA|t̬antʰɛrskʰɛ atʰəʒd͡ʒyjet͡n̥}}/
| pronunciation = {{IPA|t̬ãtʰɛrʃkʰɛ}}<br>{{IPA|t̬ãtʰɛrskʰɛ atʰəʒd͡ʒyjet͡n̥}}
| familycolor = altaic
| familycolor = altaic
| fam1 = [[Constructed_language#a_priori_language|A priori languages]]
| fam1 = [[A priori language]]
| creator = [[User:Учхљёная|Elliott Wheeler]]
| creator = [[User:Учхљёная|Elliott Wheeler]]
| script = Cyrillic ([[Dãterške language#Orthography|Danterian alphabet]])
| script = Cyrillic ([[Dãterške language#Orthography|Danterian alphabet]])
| nation = [[Verse:Danterlokhan|Danterlokhan]]
| nation = [[Verse:Danterlokhan|Danterlokhan]]
| setting = [[Verse:Danterlokhan]]
| setting = [[Verse:Danterlokhan]]
| iso3 = qdt
| clcr = qdt
| image = Flag of Danterlĕxan.png
| image = Flag of Danterlĕxan.png
| imagecaption = The official flag of the Scientific Nation of Danterlokhan.
| imagecaption = The official flag of the Scientific Nation of Danterlokhan.
}}
}}
'''Dãterške''' (Дантэршкэ, Дантэрскэ атӕжӀұец), also known as '''Danterian''' (English calque) and '''Danterske''', is an [[auxiliary language]] created by [[User:Учхљёная|Elliott Wheeler]] originally desiğned to suit the needs of the scientific community, as it varies by field. As such, the grammar was loosely modeled after the concepts behind several well-known processes in physical sciences.
'''Dãterške''' (Даңтэршкэ, Даңтэрскэ атӕҗӀұец), also known as '''Danterian''' (English calque) and '''Danterske''', is an [[auxiliary language|auxillary]] and attempted [[logical language]] created by [[User:Учхљёная|Elliott Wheeler]] originally designed to be a common language for the scientific community.


A significant portion of its morphology, if not its main purpose, is comprised of native terms and according interactions for scientific terms, technical jargon, and computer-language-derivatives. It's also desiğned to lack multiple synonyms for definitions and has an inherent goal of unarbitrarity, which together makes it relatively difficult to have a colloquial version of the language completely suited for daily life on Earth.
Its original purpose was for a significant portion of its morphology was to be comprised of native terms and grammar for scientific terms, technical jargon, and physical processes. It's also designed to lack synonyms as much as possible for inherent goal of disambiguation, which albeit made it relatively difficult to use colloquially. Nevertheless, since then I have been trying to adapt it as a more naturalistic language with an actual constructed culture.


Due to several drastic changes during the course of its development, along with being her first language created, the language is loosely based off of [[:w:Altaic languages|Proto-Altaic]], various [[:w:Slavic languages|Slavic languages]], [[:w:Proto-Northwest Caucasian language|Proto-Northwest-Caucasian]], and her native idiolect of English, but is ultimately [[A priori|a priori]].
Due to several drastic changes during the course of its development, along with being the first language I created, the language is loosely based off of a variety of sources, such as [[:w:Altaic languages|Proto-Altaic]], the [[:w:Slavic languages|Slavic languages]], the [[:w:Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest-Caucasian languages]], a tad bit of German, and my native idiolect of English, but is ultimately [[A priori|a priori]].
 
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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
===History===
===Creation history===
The exact date of the language's inspiration remains unknown, but the project probably began on 26-9-12015 (September 26, 2015) with an Apple Pages document titled "Danterian Language", which featured an abecedarium of a bicameral Cyrillic-, Armenian-, & Latin-based alphabetic script, what appears to be an English approximation for the sound each represented, and a set of orthographic conventions. Featured below is the alphabet copied verbatim from the document.
The exact date of the language's inspiration remains unknown, but the project probably began on 26-9-12015 (September 26, 2015) with a document titled "Danterian Language", which featured an abecedarium of a bicameral Cyrillic-, Armenian-, & Latin-based alphabetic script, what appears to be an English approximation for the sound each represented, and a set of orthographic conventions. Featured below is the alphabet copied verbatim from the document.
{|style="text-align:center;"
{|style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
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|(z)
|(z)
|}
|}
More letters were almost certainly added later. This was probably an attempt of an English spelling reform that I decided to use to improve English as a whole, but then evolved into an entirely separate language that I decided to develop as my early knowledge of linguistics grew.
More letters were almost certainly added later. This was probably an attempt of an English spelling reform that I decided to create as I was learning linguistics, but this project then evolved into an entirely separate language that I decided to develop as my interest in linguistics  
and conlangs grew. This was when the language started to deviate from its goal, the language became something of a sketchbook for developing ideas I came up with as I was learning.


As the language grew, the document where I stored the language's lexicon was named after its first proper word, [[Contionary:кражңа#Dãterške|кражңа]], literally translating as "The Index of the Frontier" (Кљіха ды Кражңа). At the time of writing this, the index lists approximately 967 morphemes; enouğ of the language to derive a dictionary from such, but less in that various crucial notes and sketches are recorded elsewhere.
As the language grew, the document where I stored the language's lexicon was named after its first proper word, [[Contionary:кражңа#Dãterške|кражңа]], literally translating as "The Index of the Frontier" (Кљіха ды Кражңа). At the time of writing this, the index lists approximately 967 morphemes. This is probably enough of the language to derive a dictionary from such, but it should be noted that various crucial notes and sketches are recorded elsewhere.


<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
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Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
The orthgraphy of Dãterške is a monocase [[:w:Russian orthography|Russian]]-inspired Cyrillic alphabet, and is mostly to entirely phonemic, if not phonetic, in that each letter corresponds directly to a single (1) sound or modification on a sound (such as [◌ʼ], [◌ˤ], [◌̃], etC). It's important to note that, unlike many languages, the characters for these modifications, excluding nasalization (ң) and pʼ'aločka (Ӏ), represent phonemes to themselves and not merely modifiers for a grapheme or phoneme. However, an exeption to both axioms here could be the usage of the digraphs «щӀ» & «җӀ» to represent the consonantal sequences /ʃt͡ʃ/ & /ʒd͡ʒ/, respectfully.
The orthography of Dãterške is a monocase [[:w:Russian orthography|Russian]]-inspired Cyrillic alphabet, and is mostly phonemic, in that each letter corresponds directly to a single sound or modification on a sound (such as [◌ʼ], [◌ˤ], [◌̃], etC). It's important to note that, unlike many languages, certain modifications (besides nasalization, ң) represent phonemes to themselves and not merely modifiers for a grapheme or phoneme. However, an exception to both prior exceptions stated here is the usage of the digraphs «щӀ» & «җӀ» to represent the consonantal sequences /ʃt͡ʃ/ & /ʒd͡ʒ/, respectively.


Because of its relatively large phonemic inventory, the language had to use relatively unconventional uses and extensions for the letters in modern Cyrillic. This, combined with its monocase typography & usage of circum-sentence punctuation in a manner standardized from Spanish, makes a uniquely recognizable written language. Listed below are all of the characters in the alphabet and associated values in other systems, in no particular order due to the lack of an unarbitrary glyph-order for the language, where the Latin letters in parentheses represent the Danterian transliteration specifically, in contrast to the ISO 9 equivalent(s).
Because of its relatively large phonemic inventory, the language had to use relatively unconventional uses and extensions for the letters in modern Cyrillic. This, combined with its monocase typography & usage of circum-sentence punctuation in a manner standardized from Spanish, makes a uniquely recognizable written language. Listed below are all of the characters in the alphabet, associated values, and letter names in IPA and Latin, in no particular order due to the lack of any strict alphabetical order for the language.
{| class="sortable bluetable" style="background:white; text-align:left;"
{| class="sortable bluetable" style="background:white; text-align:left;"
|-
|-
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! Letter Name
! Letter Name
! IPA Letter Name
! IPA Letter Name
! [[:w:ISO 9|Scientific<br>Latin transliteration]]
! Latin transliteration
|-
|-
| Ӏ
| Ӏ
| /◌ʼ/
|rowspan=2| /◌ʼ/, /ʡ/~[ʔ]
| <i>пӀ'алєчһа</i>
| <i>пӀалєчһа</i>
| /{{IPA|pʼʡalot͡ʃħa}}/
| /{{IPA|pʼalot͡ʃħa}}/
| ‡ (ʼ)
|rowspan=2| '
|-
|-
| '
| '
| /ʡ/~[ʔ]
| <i>нруцӕфих пӀалєчһа</i>
| <i>нруцӕфих пӀ'алєчһа</i>
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx pʼalot͡ʃħa}}/
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx pʼʡalot͡ʃħa}}/
| '
|-
|-
| і
| і
| /ʲi/
| /ʲi/
| <i>пӀ'алєчһих і</i>
| <i>пӀалєчһих і</i>
| /{{IPA|pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx iː}}/
| /{{IPA|pʼalot͡ʃħɪx iː}}/
| Î î (İ i)
| İ i
|-
|-
| а
| а
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| <i>нруцӕфих ӑа</i>
| <i>нруцӕфих ӑа</i>
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx ʕa}}/
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx ʕa}}/
| Ă ă (ʕ ʿ)
| ʕ ʿ
|-
|-
| я
| я
| /ʲɒ/
| /ʲɒ/
| <i>я</i>
| <i>я</i>
| /{{IPA|ɒ}}/
| /{{IPA|ɒː}}/
| Â â
| Â â
|-
|-
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| <i>ә</i>
| <i>ә</i>
| /{{IPA|æ}}/
| /{{IPA|æ}}/
| A̋ a̋ (Æ æ)
| Æ æ
|-
|-
| ӕ
| ӕ
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| <i>ӕ</i>
| <i>ӕ</i>
| /{{IPA|ə}}/
| /{{IPA|ə}}/
| Ä ä (Ə ə)
| Ə ə
|-
|-
| э
| э
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| <i>э</i>
| <i>э</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛ}}/
| /{{IPA|ɛ}}/
| È è (E e)
| E e
|-
|-
| ӭ
| ӭ
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| <i>ӭ'</i> or <i>птрђих ӭ</i>
| <i>ӭ'</i> or <i>птрђих ӭ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɘʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɘ}}/
| /{{IPA|ɘʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɘ}}/
| Ȅ ȅ (Ë ë)
| Ë ë
|-
|-
| ө
| ө
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| <i>ө</i>
| <i>ө</i>
| /{{IPA|ɞ}}/
| /{{IPA|ɞ}}/
| Ô ô (Œ œ)
| Œ œ
|-
|-
| є
| є
| /ʲo/
| /ʲo/
| <i>є</i>
| <i>є</i>
| /{{IPA|o}}/
| /{{IPA|oː}}/
| Ê ê (Ô ô)
| Ô ô
|-
|-
| е
| е
| /ʲe/
| /ʲe/
| <i>е</i>
| <i>е</i>
| /{{IPA|e}}/
| /{{IPA|eː}}/
| E e (Ê ê)
| Ê ê
|-
|-
| ё
| ё
| /ʲø/~[ʲɵ]
| /ʲø/~[ʲɵ]
| <i>ё'</i> or <i>птрђих ё</i>
| <i>ё'</i> or <i>птрђих ё</i>
| /{{IPA|øʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ø}}/
| /{{IPA|øːʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx øː}}/
| Ë ë (Ĕ ĕ)
| Ø ø
|-
|-
| и
| и
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| <i>нруцӕфих йи</i>
| <i>нруцӕфих йи</i>
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx jɪ}}/
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx jɪ}}/
| Ĭ ĭ (J j)
| J j
|-
|-
| о
| о
| /ʌ/
| /ʌ/
| <i>о</i>
| <i>омь</i>
| /{{IPA|ʌ}}/
| /{{IPA|ʌɱʲ}}/
| O o
| O o
|-
|-
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| <i>нруцӕфих ўу</i>
| <i>нруцӕфих ўу</i>
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx wu}}/
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx wu}}/
| Ŭ ŭ (W w)
| W w
|-
|-
| ұ
| ұ
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| <i>ұ</i> or <i>пӀ'алєчһих ұ</i>
| <i>ұ</i> or <i>пӀ'алєчһих ұ</i>
| /{{IPA|y}}/ or /{{IPA|pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx y}}/
| /{{IPA|y}}/ or /{{IPA|pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx y}}/
| Ù ù
| Ü ü
|-
|-
| ю
| ю
| /ʲɯ/
| /ʲɯ/
| <i>ю</i>
| <i>ю</i>
| /{{IPA|ɯ}}/
| /{{IPA|ɯː}}/
| Û û
| Û û
|-
|-
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| ң
| ң
| /◌̃/
| /◌̃/
| <i>р'ьәњӕы эң</i> or <i> пӀ'алєчһих эң</i>
| <i>р'ьәњӕы эң</i> or <i> пӀалєчһих эң</i>
| /{{IPA|rʡʲæɲəɨ ɛ̃}}/ or /{{IPA|pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx ɛ̃}}/
| /{{IPA|rʡʲæɲəɨ ɛ̃}}/ or /{{IPA|pʼalot͡ʃħɪx ɛ̃}}/
| Ņ ņ
| ˜ ◌̃
|-
|-
| ц
| ц
| /t͡n̥/~[θ]
| /t͡n̥/~[θ]
| <i>цэ</i>
| <i>цөд</i>
| /{{IPA|t͡n̥ɛ}}/
| /{{IPA|t͡n̥ɞt̬}}/
| C c
| C c
|-
|-
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| <i>њэ</i>
| <i>њэ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɲɛ}}/
| /{{IPA|ɲɛ}}/
| N̂ n̂ (Ñ ñ)
| Ñ ñ
|-
|-
| б
| б
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| <i>эџ</i>
| <i>эџ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛd͡ʒ}}/
| /{{IPA|ɛd͡ʒ}}/
| D̂ d̂
| Đ đ
|-
|-
| ч
| ч
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| <i>эђ</i>
| <i>эђ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛc̬}}/
| /{{IPA|ɛc̬}}/
| Đ đ
| Ĝ ĝ
|-
|-
| ћ
| ћ
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| Ć ć
| Ć ć
|-
|-
| ӵ
| ҹ
| /c͡ç/
| /c͡ç/
| <i>ӵэ</i>
| <i>ҹэ</i>
| /{{IPA|c͡çɛ}}/
| /{{IPA|c͡çɛ}}/
| C̈ c̈
| Ĉ ĉ
|-
|-
| г
| г
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| к
| к
| /kʰ/
| /kʰ/
| <i>кэ</i>
| <i>клєм</i>
| /{{IPA|kʰɛ}}/
| /{{IPA|kʰlʲoɱ}}/
| K k
| K k
|-
|-
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| в
| в
| /v/
| /v/
| <i>ве</i>
| <i>витҍ</i>
| /{{IPA|vʲe}}/
| /{{IPA|vɪtˤʰ}}/
| V v
| V v
|-
|-
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| /f/
| /f/
| <i>еф</i>
| <i>еф</i>
| /{{IPA|ef}}/
| /{{IPA|eːf}}/
| F f
| F f
|-
|-
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| /z/
| /z/
| <i>зе</i>
| <i>зе</i>
| /{{IPA|z̟ʲe}}/
| /{{IPA|zʲe}}/
| Z z
| Z z
|-
|-
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| /s/
| /s/
| <i>ес</i>
| <i>ес</i>
| /{{IPA|es̟}}/
| /{{IPA|eːs}}/
| S s
| S s
|-
| ԇ
| /sˤ/~[z̥]
| <i>ԇөд</i>
| /{{IPA|sˤɞt̬}}/
| Ş ş
|-
|-
| ж
| ж
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| /ʃ/
| /ʃ/
| <i>еш</i>
| <i>еш</i>
| /{{IPA|eʃ}}/
| /{{IPA|eːʃ}}/
| Š š
| Š š
|-
|-
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| /ʝ/
| /ʝ/
| <i>җе</i>
| <i>җе</i>
| /{{IPA|ʝe}}/
| /{{IPA|ʝeː}}/
| Ẑ ẑ
| Ẑ ẑ
|-
|-
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| /ç/
| /ç/
| <i>ещ</i>
| <i>ещ</i>
| /{{IPA|eç}}/
| /{{IPA|eːç}}/
| Ŝ ŝ
| Ŝ ŝ
|-
|-
Line 519: Line 491:
| <i>ғе</i>
| <i>ғе</i>
| /{{IPA|ɣʲe}}/
| /{{IPA|ɣʲe}}/
| Ġ ġ (Ƣ ƣ)
| Ƣ ƣ
|-
|-
| х
| х
| /x/
| /x/
| <i>ех</i>
| <i>ех</i>
| /{{IPA|ex}}/
| /{{IPA|eːx}}/
| X x
| X x
|-
|-
| һ
| һ
| /ħ/~[h]
| /ħ/~[h]
| <i>һе</i>
| <i>шһа</i>
| /{{IPA|ħʲe}}/
| /{{IPA|ʃħa}}/
| H h
| H h
|-
|-
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| /r/~[ɹ]
| /r/~[ɹ]
| <i>ер</i>
| <i>ер</i>
| /{{IPA|er}}/
| /{{IPA|eːr}}/
| R r
| R r
|-
|-
| ь
| ь
| /j/~/◌ʲ/
| /j/~/◌ʲ/
| <i>ьерь</i> or <i>йерь</i>
| <i>йэрь</i>
| /{{IPA|jerʲ}}/
| /{{IPA|jɛrʲ}}/
| ′ (j)
| j
|-
|-
| ъ
| ъ
| /w/~/◌ʷ/
| /w/~/◌ʷ/
| <i>ъеръ</i> or <i>ўеръ</i>
| <i>ўэръ</i>
| /{{IPA|werʷ}}/
| /{{IPA|wɛrʷ}}/
| ″ (w)
| w
|-
|-
| ҍ
| ҍ
| /ʕ/~/◌ˤ/
| /ʕ/~/◌ˤ/
| <i>ҍерҍ</i> or <i>ӑерҍ</i>
| <i>ӑэрҍ</i>
| /{{IPA|ʕerˤ}}/
| /{{IPA|ʕɛrˤ}}/
| ‴ (ʿ)
| ʿ
|-
|-
| л
| л
| /l/~[ɮ]
| /l/~[ɮ]
| <i>ел</i>
| <i>ел</i>
| /{{IPA|el}}/
| /{{IPA|eːl}}/
| L l
| L l
|-
|-
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| /ʎ/
| /ʎ/
| <i>љер</i>
| <i>љер</i>
| /{{IPA|ʎer}}/
| /{{IPA|ʎeːr}}/
| L̂ l̂ (Ł ł)
| Ł ł
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 575: Line 547:
|+ | Danterške consonant phonemes
|+ | Danterške consonant phonemes
|-
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2|  
! colspan=2|
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! [[:w:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! colspan=2| [[:w:Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]
! [[:w:Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Postalveolar consonant|Palato-alveolar]]
! [[:w:Postalveolar consonant|Palato-alveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[:w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[:w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Epiglottal consonant|Pharyngeal/Uvelar]]
! [[:w:Guttural consonant|Guttural]]
|-
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|[[:w:Secondary articulation|2 artic.]]}}
|-
|-
! colspan=2| [[:w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan=2| [[:w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|ɱ}} (м)
| {{IPA|ɱ}} (м)
| {{IPA|n}} (н)
| {{IPA|n}} (н)
| {{IPA|t͡n̥}}~{{IPA|θ}} (ц)
|  
|  
| {{IPA|ɲ}} (њ)
| {{IPA|ɲ}} (њ)
Line 596: Line 564:
|-
|-
! rowspan=3| [[:w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan=3| [[:w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[:w:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}} (п)
| {{IPA|tʰ}} (т)
|
|
| {{IPA|cʰ}} (ћ)
| {{IPA|kʰ}} (к)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|ʡ}} (')
|-
! {{small|[[:w:Fortis and lenis|lenis]]}}
! {{small|[[:w:Fortis and lenis|lenis]]}}
| {{IPA|p̬}} (б)
| {{IPA|p̬}} (б)
| {{IPA|t̬}} (д)
| {{IPA|t̬}} (д)
|
|
|
| {{IPA|c̬}} (ђ)
| {{IPA|c̬}} (ђ)
| {{IPA|k̬}} (г)
| {{IPA|k̬}} (г)
| {{IPA|ʡ}} (Ӏ,')
|-
|-
! {{small|[[:w:Ejective consonant|ejective]]}}
! {{small|[[:w:Ejective consonant|ejective]]<small><ref name=d group=note>Ejectives are phonemically and graphically considered sequences of Cʡ, however they are listed here to demonstrate all permissible sequences</ref></small>}}
| {{IPA|pʼ}} (пӀ)
| {{IPA|pʼ}} (пӀ)
| {{IPA|tʼ}} (тӀ)
| {{IPA|tʼ}} (тӀ)
|
| {{IPA|t͡ʃʼ}} (чӀ)
| {{IPA|t͡ʃʼ}} (чӀ)
| {{IPA|cʼ}} (ћӀ)
| {{IPA|cʼ}} (ћӀ)
Line 622: Line 580:
| {{IPA|qʼ}} (ҝӀ)
| {{IPA|qʼ}} (ҝӀ)
|-
|-
! {{small|[[:w:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}} (п)
| {{IPA|tʰ}} (т)
|
| {{IPA|cʰ}} (ћ)
| {{IPA|kʰ}} (к)
| rowspan=3| {{IPA|qʰ~q͡χ}} (ҝ)
|-
|-
! rowspan=6| [[:w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! rowspan=5| [[:w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|p͡f}} (пф)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|p͡f}} <small><ref name=c group=note>Mainly attested as a single phoneme in loanwords from German, but this analysis may be extended to native words as well</ref></small> (пф)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|t͡s}} (тс)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|t͡n̥}}~{{IPA|t͡θ}}<small><ref name=b group=note>Though /t͡θ/ may be used as an allophone in any context, it naturally occurs in codas, especially word-finally.</ref></small>  (ц)
| rowspan=2|
| {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} (ч)
| {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} (ч)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|c͡ç}} (ӵ)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|c͡ç}} (ҹ)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|q͡χ~k͡xʷ}} (ҝ)
|-
|-
| {{IPA|ʃt͡ʃ}} (щӀ)
| {{IPA|ʃt͡ʃ}} (щӀ)
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|b͡v}} (бв)
| rowspan=2|  
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|d͡z}} (дз)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} (џ)
| {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} (џ)
Line 646: Line 607:
| {{IPA|ʒd͡ʒ}} (җӀ)
| {{IPA|ʒd͡ʒ}} (җӀ)
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:nasal release|nasal release]]}}
! {{small|[[:w:nasal release|nasal release]]}}
| rowspan=2|
|
| {{IPA|t̃ʰ}} (тң)
| colspan=2| {{IPA|t͡ʃ̃ⁿ}} (чң)
| {{IPA|c̃ʰ}} (ћң)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|g̊ⁿ}} (кң,гң)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| {{IPA|dⁿ~nˑ}} (дң)
| {{IPA|dⁿ~nˑ}} (дң)
| colspan=2| {{IPA|d͡ʒ̃ⁿ}} (џң)
| {{IPA|d͡ʒ̃}} (џң)
| {{IPA|ɟⁿ~ɲˑ}} (ђң)
| {{IPA|ɟⁿ~ɲˑ}} (ђң)
| {{IPA|g̊ⁿ~ŋ}} (кң,гң)
|
|-
|-
! rowspan=4| [[:w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! rowspan=3| [[:w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[:w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
! {{small|[[:w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA|f}} (ф)
| {{IPA|f}} (ф)
| {{IPA|s}}<small><ref name=a group=note>Denti-alveolar consonants, nor any fricatives, are never [[:w:Sibilant|sibilants]].</ref></small> (с)
| {{IPA|s}}<small><ref name=a group=note>No [[:w:Sibilant|hissing sibilants]] technically occur in this language's phonology, these symbols are meant to be interpreted as shorthand for their non-sibilant equivalents and to distinguish from their dental equivalents</ref></small> (с)
| {{IPA|sˤ~z̥}}<small><ref name=a group=note /></small> (ԇ)
| {{IPA|ʃ}} (ш)
| {{IPA|ʃ}} (ш)
| {{IPA|ç}} (щ)
| {{IPA|ç}} (щ)
Line 671: Line 627:
| {{IPA|v}} (в)
| {{IPA|v}} (в)
| {{IPA|z}}<small><ref name=a group=note /></small> (з)
| {{IPA|z}}<small><ref name=a group=note /></small> (з)
| {{IPA|zʲ}} (зь)
| {{IPA|ʒ}} (ж)
| {{IPA|ʒ}} (ж)
| {{IPA|ʝ}} (җ)
| {{IPA|ʝ}} (җ)
Line 677: Line 632:
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:Nasalization|nasalized]]}}
! {{small|[[:w:Nasalization|nasalized]]}}
| {{IPA|f̃}} (фң)
| {{IPA|s̃}} (сң)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|s̃ˤ}} (ԇң)
| {{IPA|ʃ̃}} (шң)
| {{IPA|ç̃}} (щң)
| {{IPA|x̃}} (хң)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| {{IPA|ṽ}} (вң)
| {{IPA|ṽ}} (вң)
| {{IPA|z̃}} (зң)
| {{IPA|z̃}}<small><ref name=a group=note /></small> (зң)
| {{IPA|ʒ̃}} (жң)
| {{IPA|ʒ̃}} (жң)
|
| {{IPA|ʝ̃}} (җң)
| {{IPA|ɣ̃}} (ғң)
|
|
|-
|-
Line 695: Line 643:
|
|
| {{IPA|r~ɹ}} (р)
| {{IPA|r~ɹ}} (р)
| {{IPA|r̃}} (рң)
| {{IPA|ɹ̃}} (рң)
| {{IPA|rʲ}} (рь)
| {{IPA|j}} (ь,й)
| {{IPA|j}} (ь,й)
| {{IPA|w}} (ъ,ў)
| {{IPA|w}} (ъ,ў)
Line 706: Line 653:
| {{IPA|l}}~{{IPA|ɮ}} (л)
| {{IPA|l}}~{{IPA|ɮ}} (л)
|  
|  
|
| {{IPA|ʎ}} (љ)
| {{IPA|ʎ}} (љ)
|
|
Line 714: Line 660:
|
|
| {{IPA|l̃}} (лң)
| {{IPA|l̃}} (лң)
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʎ̃}} (љң)
| {{IPA|ʎ̃}} (љң)
Line 796: Line 741:
| {{IPA|ə}} (ӕ)
| {{IPA|ə}} (ӕ)
| {{IPA|ɞ}} (ө)
| {{IPA|ɞ}} (ө)
| {{IPA|ʌ}} (о)
|colspan=2| {{IPA|ʌ}}~{{IPA|ɔ}} (о)
|
|-
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
! {{small|nasal}}
Line 804: Line 748:
| {{IPA|ə̃}} (ӕң)
| {{IPA|ə̃}} (ӕң)
| {{IPA|ɞ̃}} (өң)
| {{IPA|ɞ̃}} (өң)
| {{IPA|ʌ̃}} (оң)
|colspan=2| {{IPA|ʌ̃}}~{{IPA|ɔ̃}} (оң)
|
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
Line 817: Line 760:
|-
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
! {{small|nasal}}
| {{IPA|æ̃}} (әң)
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
Line 843: Line 786:


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Another relatively unique feature of the language is that it has no phonemic stress, intonation, or even syllable-boundaries, thus forcing both the speaker & listener either to innovate all the likely possibilities of the prosody of a given sentence or analyze it purely as a sequence of sounds. However, it is important to note that, at least for casual speech, primary stress and/or hiğ-tone is often placed on the initial syllable of a word, and secondary stress and/or mid-tone is often [[:w:trochee|trochaic]] (placed in repeating patterns of stressed-unstressed) from the beginning of the word. An exception to the rule of casual stress would be a syllable containing a lengthened or ава (rouğ) vowel, which is stressed by default.
The only hard rule of prosody in this language pertains to syllables containing an ава (rough) vowel, which are stressed by default. However, in casual speech, primary stress usually occurs in a somewhat similar manner to English, and is often placed on the initial syllable of a word, and secondary stress is often [[:w:trochee|trochaic]] (placed in repeating patterns of stressed-unstressed) from the beginning of the word


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Despite Elliott often having remarked that the language had almost no phonotactic limits, Danterian does in fact have some very clear phonotactics which are as follows.
'''Syllable Structure:''' (W/N)(C)<sup>6</sup>(W)<sup>2</sup>V/-P<sup>2</sup>(W)<sup>2</sup>(C)<sup>4</sup>(W/N)<br>
'''Syllable Structure:''' (W/N)(C)<sup>6</sup>(W)<sup>2</sup>V/-P<sup>2</sup>(W)<sup>2</sup>(C)<sup>4</sup>(W/N)<br>
Where:
Where:
Line 855: Line 796:
*V = Vowel
*V = Vowel
*W = Semivowel
*W = Semivowel
#/r/, /rʲ/, /r̃/ cannot immediately follow a Palato-alveolar consonant.
#/r/, /rʲ/, /r̃/ cannot immediately follow a palato-alveolar consonant.
#Unstressed /ʲi/, /ʲe/, /ʲø/, /ʲɒ/, /ʲo/, /ʲɯ/ cannot preceed liquids and will become lengthened /ː/ and/or undergo ава-ућу mutation.
#Unstressed /ʲi/, /ʲe/, /ʲø/, /ʲɒ/, /ʲo/, /ʲɯ/ cannot precede liquids and will become lengthened /ː/ and/or undergo ава-ућу mutation.
#Adjacent consonants with multiple similar features may merge (their Places of Articulation).
#Lenis Stops are not released syllable-finally or preceding other Stops.
#Lenis Stops are not released syllable-finally or preceding other Stops.
#Complex consonant clusters with non-plosives >C<sup>6</sup> become syllabic.
#Complex consonant clusters with non-plosives >C<sup>6</sup> become syllabic.
#/j/, /w/, /ʕ/, /r/, /rʲ/, /r̃/, /l/, /ʎ/, /l̃/, /ʎ̃/, /ʡ/ become devoiced after Aspirated Stops and assimilate with the plosive.
#/j/, /w/, /ʕ/ become devoiced after aspirated Stops and assimilate with the plosive.
#Voiced and unvoiced equivalents of a consonant cannot be adjacent unless at a syllable boundary.
#Fortis and lenis equivalents of a given consonant cannot be adjacent unless at a syllable boundary.
#/t͡n̥l/ cannot occur.
#/t͡n̥l/ cannot occur.
#/ʡ/ cannot immediately follow a voiceless plosive or affricate, forcing the consonant in question to become an ejective


===Ава-ућу vowel correspondence===
===Ава-ућу vowel correspondence===
Line 921: Line 862:


===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
Due to the language being a semi-[[:w:Agglutinative languages|agglutinative]] language, little pure morphophonological processes take place other than the characteristic Danterian vowel mutation. Because of this process alone, one could either analyze the language’s morphological typology as an agglutinative language with ablauting morphemes, or as a minor fusional language without sandhi. One could argue that there is a complex system of vowel harmony underlying every word, but if existing, such is yet to be decoded.
Due to the language being a semi-[[:w:Agglutinative languages|agglutinative]] language, little purely morphophonological processes take place other than the aforementioned vowel mutation. Because of this process alone, one could either analyze the language’s morphological typology as an agglutinative language with ablauting morphemes, or as a minor fusional language without sandhi.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 939: Line 880:
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
The constituent order of the language is relatively straiğtforward, being almost exclusively SOV in almost all instances. Other words-orders (commonly SVO) may be used occasionally for poetic effect, but such must be clearly marked with affices denoting their grammatical role, often merely to avoid ambiguity.
The constituent order of the language is relatively straightforward, being almost exclusively SOV in almost all instances. Other word-orders (commonly SVO) may be used occasionally for poetic effect, but such must be clearly marked with affices denoting their grammatical role, often merely to avoid ambiguity.


===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
Line 950: Line 891:
{{main|:Category:Dãterške literature}}
{{main|:Category:Dãterške literature}}
*[[Literature:The Internationale#Dãterške|The Internationale]] - ТрәнњещӀьахимнһц
*[[Literature:The Internationale#Dãterške|The Internationale]] - ТрәнњещӀьахимнһц
*[[Literature:Even when issues arise#Dãterške (Original)|Even when issues arise]] - шԇөтңжелф хжалд'с ды җӀұйец бољата
*[[Verse:Danterlokhan/Even when issues arise#Dãterške (Original)|Even when issues arise]] - шԇөтжелф хжалд'с ды җӀұйец бољата
*[[Literature:Hansu Hansuen#Dãterške|Hansu Hansuen]] - Дихтатэрин ды дихтатэрин'с
*[[Literature:Hansu Hansuen#Dãterške|Hansu Hansuen]] - Дихтатэрин ды дихтатэрин'с
===Swadesh list===
===Swadesh list===
{{Swadesh
{{Swadesh
|language=Dãterške
|language=Dãterške
|nativename=Дантэршкэ
|nativename=Даңтэршкэ
|I=хж
|I=хж
|you (singular)=хи
|you (singular)=хи
Line 990: Line 931:
|short=льыхӕы
|short=льыхӕы
|narrow=лэхӕы
|narrow=лэхӕы
|thin=ждлекӕы
|thin=блӕнзӕы
|woman=фрау
|woman=фрау
|man (adult male)=фрау
|man (adult male)=
|Man (human being)=фрау
|Man (human being)=йёй'
|child=льыхфрау
|child=льыхфрау
|wife=ебщаюңһа
|wife=ебщаюңһа
Line 999: Line 940:
|mother=мам
|mother=мам
|father=мам
|father=мам
|animal=анӥмалӥа
|animal=
|fish=єстеӥкӀтӀұес
|fish=ғєчӥ
|bird=авес
|bird=фљећһа
|dog=фамӥлӥарӥс
|dog=
|louse=пӀтӀӥраптера
|louse=
|snake=серпентес
|snake=
|worm=анелӥда
|worm=
|tree=пӥнєпӀұта
|tree=
|forest=пӥнєпӀұтасім'ьяр
|forest=
|stick=пӀ'алєчһа
|stick=пӀалєчһа
|fruit=фруктус
|fruit=џябрућөй
|seed=бул
|seed=бул
|leaf=фєлӥум
|leaf=
|root=радӥхс
|root=
|bark=кєртехс
|bark=
|flower=флєс
|flower=
|grass=пєакеә
|grass=
|rope=умукңәту
|rope=умукңәту
|skin=кутӥс
|skin=
|meat=анӥмалӥа'ишмалж
|meat=-ишмалж
|blood=ершы
|blood=ершы
|bone=вертебратафрељһа
|bone=
|fat (n.)=нрійпфӭӑшєл
|fat (n.)=нрійпфӭӑшєл
|egg=євум
|egg=
|horn=кєрну
|horn=
|tail=кєкұхс
|tail=
|feather=авесфєлӥум
|feather=
|hair=граӑюлш
|hair=граӑюлш
|head=њђәмӹнец
|head=њђәмӹнец
Line 1,031: Line 972:
|eye=ӑәйн
|eye=ӑәйн
|nose=њђәмӹнец
|nose=њђәмӹнец
|mouth=бука
|mouth=
|tooth=денс
|tooth=
|tongue=лӥнгъа
|tongue=
|fingernail=унгъӥс
|fingernail=
|foot=пес
|foot=
|leg=єӑөпӀһа
|leg=єӑөпӀһа
|knee=гену
|knee=гену
|hand=манус
|hand=
|wing=фљећманус
|wing=
|belly=
|belly=
|guts=
|guts=
Line 1,307: Line 1,248:
|'''Ag'''<br>[[Contionary:сэп#Dãterške|сэп]]
|'''Ag'''<br>[[Contionary:сэп#Dãterške|сэп]]
|'''Au'''<br>[[Contionary:ӑӭўж#Dãterške|ӑӭўж]]
|'''Au'''<br>[[Contionary:ӑӭўж#Dãterške|ӑӭўж]]
|'''Rg'''<br>[[Contionary:ргӭөтң#Dãterške|ргӭтң]]
|'''Rg'''<br>[[Contionary:ргӭөт#Dãterške|ргӭт]]
|-
|-
!colspan=2 style="font-size:100%;"|[[:w:Group 12 element|12]]
!colspan=2 style="font-size:100%;"|[[:w:Group 12 element|12]]
Line 1,332: Line 1,273:
|-
|-
!colspan=2 style="background:#f8f8f8;font-size:100%"|[[:w:Pnictogen|15]]
!colspan=2 style="background:#f8f8f8;font-size:100%"|[[:w:Pnictogen|15]]
|'''N'''<br>[[Contionary:нхлетң#Dãterške|нхлетң]]
|'''N'''<br>[[Contionary:нхлет#Dãterške|нхлет]]
|'''P'''<br>[[Contionary:пресң#Dãterške|пресң]]
|'''P'''<br>[[Contionary:пресң#Dãterške|пресң]]
|'''As'''<br>[[Contionary:сбехңт#Dãterške|сбехңт]]
|'''As'''<br>[[Contionary:сбехңт#Dãterške|сбехңт]]
Line 1,359: Line 1,300:
|'''Ne'''<br>[[Contionary:ғњӥд#Dãterške|ғњӥд]]
|'''Ne'''<br>[[Contionary:ғњӥд#Dãterške|ғњӥд]]
|'''Ar'''<br>[[Contionary:хрёђ#Dãterške|хрёђ]]
|'''Ar'''<br>[[Contionary:хрёђ#Dãterške|хрёђ]]
|'''Kr'''<br>[[Contionary:крєћң#Dãterške|крєћң]]
|'''Kr'''<br>[[Contionary:крєћ#Dãterške|крєћ]]
|'''Xe'''<br>[[Contionary:хсьәм#Dãterške|хсьәм]]
|'''Xe'''<br>[[Contionary:хсьәм#Dãterške|хсьәм]]
|'''Rn'''<br>[[Contionary:ҝрӕун#Dãterške|ҝрӕун]]
|'''Rn'''<br>[[Contionary:ҝрӕун#Dãterške|ҝрӕун]]
Line 1,365: Line 1,306:
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Lexicon==
{{main|:Category:Dãterške words}}


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Template area -->


[[Category:Dãterške]]
[[Category:Dãterške]]
Line 1,380: Line 1,320:
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Altaic languages]]
[[Category:Altaic languages]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]

Latest revision as of 07:04, 18 September 2024


Danterske
Даңтэршкэ
Progress: 95%
Type
Agglutinative
Alignment
Ergative-absolutive
Head direction
Initial Mixed Final
Primary word order
Subject-object-verb
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
1
Nouns decline according to...
Case Number
Definiteness Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect
Danterian
Dãterške, Danterske
Даңтэршкэ
Даңтэрскэ атӕҗӀұец
Flag of Danterlĕxan.png
The official flag of the Scientific Nation of Danterlokhan.
Pronunciation[t̬ãtʰɛrʃkʰɛ
t̬ãtʰɛrskʰɛ atʰəʒd͡ʒyjet͡n̥]
Created byElliott Wheeler
SettingVerse:Danterlokhan
Official status
Official language in
Danterlokhan
Language codes
CLCRqdt

Dãterške (Даңтэршкэ, Даңтэрскэ атӕҗӀұец), also known as Danterian (English calque) and Danterske, is an auxillary and attempted logical language created by Elliott Wheeler originally designed to be a common language for the scientific community.

Its original purpose was for a significant portion of its morphology was to be comprised of native terms and grammar for scientific terms, technical jargon, and physical processes. It's also designed to lack synonyms as much as possible for inherent goal of disambiguation, which albeit made it relatively difficult to use colloquially. Nevertheless, since then I have been trying to adapt it as a more naturalistic language with an actual constructed culture.

Due to several drastic changes during the course of its development, along with being the first language I created, the language is loosely based off of a variety of sources, such as Proto-Altaic, the Slavic languages, the Northwest-Caucasian languages, a tad bit of German, and my native idiolect of English, but is ultimately a priori.

Introduction

Creation history

The exact date of the language's inspiration remains unknown, but the project probably began on 26-9-12015 (September 26, 2015) with a document titled "Danterian Language", which featured an abecedarium of a bicameral Cyrillic-, Armenian-, & Latin-based alphabetic script, what appears to be an English approximation for the sound each represented, and a set of orthographic conventions. Featured below is the alphabet copied verbatim from the document.

Æ E A B C Д Њ F G H N J K L M I O ♇ Ꝗ R S Ð T U V Щ Ж ß Y Z
æ є a Б/ƃ c Δ ђ f դ h и j k l m ն o ꝑ ꝗ r s þ t μ v щ ж β y ƶ
(ae) (e) (a) (b) (c) (d) (ny) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) (th) (t) (u) (v) (w) (zh) (sz) (y) (z)

More letters were almost certainly added later. This was probably an attempt of an English spelling reform that I decided to create as I was learning linguistics, but this project then evolved into an entirely separate language that I decided to develop as my interest in linguistics and conlangs grew. This was when the language started to deviate from its goal, the language became something of a sketchbook for developing ideas I came up with as I was learning.

As the language grew, the document where I stored the language's lexicon was named after its first proper word, кражңа, literally translating as "The Index of the Frontier" (Кљіха ды Кражңа). At the time of writing this, the index lists approximately 967 morphemes. This is probably enough of the language to derive a dictionary from such, but it should be noted that various crucial notes and sketches are recorded elsewhere.

Phonology

Orthography

The orthography of Dãterške is a monocase Russian-inspired Cyrillic alphabet, and is mostly phonemic, in that each letter corresponds directly to a single sound or modification on a sound (such as [◌ʼ], [◌ˤ], [◌̃], etC). It's important to note that, unlike many languages, certain modifications (besides nasalization, ң) represent phonemes to themselves and not merely modifiers for a grapheme or phoneme. However, an exception to both prior exceptions stated here is the usage of the digraphs «щӀ» & «җӀ» to represent the consonantal sequences /ʃt͡ʃ/ & /ʒd͡ʒ/, respectively.

Because of its relatively large phonemic inventory, the language had to use relatively unconventional uses and extensions for the letters in modern Cyrillic. This, combined with its monocase typography & usage of circum-sentence punctuation in a manner standardized from Spanish, makes a uniquely recognizable written language. Listed below are all of the characters in the alphabet, associated values, and letter names in IPA and Latin, in no particular order due to the lack of any strict alphabetical order for the language.

Letter IPA Sound Letter Name IPA Letter Name Latin transliteration
Ӏ /◌ʼ/, /ʡ/~[ʔ] пӀалєчһа /pʼalot͡ʃħa/ '
' нруцӕфих пӀалєчһа /nrut͡n̥əfɪx pʼalot͡ʃħa/
і /ʲi/ пӀалєчһих і /pʼalot͡ʃħɪx iː/ İ i
а /a/ а /a/ A a
ӑ /ʕ/ нруцӕфих ӑа /nrut͡n̥əfɪx ʕa/ ʕ ʿ
я /ʲɒ/ я /ɒː/ Â â
ә /æ/ ә /æ/ Æ æ
ӕ /ə/ ӕ /ə/ Ə ə
э /ɛ/ э /ɛ/ E e
ӭ /ɘ/ ӭ' or птрђих ӭ /ɘʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɘ/ Ë ë
ө /ɞ/ ө /ɞ/ Œ œ
є /ʲo/ є /oː/ Ô ô
е /ʲe/ е /eː/ Ê ê
ё /ʲø/~[ʲɵ] ё' or птрђих ё /øːʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx øː/ Ø ø
и /ɪ/ и /ɪ/ I ı
ӥ /i/ ӥ' or птрђих ӥ /iʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx i/ Ï ï
й /j/ нруцӕфих йи /nrut͡n̥əfɪx jɪ/ J j
о /ʌ/ омь /ʌɱʲ/ O o
ӧ /ɤ/ ӧ' or птрђих ӧ /ɤʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɤ/ Ö ö
у /u/ у /u/ U u
ў /w/ нруцӕфих ўу /nrut͡n̥əfɪx wu/ W w
ұ /y/ ұ or пӀ'алєчһих ұ /y/ or /pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx y/ Ü ü
ю /ʲɯ/ ю /ɯː/ Û û
ы /ɨ/ ы /ɨ/ Y y
ӹ /ʉ/ ӹ' or птрђих ӹ /ʉʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ʉ/ Ÿ ÿ
м /ɱ/ эм /ɛɱ/ M m
н /n/ эн /ɛn/ N n
ң /◌̃/ р'ьәњӕы эң or пӀалєчһих эң /rʡʲæɲəɨ ɛ̃/ or /pʼalot͡ʃħɪx ɛ̃/ ˜ ◌̃
ц /t͡n̥/~[θ] цөд /t͡n̥ɞt̬/ C c
њ /ɲ/ њэ /ɲɛ/ Ñ ñ
б /p̬/~[b̪] эб /ɛp̬/ B b
п /pʰ/ пэ /p̪ʰɛ/ P p
д /t̬/~[d̟] эд /ɛt̬/ D d
т /tʰ/~[t̟ʰ] тэ /tʰɛ/ T t
џ /d͡ʒ/ эџ /ɛd͡ʒ/ Đ đ
ч /t͡ʃ/ чэ /t͡ʃɛ/ Č č
ђ /c̬/~[ɟ] эђ /ɛc̬/ Ĝ ĝ
ћ /cʰ/ эћ /cʰɛ/ Ć ć
ҹ /c͡ç/ ҹэ /c͡çɛ/ Ĉ ĉ
г /k̬/~[g] эг /ɛk̬/ G g
к /kʰ/ клєм /kʰlʲoɱ/ K k
ҝ /q͡χ/ ҝэ /q͡χɛ/ Q q
в /v/ витҍ /vɪtˤʰ/ V v
ф /f/ еф /eːf/ F f
з /z/ зе /zʲe/ Z z
с /s/ ес /eːs/ S s
ж /ʒ/ же /ʒʲe/ Ž ž
ш /ʃ/ еш /eːʃ/ Š š
җ /ʝ/ җе /ʝeː/ Ẑ ẑ
щ /ç/ ещ /eːç/ Ŝ ŝ
ғ /ɣ/ ғе /ɣʲe/ Ƣ ƣ
х /x/ ех /eːx/ X x
һ /ħ/~[h] шһа /ʃħa/ H h
р /r/~[ɹ] ер /eːr/ R r
ь /j/~/◌ʲ/ йэрь /jɛrʲ/ j
ъ /w/~/◌ʷ/ ўэръ /wɛrʷ/ w
ҍ /ʕ/~/◌ˤ/ ӑэрҍ /ʕɛrˤ/ ʿ
л /l/~[ɮ] ел /eːl/ L l
љ /ʎ/ љер /ʎeːr/ Ł ł

Consonants

Danterške consonant phonemes
Labiodental Denti-alveolar Palato-alveolar Palatal Velar Guttural
Nasal ɱ (м) n (н) ɲ (њ)
Plosive lenis p̬ (б) t̬ (д) c̬ (ђ) k̬ (г) ʡ (Ӏ,')
ejective[note 1] pʼ (пӀ) tʼ (тӀ) t͡ʃʼ (чӀ) cʼ (ћӀ) kʼ (кӀ) qʼ (ҝӀ)
aspirated pʰ (п) tʰ (т) cʰ (ћ) kʰ (к) qʰ~q͡χ (ҝ)
Affricate voiceless p͡f [note 2] (пф) t͡n̥~t͡θ[note 3] (ц) t͡ʃ (ч) c͡ç (ҹ)
ʃt͡ʃ (щӀ)
voiced d͡ʒ (џ)
ʒd͡ʒ (җӀ)
nasal release dⁿ~nˑ (дң) d͡ʒ̃ (џң) ɟⁿ~ɲˑ (ђң) g̊ⁿ~ŋ (кң,гң)
Fricative voiceless f (ф) s[note 4] (с) ʃ (ш) ç (щ) x (х) ħ (һ)
voiced v (в) z[note 4] (з) ʒ (ж) ʝ (җ) ɣ (ғ)
nasalized ṽ (вң) z̃[note 4] (зң) ʒ̃ (жң) ʝ̃ (җң) ɣ̃ (ғң)
Approximant r~ɹ (р) ɹ̃ (рң) j (ь,й) w (ъ,ў) ʕ (ҍ,ӑ)
Lateral oral l~ɮ (л) ʎ (љ)
nasalized l̃ (лң) ʎ̃ (љң)
  1. ^ Ejectives are phonemically and graphically considered sequences of Cʡ, however they are listed here to demonstrate all permissible sequences
  2. ^ Mainly attested as a single phoneme in loanwords from German, but this analysis may be extended to native words as well
  3. ^ Though /t͡θ/ may be used as an allophone in any context, it naturally occurs in codas, especially word-finally.
  4. ^ a b c No hissing sibilants technically occur in this language's phonology, these symbols are meant to be interpreted as shorthand for their non-sibilant equivalents and to distinguish from their dental equivalents

Vowels

Dãterške vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close oral i (ӥ) ʲi(ː) (і) y (ұ) ɨ (ы) ʉ (ӹ) u (у)
nasal ĩ (ің/ӥң) ỹ (ұң) ɨ̃ (ың) ʉ̃ (ӹң) ũ (уң)
Near-close oral ɪ (и) ʲɯ (ю)
nasal ɪ̃ (иң) ɯ̃ (юң)
Close-mid oral ʲe (е) ɘ (ӭ) ʲø~ʲɵ (ё) ɤ (ӧ) ʲo (є)
nasal ẽ (ең) ɘ̃ (ӭң) ø̃~ɵ̃ (ёң) ɤ̃ (ӧң) õ (єң)
Open-mid oral ɛ (э) ə (ӕ) ɞ (ө) ʌ~ɔ (о)
nasal ɛ̃ (эң) ə̃ (ӕң) ɞ̃ (өң) ʌ̃~ɔ̃ (оң)
Near-open oral æ (ә)
nasal
Open oral a (а) ʲɒ (я)
nasal ã (аң) ɒ̃ (яң)

Prosody

The only hard rule of prosody in this language pertains to syllables containing an ава (rough) vowel, which are stressed by default. However, in casual speech, primary stress usually occurs in a somewhat similar manner to English, and is often placed on the initial syllable of a word, and secondary stress is often trochaic (placed in repeating patterns of stressed-unstressed) from the beginning of the word

Phonotactics

Syllable Structure: (W/N)(C)6(W)2V/-P2(W)2(C)4(W/N)
Where:

  • C = Consonant
  • N = Nasal consonant
  • -P = Non-plosive
  • V = Vowel
  • W = Semivowel
  1. /r/, /rʲ/, /r̃/ cannot immediately follow a palato-alveolar consonant.
  2. Unstressed /ʲi/, /ʲe/, /ʲø/, /ʲɒ/, /ʲo/, /ʲɯ/ cannot precede liquids and will become lengthened /ː/ and/or undergo ава-ућу mutation.
  3. Lenis Stops are not released syllable-finally or preceding other Stops.
  4. Complex consonant clusters with non-plosives >C6 become syllabic.
  5. /j/, /w/, /ʕ/ become devoiced after aspirated Stops and assimilate with the plosive.
  6. Fortis and lenis equivalents of a given consonant cannot be adjacent unless at a syllable boundary.
  7. /t͡n̥l/ cannot occur.
  8. /ʡ/ cannot immediately follow a voiceless plosive or affricate, forcing the consonant in question to become an ejective

Ава-ућу vowel correspondence

Dãterške vowel mutation
Series # Ава Ућу
1 А Е
2 Ә Ӭ
3 И Ӕ
4 Э Ө
5 О У
6 Є І
7 Ӥ Ы
8 Ӧ Ұ
9 Ю Ӹ
10 Я Ё
11 аў,ӑу єұ
12 Р Л

Morphophonology

Due to the language being a semi-agglutinative language, little purely morphophonological processes take place other than the aforementioned vowel mutation. Because of this process alone, one could either analyze the language’s morphological typology as an agglutinative language with ablauting morphemes, or as a minor fusional language without sandhi.

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

The constituent order of the language is relatively straightforward, being almost exclusively SOV in almost all instances. Other word-orders (commonly SVO) may be used occasionally for poetic effect, but such must be clearly marked with affices denoting their grammatical role, often merely to avoid ambiguity.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Main page: :Category:Dãterške literature

Swadesh list



No. English Dãterške
0DãterškeДаңтэршкэ
1Iхж
2you (singular)хи
3heэсі
4weмыр
5you (plural)хи'с
6theyэсі'с
7thisэхі
8thatэхі
9hereлєх ды хж
10thereлєх ды эхі
11whoўла'у
12whatўлэцћ
13whereўлэзђ
14whenўлатҝ
15howўлих
16notњэд
17allсфэх
18manyбвиӑҗӕы
19someу
20fewлэхмындопӀӕы
21otherщԇөмтӕы
22oneінэ
23twoџвћ
24threeнрій
25fourхԇрф
26fiveвпіђ
27bigбољщевӕы
28longбоюхӕы
29wideбољщевӕы
30thickдлекӕы
31heavyщрьєхӕы
32smallлэхӕы
33shortльыхӕы
34narrowлэхӕы
35thinблӕнзӕы
36womanфрау
37man (adult male)
38human beingйёй'
39childльыхфрау
40wifeебщаюңһа
41husbandебщаюңһа
42motherмам
43fatherмам
44animal
45fishғєчӥ
46birdфљећһа
47dog
48louse
49snake
50worm
51tree
52forest
53stickпӀалєчһа
54fruitџябрућөй
55seedбул
56leaf
57root
58bark
59flower
60grass
61ropeумукңәту
62skin
63meat-ишмалж
64bloodершы
65bone
66fatнрійпфӭӑшєл
67egg
68horn
69tail
70feather
71hairграӑюлш
72headњђәмӹнец
73earаўрӥс
74eyeӑәйн
75noseњђәмӹнец
76mouth
77tooth
78tongue
79fingernail
80foot
81legєӑөпӀһа
82kneeгену
83hand
84wing
85belly
86guts
87neck
88back
89breast
90heart
91liver
92drink
93eat
94bite
95suck
96spit
97vomit
98blow
99breathe
100laugh
101see
102hear
103know
104think
105smell
106fear
107sleep
108live
109die
110kill
111fight
112hunt
113hit
114cut
115split
116stab
117scratch
118dig
119swim
120fly
121walk
122come
123lie
124sit
125stand
126turn
127fall
128give
129hold
130squeeze
131rub
132wash
133wipe
134pull
135push
136throw
137tie
138sew
139count
140say
141sing
142play
143float
144flow
145freeze
146swell
147sun
148moon
149star
150water
151rain
152river
153lake
154sea
155salt
156stone
157sand
158dust
159earth
160cloud
161fog
162sky
163wind
164snow
165ice
166smoke
167fire
168ash
169burn
170road
171mountain
172red
173green
174yellow
175white
176black
177night
178day
179year
180warm
181cold
182full
183new
184old
185good
186bad
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190round
191sharp
192dull
193smooth
194wet
195dry
196correctљәһвкӕы
197nearблъю
198farҝаһ
199rightжљэфң
200leftтљэфң
201atпрьи
202inдре
203withтсъу
204andи
205ifҝелф
206becauseжерг
207nameім'ьяћљ


Chemistry

Dãterške Periodic table of the Elements
Group ↓ Period → 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 H
һыд/'ыд 		Li
лиц 		Na
нҍид 		K
кчил 		Rb
дриб 		Cs
ҝиԇ 		Fr
фғинћ
2 Be
бірљ 		Mg
міџ 		Ca
гҍілс 		Sr
щӀіһ 		Ba
бірь 		Ra
ҝрішд
3 Sc
щӀэй 		Y
йэт 		La
лңҍяп 		Ac
'ӹџҍ
F1 Ce
сярп 		Th
цӹрь
F2 Pr
прязд 		Pa
прӹђъ
F3 Nd
лњяд 		U
ўӹрңҝ
F4 Pm
пяһ 		Np
нпӹгҝ
F5 Sm
смяһр 		Pu
пъӹхң
F6 Eu
пяб 		Am
ӑӹмь
F7 Gd
дяҗ/гяҗ 		Cm
кӹрҝ
F8 Tb
тярб 		Bk
вкӹԇҝ
F9 Dy
рдясп 		Cf
пфӹњҝ
F10 Ho
һял 		Es
йӹнст
F11 Er
һряц 		Fm
фмӹрь
F12 Tm
цялм 		Md
мдңӹл
F13 Yb
йят 		No
њӹбҝ
F14 Lu
ляӑт 		Lr
лрӹнџ
4 Ti
тэпӀ 		Zr
крэз 		Hf
хӭфң 		Rf
рфӭдь
5 V
внэлб 		Nb
њэў 		Ta
тӀӭп 		Db
дбӭўн
6 Cr
хрьэлм 		Mo
љэйд 		W
ўӭлӵ 		Sg
сгӭӵ
7 Mn
мнэг/њэмг 		Tc
йтэхц 		Re
рңӭщц 		Bh
бһӭр
8 Fe
фэҗ 		Ru
рэԇ 		Os
ӑӭљш 		Hs
һсӭӑ
9 Co
ҝэҗ 		Rh
рһэд 		Ir
ӑӭрд 		Mt
мтӭрң
10 Ni
њэҗ 		Pd
спэљ 		Pt
ӑӭп 		Ds
дшӭғм
11 Cu
гэп 		Ag
сэп 		Au
ӑӭўж 		Rg
ргӭт
12 Zn
ԇэн 		Cd
хэд 		Hg
ғмӭлһ 		Cn
цнӭрп
13 B
бөд 		Al
ӑљөм 		Ga
гҍөљ 		In
ӵөдң 		Tl
цөл 		Nh
нһөџң
14 C
гсъарб 		Si
саљ 		Ge/Esi
дач 		Sn
тсан 		Pb
пћаџб 		Fl
фларв
15 N
нхлет 		P
пресң 		As
сбехңт 		Sb
њхңет 		Bi
ԇңелғ 		Mc
мскевң
16 O
һок 		S
сњоб 		Se
срол 		Te
тољ 		Po
ҝпор 		Lv
лворҝ
17 F
фюңл 		Cl
хюңл 		Br
люңб 		I
йюңдь 		At
ҝюңӵ 		Ts
тсюңԇ
18 He
һұл 		Ne
ғњӥд 		Ar
хрёђ 		Kr
крєћ 		Xe
хсьәм 		Rn
ҝрӕун 		Og
ӑгӧњ

Lexicon

Main page: :Category:Dãterške words

Other resources

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